Table of Contents

Mitemo inobatira senheyo yokuchengeta rusununguko nerunosarudza munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Idzo dzinotanga miganhu yakakomba iyo inodzivirira vatori venhau nepo dzichiva nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira mukupa mashoko.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Rorusununguko Rwokubudisa

Rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau muUnited States runodzivirirwa zviri pamutemo neFirst Amendment to the United States Constitution. The First Amendment inoti: “Konato haisati ichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurirwa rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwenhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende kugadziridza zvigumbuso zvemhosva. ”

Pamavambo akwo, rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau runoreva kuti hurumende haigoni kudzora izvo zvinobudiswa nezvinobudisa nhau, uye haigoni kuranga vatori venhau nemhaka bedzi yokuti vakashuma chimwe chinhu chisingafarikani, chinomutsa nharo, kana kuti chinotsoropodza. Iyi dziviriro huru inotambanukira kupfuura mapepanhau egamuchidzanwa kufukidza zvimiro zvose zvezvinobudisa nhau munhambo yazvino uno.

Nhoroondo uye Kufambira Mberi

Kukosha kworusununguko rwokubudisa nhau kwakabva zvikuru muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Mukutonga kweBritain, kutsoropodzwa kwamambo kungagona kukuisa mutorongo, uye hurumende yakadzora zvakasimba mupepanhau apo kusabvumirana kwaipinzwa muutsotsi. Imwe yenhau dzapakuvamba zvikurusa pamusoro porusununguko rwenhau dzepepanhau dzakaitika muna 1734, apo mumhaka yejeri mukurwisana neThe New York Weekly Journal muparidzi John Zenger nagavhuna weBritain William Cosby, Zenger akapfuurira uye chinyorwa chacho chakapfuurira kutozosvikira muna 1751.

Yakawanda yedziviriro yeFirst Amendment yepepanhau rakasununguka yakatangwa mumutemo mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20 nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa reUnited States. iyi nhau dzinooneka dzakaumba nzira iyo rusununguko rwokubudisa runonzwisiswa ndokushandiswa nayo munzanga yazvino uno, kuchiparira icho nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinorondedzera semurwi wamaruramiro anodzivirira mibato yenhau.

Pepanhau Sechinonzverwa Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, rwakadzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, rune donzo gurusa umo hurumende inozvidavirira kuvanhu, uye kushanda kwakasununguka kwezvinobudisa nhau sembwa inongwarira inogona kuongorora ndokushuma pamusoro pezvakaipa zvehurumende.

Iri basa rokurinda rinobatira madonzo akawanda munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Iro rinogovera vagari vemo mashoko avanoda kuita pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvine ruzivo pamusoro pezviito zvavo, rinoita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidavirire nokuda kwezviito zvavo, uye rinoparira mukurumbira wepfungwa umo mirangariro yakasiana - siana inogona kuratidzirwa ndokukurukurwa. Pasina idzi dziviriro, kuyerera kwamashoko kunokosha kukutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kungabvumiraniswa zvakakomba.

Kudzivirira Mitemo uye Kudzivirira

Mitemo inodzivirira kudzivirira kuongorora nhau, inoita kuti vatori venhau vakwanise kuunganidza mashoko anobatsira angave asina kuonekwa nevanhu kana vasingazivi.

Chii Chiri Mitemo Inodzivirira?

Hurumende inodzivirira mutemo upi noupi, muUnited States, mutemo unodzivirira vatori venhau pakuziviswa kwokugombedzerwa kwamashoko akavanzika, kubatanidza ufakazi hwamanyuko avo, kana kuti kurega kwokumanikidzirwa kwezvinhu zvisina kubudiswa zvinounganidzwa mukuungana kwenhau, zvakadai senongedzero dzemitemo dzinogadzirirwa kudzivirira vatori venhau kuti vasawadzanye manyuko avo akavanzika mukutonga kwapamutemo, zvakadai sokutongwa kwedare nokunzwiwa navanhu vose, uye iyi mitemo inokosha sezvainosimudzira kunzvera kwakasununguka kupfurikidza nokubvumira vatori venhau kunzvera nokushuma nhau pasina kutya kuzivisa manyuko avo, uko kungagona kutungamirira kukunzvera kana kuti kutsiva.

Kuregerera Mitemo Inodzivirira

Nemhaka yokuti vanhu vangapa mashoko akavanzika kana kuti anotapurika kuvatori venhau havangambogoni kuita kudaro kutoti kusazivikanwa kwavo kuchigona kuvimbiswa, mitemo inodzivirira inokosha kumuitiro wemagazini anoongororwa uye nokudaro kuvapo kwemapepanhau akasununguka, ayo anovimbiswa neFirst Amendment. Musengwa wokupindura kuvana vapashure vanorayira kupiwa kwezvinyorwa zvakavanzika zvingadzongonyedza muitiro wokunyora nhau uye mune dzimwe nzira dzinopesana norusununguko rwokutaura rwevatori venhau, urwo runodzivirirwawo neFirst Amend Refement.

Pasina mano okudzivirira manyuko, vatori venhau vaizokuwana kuchidokuva kusingabviri kushuma pamusoro pouori, chakaipa, kana kuti dzimwe nhau umo vanoridza mhere navaviri vanotya kutsiva.

Zvikamu zveHurumende zvinochinja-kamuka

Kubvira muna 2018, nyika 49 nePurters of Columbia dzinopa mitoo yakati yedziviriro, nehurumende dzine makumi mana (PP.D.C.) dzapa mitemo yedziviriro. iyi mitemo inosiana muhurumende nehurumende, nedziviriro dzinoshanda kuhurumende asi kwete kuutsotsi, uye mimwe mitemo inodzivirira vatori venhau pakuzivisa zvakavanzika, asi kwete mamwe mashoko.

Mutemo wedziviriro wokutanga wehurumende wakaitwa muMaryland pana April 2, 1896, mukupindura kuiswa mutorongo kwomutori wenhau weSu weBaltimore nokuda kwokuramba kuzivisa manyuko akavanzika kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi. Chifo chenguva iyeyo, matare akakudziridza mitoo yakasiana - siana yokudzivirira vatori venhau, navamwe vachigovera dziviriro yakakwana uye vamwe vachigovera maropafadzo anokwanisa ayo anogona kukurirwa mumigariro yakati.

Mutemo wenhovo weNevada, somuenzaniso, unopa ropafadzo yakakwana, uchigovera kuti hakuna mutori wenhau (mune rondedzero huru) angadikanwa kuzivisa mashoko api naapi asina kubudiswa kana kuti mashoko pamusoro pamanyuko ake. Mukupesana, dzimwe nyika dzine dziviriro dzakaganhurirwa zvikuru dzinoganhurira ropafadzo yenhau dzinopesana nekodzero dzemukwikwidzani dzakadai sekodzero dzemupomeri wemhosva kukutonga kwakarurama.

Gakava Romutemo Rinodzivirira

Imomo hapana mutemo wedziviriro womubatanidzwa, naizvozvo dziviriro dzinosiana nenzira youpengo, uye muBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti vatori venhau havana maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okudzivisa manyuko apo vanoiswa pasi. Dare rapamusorosoro reU.S. rakatonga (5ne - 4) zvokuti, kunyange zvazvo Dare rokutanga rinodzivirira mabasa enyanzvi enhau, harivapi dziviriro kudare guru redare rinotsvaka mashoko ane chokuita noutsotsi kana kuti kunzvera kwavagari vemo, uye ropafadzo yakadaro inogona kutangwa kupfurikidza nomutemo bedzi, dare racho rinochengetwa.

Vadziviriri venhau vanobva muSpread State Spining Act (PRESS, S.2074) mutemo wedziviriro wehurumende wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira chengeteko yenhau dzakavakwa nenhau, kunze kwenhau dzinobatanidza ugandanga, njodzi, kana kuti vatori venhau vanofungidzirwa kuti vapari vemhosva. Muna January 2024, Imba yeU.S. yavamiriri yakapfuudza mutemo wacho nenzira yakabatana, uye rugwaro runorondedzera nenzira yakafara "wna mutori wenhau" kubatanidza munhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukuungana, kushuma, kuzivisa, kana kuti kubudisa nhau kana kuti mashoko efariro, achivimbisa dziviriro nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vatori venhau vane unyanzvi navanosarira pamutemo, pamwe chete nokubudisa izvo zvingarwisana nepopena.

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinoshayisa Rusununguko Rwemashoko

Kushanduka - shanduka kwerusununguko rwemapepanhau muUnited States kwakaumbwa zvikuru nezvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro zvakarondedzera miganhu uye kudzivirirwa kunoitwa vatori venhau nemasangano ezvinobudisa nhau.

Mhaka Yechibage

Muma1970, The New York Times yakabudisa Pentagon Papers — magwaro akarongwa anoratidza kuti hurumende yeUnited States yakanga yatsausa vanhu pamusoro pehondo, uye Purezidhendi Nixon akaedza kumisa kubudiswa kwebhuku racho, achipokana kuti raityisidzira kuchengeteka kwenyika, asi Times yakataura kuti vanhu vaiva nekodzero yokuziva, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga 6 -3 richitsigira Times, richisimbisa kuti kunyange zvinhu zvinotapurika zvikuru zvaigona kubudiswa kudai zvaitsigira fariro yavose.

Chisarudzo chePentagon Papers chakanga chichikosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti chakaratidza kuti dare rakanga richidisa kudzivirira rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau pakuputswa nezvinotaurwa nemukuru mukuru wenyika kuti kuchengeteka kwenyika. Iyi nhau yakasimbisa kuti pamberi pokuzvidzora kwehurumende pamberi pokubudiswa kwebhuku racho (hwunowana muganhu mukurusa uye unobvumirwa bedzi mumigariro yechienzi zvikurusa.)

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

MuNew York Times Co. Sullivan (1964), Dare rakawedzera kudzivirirwa kwezvinobudisa nhau muFirst Amendment parakadzokorora chibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu chaibudisa mashoko asina kururama aishora dhipatimendi remapurisa reAlabama, uye mumiririri wedhipatimendi racho akakwirira mhosva yeripi, achiti mashoko acho enhema aikuvadza mukurumbira wake.

Dare rakasarudza kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzokusununguka kutaura uye muchina wokubudisa nhau wakasununguka zvinotambanukira kuchinyorwa chemashoko enhema kana kuti okuzvidza pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye Dare rakatsanangura kuti hurukuro yakazaruka pamusoro penhau dzehurumende nedzevoruzhinji inokosha kudziviriro kwedu yeFirst Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chakagadza "mhaka yechakaipa yechiito" mupimo, kuchida kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vavanhu vabvumikise kuti kutaura kwenhema kwakaitwa nokuziva nhema kwavo kana kuti kuzvidza nenzira yokusangwarira zvokwadi.

Mitemo Inowanzova Yakaoma

Dare rakatonga kuti mitemo inoshanda kazhinji kazhinji haitsamwisi First Amendment nemhaka bedzi yokuti kuomerera kwayo mukurwisana nepepanhau kune miuyo yetsaona.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Yokutungamirira Vhidhiyo

Kana zviito zvehurumende zvikarambidza vanhu kuongorora rusununguko rwavo, matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiyana - siyana yokuongorora kuti aone kana mitemo iyoyo iri yepamutemo here.

Kunyatsoongorora

Nzvero yakakomba zvikurusa mupimo wakaoma zvikurusa kusvitsa, uye kupfuudza kuunganidzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, ganhuriro inofanira kudikanwa kubatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende mumutoo muduku unoganhurira unowanika. Zvirambidzo zvakavakirwa pazviri zvinodzokororwa zvikurukuru mupimo wokunzvera kwakakomba nemhaka yokuti, pamavambo azvo, maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okutaura norusununguko rwenhau dzinodzivirira pakudzvinyirirwa kwehurumende kwepfungwa dzakati nemirangariro.

Kana hurumende ichiedza kudzora zvinotaurwa kana kuti kubudiswa kwemashoko, matare anofungira kuti izvi zvinoitwa sei uye anoda kuti hurumende iratidze kururamisa kunomanikidza uye kuti hapana nzira iripo yokuita kuti zvinangwa zvayo zvibudirire.

Dzidziso Yakaganhurirwa Iri Pamberi

Kuganhurirwa kusati kwaita kunonongedzera kukunzverwa kwehurumende kusati kwabudiswa kana kuti kutepfenyurwa. mutemo weAmerica unobata zvirambidzo zviri pamberi souko zvikurukuru zvine chinetso uye unozviisa kunzverwa kukurusa kwebumbiro remitemo. Gadziriro dzakaratidzira kuti First Amendment yakadzivisa pamberi painenge ganhuriro dzezvinenge zvinyorwa zvose kunze kweiyo dzakapa tyisidziro yakananga kumabasa ehondo anopfuurira, zvakadai sokuzivisa nzvimbo kana kuti sangano ramauto, asi vatongi vanoverengeka vakacherekedza kuti hurumende yakanga isingabviswi mukurwisana navatori venhau vaitevera chinyorwa.

Uyu musiyano pakati pokudzivisa kubudiswa kwechinyorwa navatori venhau vachiva nemhosva pashure pokunge vabudiswa unoratidza nheyo inokosha: Kuri nani kubvumira kutaura kunokuvadza nemigumisiro pashure paikoko pane kupa hurumende simba rokunyaradza kutaura isati yasvika vanhu.

Mutemo Wokuzvidza Nokuzvidavirira

Kunyange zvazvo mitemo ichidzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa, inogadzawo mipimo yenhau dzine mutoro.

Mupimo Chaiyeiwo

Nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende nenhamba dzavose, mupimo chaiwoiwo woutsinye wakatangwa muNew York Times Co. Sullivan unogovera dziviriro huru nokuda kwenhau. Iyi mirangariro inoda vatori venhau kuti vabvumikise kuti vatori venhau vanoparadzira mashoko enhema zvimwe vachiziva kuti akanga ari enhema kana kuti nokusangwarira kwokusangwarira nokuda kwekuti akanga ari echokwadi kana kuti enhema.

Zviverengero Zvapachivande Nemhosho

Mipimo yakasiana inoshanda apo vanhu vari voga vanobatanidzwa muzvinoitika zvinozvidza. Nhamba dzapachivande dzinowanzoda bedzi kubvumikisa kuregeredza (hwunongedzero inoita kuti mutori wenhau apedzisire angwarire zvine mufungo mukuwana zvokwadi yemashoko ($rather) panzvimbo pezvakaipa chaizvoizvo. Uyu mupimo wakaderera unoratidzira dzikamo pakati pokudzivirira rusununguko runotsinhanisa nokuziva kuti vanhu voga vane fariro dzakavanzika dzakasimba zvikuru uye kuti vasvikirire zvishoma kukururamisa kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pavo vamene.

Zvokwadi Sedziviriro

Zvokwadi inoshanda sedziviriro yakakwana kukuzvidza kutaura kwemashoko mumutemo weAmerica. Kana kutaura kuri kwechokwadi zvikuru, hakugoni kuumba hwaro hwedare rinobudirira rokuzvidza, pasinei zvapo nokuti kungakuvadza sei mukurumbira womumwe munhu. Iyi nheyo inokurudzira vatori venhau kuisa ngwariro pakushuma kwakarurama uye inogovera dziviriro yakasimba nokuda kwechinyorwa chamapepanhau echokwadi chingafumura chakaipa kana kuti maidi anokwenudza.

Mitemo Inorwisana Nemitemo Miduku: Kudzivirira Mitemo Isinganzwisisiki

Mitemo Yakarongwa inoramba Kutora Rutivi Rukuru (SLAP) inomirira tyisidziro huru yokumanikidzira rusununguko. Iyi mhaka inoiswa kwete hayo kuti iwine asi kuti ityisidzire vatori venhau namasangano enhau kupfurikidza nomutoro nendyiko yokupa. Nyika zhinji dzakaita mitemo inorwisana neSLAP kurwisa iyi nzira ndokudzivirira mano avatori venhau okushuma pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavose.

Kushanda Kunoita Mitemo Inorwisana Nemarara

Mitemo inorwisana neSLAPP inobvumira vakwirirwi kunyora miitiro chaiyo yokudzinga mhaka dzinoitirwa vapfuri vanodzivirirwa panhau dzefariro yavose. Kana mukwirirwi achiratidza kuti zvipfuro zvedare zvakadzivirirwa, mutoro unochinja kumupurisa kuti uratidze bviro yokukunda pamitoro. Kana mupurisa asingagoni kusvitsa mutoro uyu, mhaka inoregwa, kazhinji kazhinji nomupurisa anodikanirwa kuripira mari yegweta yomukwiridziridzi.

Mitemo iyi inoshanda madonzo akawanda: inodzivisa kuroverera mhaka kusina maturo kwakagadzirirwa kunyaradza vatsoropodzi, inogovera mutoo wokukurumidza kurambwa kwezvinoitika zvisina kufanira, uye inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti ndyiko dzokudzivirira pasutu dzakadaro hadzisati dzichiva chishandiso chokunzvera. Nokuda kwavanyori venhau namasangano enhau anoshanda pamabhajeri akaganhurirwa, dziviriro dzinorwisana neSLAPP dzinogona kureva musiano pakati pokupfuurira kushuma panhau dzinokosha uye kunyaradzwa nendyiko dzinodzorwa.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwakaita Nyika Dzose

Kufanana nemitemo yenhoo, mitemo inorwisana neSLAPP inosiana zvikuru kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuhurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo yakafara inodzivisa SSLAP inodzivirira mhatsa yamashoko panhau dzeitiro hanya yavose, nepo dzimwe dzine dziviriro dzakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika hadzina mitemo inorwisana neSLAP, dzichisiya vatori venhau vari mumativi iwayo vari mungozi zvikuru yokutyisidzira kupfurikidza nokuisa mashoko munzaniso.

Rusununguko Rwemitemo Yemashoko Namaruramiro Okuwana

Rusununguko runodzokororwa kwete bedzi kodzero yokubudisa asiwo kodzero yokuunganidza mashoko. mitemo yerusununguko rweInformation Act (FOIA) pamwero yehurumende nehurumende inoita basa rinokosha mukugonesa vatori venhau kuwana zvinyorwa zvehurumende uye kuita kuti masangano avanhu azvidavirire.

Muitiro Werusununguko Rwemashoko

FAIA, yakaitwa muna 1966, inosimbisa pfungwa yokuti zvinyorwa zvehurumende zvinofanira kuwanikwa nevanhu. Mutemo unoda kuti masangano ehurumende azivise zvinyorwa pazvinokumbirwa kutoti akapinda mukati mekusaregeredzwa chaiko kwenhau dzakadai sechengeteko yenyika, kuva voga, kana kuti kuongorora kwokudzikamisa mutemo. FOIA yave ichishandiswa muzvirongwa zvisingaverengeki zvemagazini zvehurumende zvakafumura tsvina yehurumende, uori, uye kusazvibata.

Mutemo unobatanidza gadziriro dzokuronga kurungwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akati uye unoda masangano kupindura zvikumbiro zviri mukati memifananidzo yakatarwa. Apo masangano anonyima zvisakafanira zvinyorwa zvedare, vakumbiri vanogona kutsvaka hwirudzuro yedare. aya masangano anobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti FOIA anobatira donzo rayo rakarorirwa kusimudzira kujeka kwehurumende.

Nyika Inopa Mitemo

Mitemo iyi inosiyana - siyana panzvimbo yayo, uye pane mitemo yakanyorwa yaidiwa nevanhu vakawanda uye ine zvirango zvine revo nokuda kwokusabvumirana, nepo mimwe ine mitemo isina kusimba ine kusunungura kwakawanda uye inoita kuti vanhu vasaita zvimwe zvinhu.

Mitemo yapakarepo yapabudire yaifukidza zvinyorwa zvehurumende namasangano ehurumende omunzvimbomo, kubatanidza mapepa, maemail, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kana kuti kugamuchirwa mubhizimisi revoruzhinji. Kufanana neFOIA yehurumende, mitemo yehurumende inobatanidza kuhesvurwa nokuda kwamashoko anotapurwa, asi kuregedzerwa kwakananga kunosiana zvikuru munyika nehurumende.

Mitemo Yakazarurwa

Kubatanidza mitemo yemirau yakazarurwa, mitemo yemisangano inoda kuti masangano ehurumende atange bhizimisi rawo mumarusando avose. Iyi mitemo inoda zvikuru kuziviswa kwapachine nguva mberi kwemisangano, kugoneka kwavose kunzvimbo dzemisangano, uye kuvapo kwemaminiti emisangano. Zvisipo zvinowanzovapo nokuda kwekurukurirano dzenhau dzevashandi, nzira yokurangaridza, uye mimwe misoro inotanhamara, asi nheyo ndeyokuti kuita chisarudzo kwehurumende kunofanira kuitika pachena apo vagari vemo navatori venhau vanogona kucherechedza nokushuma pamusoro pako.

Dziviriro Dzokuunganidza Nhau

Kunze kwekodzero yokubudisa, vatori venhau vanoda kudzivirirwa zviri pamutemo nokuda kwokuunganidza nhau.

Kodzero Yokunyora Pachena

Ungave uri mutori wenhau kana kuti munhu ane foni, une kodzero yokunyora mutemo munzvimbo dzavose. Dare rakaramba richinzwisisa kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yokunyora nhau dzinofarirwa nevanhu munzvimbo dzavose, kusanganisira mabasa emapurisa. Kodzero iyi inokosha pakuzvidavirira kwemapepanhau nevagari vemo.

Zvisinei, ukuru hweidzi maruramiro hunopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka kupfurikidza nenzvimbo. Mibvunzo inosara pamusoro pokurekodha munzvimbo dzakati dzavanhu vose, kunyora kunodzongonyedza mibato yamapurisa, uye kushandiswa kwemitemo yokutumira runhare kunyora kurukurirano. Pasinei zvapo neidzi nzvimbo dzachena, nheyo yokuti vagari vemo navanyori venhau vanogona kunyora vakuru vakuru vehurumende vachiita mabasa avo munzvimbo dzavose vakawana tsigiro yapamutemo.

Kukwanisa Kuona Hurumende Nezvinoitika

Nepo mapepanhau ane kodzero imwe cheteyo neyoruzhinji yokupinda munzvimbo dzehurumende nezviitiko, matare haana kuziva kodzero chaiyo yeFirst Amendment yokuti vatori venhau vapinde nzvimbo umo vanhu vose vasingapiwi. Rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau harungodziviriri chinyorwa chapachena bedzi, asiwo kuunganidza nhau, uye munzanga yose, mapepanhau ane kodzero dzakafanana nedzevoruzhinji uye haagoni kupinda mungozi dzezvakavanzika.

Zvisinei, masangano akawanda ehurumende anogovera zvipupuriro zvokubudisa nokuwana zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoshandiswa nevatori venhau, achiziva basa rinokosha rinoitwa nevatori venhau mukuzivisa vanhu nezvemabasa ehurumende.

Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Nokusazvidzora

Muna 1978, muZurcher neStanford Daily, Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakatonga kuti vatori venhau vanodzorwa nemitemo yokutsvaka kufanana nevamwe vagari vemo vapi navapi, uye nokudaro First Amendment inovapa dziviriro chaiyo pamitemo yakaitwa zvakafanira, muchinoitika apo hofisi yemapurisa yeguta akashandisa rugwaro rwokutsvaka chitupa cheThe Stanford Daily, pepa revadzidzi paStanford University, sezvo mapurisa aitsvaka mifananidzo yerwisano yamasimba masimba pakati pamapurisa navapanduki, kuti aone vapari venhau.

Mumhinduro kuitiro hanya pamusoro petapuro inotyisa yokunzvera nhau, Congress yakapfuudza Act yeFinsion Protection ya1980. Uyu mutemo wehurumende unoganhurira chiremera chokuchengetwa kwomutemo chokutsvaka kana kuti kubata zvigadzirwa zvebasa zvavatori venhau nezvishandiso zvemavhidhiyo, kazhinji kazhinji kuchida kushandiswa kwavaduku pane kutsvaka magwaro kunze kwemamiriro ezvinhu akananga akaita seapo mutori wenhau anofungidzirwa kuti ane mhosva kana kuti anobatwa nechisimba nokukurumidza kunofanira kuitirwa kuti adzivise rufu kana kuti akuvadzwe zvikuru mumuviri.

Matambudziko Muzera Revachiri Kuzivikanwa Nevanhu

Kuchinja kuri kuita zvinhu pakombiyuta kwachinja mapepanhau uye kwakaita kuti pave nemitemo yaidzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa.

Kurondedzera "Munyoresi Wevarwi ”

Kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kusina chokwadi kana vanhu vanoshandisa kana kuti vanoshandisa dzimwe nzvimbo dzesocial network vari vatori venhau vane kodzero yokudzivirirwa nemitemo inodzivirira, vanodzivirirwa neFree Speech and Free Press Clauss (zvisina kana kusiyana kwemabhizimisi enhau neasingatauriri). Yakatongwa kekutanga, neDare reZvikumbiro zveNinth Ttube, kuti mutambi ane kodzero yokudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka somutori wenhau uye haagoni kuva nemhosva yokuzvidzwa kunze kwokunge mubudisi wacho aita nokusangwarira.

Uku kukura kwokukwaniriswa kwomutori wenhau nokuda kwamadonzo apamutemo kunoratidzira kuiswa kwedenderedzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau munhambo yemitengo.

Kunetswa Pakombiyuta uye Kuchengeteka Kwevatori Venhau

Madhipatimendi akagonesa nzira itsva dzokunetsa uye kutyisidzira dzinoendeswa kuvanyori venhau. Doxking (kuzivisa mashoko omunhu oga), kuronga kunetsa, uye tyisidziro paIndaneti zvinokonzera zvinetso zvakakura zvokumanikidzira rusununguko. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo iripo inorambidza kunetsa, kutyisidzira ichishanda pamufambiro wepaIndaneti, kumanikidza kunogona kuva kwakaoma, kunyanya kana varoyi vachishanda vasingazivikanwi kana kuti vachibva kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Kuedza uku kudzivirira vatori venhau kuti vasatyisidzirwa zvechokwadi uye vasanetswa kunofanira kuchengetedza kodzero dzokutaura pasina chokutya, kusanganisira kodzero yokutsoropodza vatori venhau uye basa ravo.

Kunyora Mashoko Akarurama uye Kudzivirira

Vachitarisana nechinhu chinoongorora chiri kuwedzera, vatori venhau vanofanira kuita zvakawanda kuti vadzivirire manyuko uye, nokutambanudzwa, kodzero yevoruzhinji yokuziva. Kukurukurirana nemagetsi kunogadzira zvinhu zvitsva kuti zvidzivirirwe, sezvo zvinyorwa zvemagetsi zvekurukurirano zvinogona kuiswa pasi kana kuti kuwanikwa nokuongorora. Vatori venhau vanoramba vachivimba nokunyora mashoko enhema uye mamwe matanho okuchengetedza kuti vadzivirire zvinhu zvakavanzika.

Mibvunzo yepamutemo ine chokuita nokunyora mashoko enhema uye mashoko enhau inoramba ichingovapo.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pamitemo Yorusununguko Inobudiswa

Nepo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezvomutemo weAmerica, kunzwisisa nzira dzinoitwa munyika dzakawanda dzokumanikidza rusununguko kunogovera mashoko akapoteredza anokosha uye kunosimbisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoita kuti rusununguko ruenderane nezvimwe zvinofarirwa nenyika.

Kusvika kweEurope

Nyika zhinji dzeEurope dzine dziviriro dzakasimba dzerusununguko rwekubudisa, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakasiana nemitoo yeAmerica. Mutemo weEurope kazhinji kazhinji unoisa simbiso huru pakodzero dzakavanzika nechiremera, kuchitungamirira kudzikamo dzakasiana pakati porusununguko rwokubudisa nekodzero dzevanhu. Somuenzaniso, matare eEurope akaziva "maruramiro okukanganwa" ayo anobvumira vanhu kukumbira kubviswa kwamashoko akati mumichina yokunzvera [1] pfungwa ingatarisana nedenho dzinokosha muUnited States.

Nyika dzeEurope dzinokombamirawo kuva nemitemo yoruvengo rwakasimba zvikuru iyo inoganhurira zvimiro zvakati zvokutaura, ichiratidzira mativi akasiyana etsika nenhau.

Nyatsodzvinyirira Rusununguko Mumashoko Ane Chibvumirano

Munyika dzakawanda, rusununguko rwokubudisa runotarisana neganhuriro dzakakomba kupfurikidza nemitemo yokunzvera, zvinodikanwa zvinorambidza, mitemo youtsotsi, uye mamwe masangano okudzora. Vatori venhau muaya mashoko kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokuiswa mutorongo, masimba masimba, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvokutsiva nokuda kwokushuma kwavo. Masangano amarudzi ose akafanana neCommittee to Device Searchs Without Borders anonyora uku kudzvinyirirwa uye kutsigira nokuda kwedziviriro huru zvikuru dzorusununguko rwokubudisa munyika yose.

Kunzwisisa zvinetso izvi zvenyika dzakawanda kunosimbisa kukosha kwekudzivirirwa kwepamutemo kwakasimba nokuda kworusununguko rwokumanikidzira rusununguko uye kudiwa kunopfuurira kwokudzivirira idzi dziviriro pakuparadzwa kwepasi.

Zvinotyisidzira Kuderedza Rusununguko

Chinzvimbo cheU.S. chakabva pa20 muna 2010 kusvikira ku 575 murusununguko rwokudhinda 2025, zvichiratidzira denho dzinokura dzokumanikidzira rusununguko kunyange muUnited States. Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoparira ikoku pamusoro pekombamiro.

Chisimba Chinoitirwa Vatori Venhau

Maererano nePress Freedom Trader yeUnited States, muna 2020, vatori venhau vanenge 300 vakadenhwa muU.S. (zvikurukuru nemitemo) uye vanenge 110 vakasungwa kana kuti vakapomerwa mhosva maererano nokushuma kwavo.

Kudzivirira kwepamutemo kwoga hakugoni kudzivisa chisimba pavanyori venhau, asi mitemo inoita kuti vatori venhau vazvidavirire uye inodzivirira kodzero yevatori venhau yokushuma munzvimbo dzavose zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoshandiswa kuti vasatya kubudisa nhau.

Kushanda Kwehurumende uye Kunodzivirira

Kukura kwehurumende yekotsekano yenyika nokuwanda kwezvoruzivo rutsva rwokuongorora kwakaparira denho itsva kurusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, uye hurumende yakatanga kuputsa kusaenzana kwevaridzi veridzi, vatori venhau kuti vawane kwavanowana. Varwi vanotarisana nokutongerwa mhaka muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga yeEspionage Act nokuda kwokuburitsa kunhau mufariro yavose.

Izvi zvinoitika zvinoparira tapuro inotyisa panhau dzenhau dzokunzvera, sezvo manyuko anobvira anotya miuyo yakakomba yapamutemo yokugovera mashoko kuvatori venhau, kunyange apo mashoko iwayo anozivisa chakaipa chehurumende kana kuti nhau dzefariro huru yavanhu.

Dzvinyiriro Dzemari Pamasangano Enhau

Sezvo makambani ebhizimisi egamuchidzanwa anowa uye masangano enhau achitamburira mune zvemari, ane zvinhu zvishoma zvokudzivirira pazvinetso zvepamutemo, kurwira kuwana mashoko, uye kutevera kuongorora mapepanhau angakonzera kutsiva kwepamutemo.

Kuchinja kwapamutemo, kwakadai semitemo inorwisana neSLAPP uye gadziriro dzinoda kudzorwa kwemari kuti vakwiridziridzi vabhadhare mutengo wepamutemo wevakwiri apo matare asingakoshi anobviswa, kunogona kubetsera kukurukura mwero wemari yorusununguko rwokutsikirira. Zvisinei, tsigiro yezvemari yakafara nokuda kwemagazini ingava iri madikanwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti rusununguko rwokubudisa rusununguko runoramba rune revo mukushanda.

Basa Retsika Netsika Dzavanamazvikokota

Nepo mitemo ichigovera gadziriro yorusununguko rwokubudisa, mipimo yenyanzvi nenhungamiro dzetsika zvinoita rutivi runotsigira mukuchengeta mushumo une mutoro nowakavimbika.

Kusimbisa uye Kururama

Mitemo yenyanzvi dzezvekunyora mashoko inosimbisa kukosha kwokuongorora mashoko anenge anyorwa, kutsvaka mashoko akawanda, uye kugadzirisa zvikanganiso nokukurumidza paanenge aitika.Miitiro iyi inobatsira kuti vanhu varambe vachivimba nemabhuku uye inoderedza ngozi yokusvibiswa kwemhosva. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo ichidzivirira kunyange kutaura kwenhema mumamiriro ezvinhu akati (zvikurukuru pamusoro pevanhu vakawanda), kunyora nhau kwetsika kunoedza kururama senheyo inokosha.

Kururamisira uye Kudzikama

Tsika dzinoda kubatwa zvakanaka kwenhau, kubatanidza kugovera mikana yokupindura kupomero nokupa mifungo mizhinji panhau dzenharo.

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Tsika dzazvino uno dzinosimbisa zvikuru kujeka pamusoro pamanyuko, mitoo, uye rwisano dzinobvira dzefariro. Masangano enhau anowanzova navapepeti venhau vanotaura pamusoro pomuravi zvinonetsa uye vatori venhau vanozvidavirira. aya masangano okuzvidzora anosvitsa dziviriro dzapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuratidzira kuti vatori venhau vanokoshesa mitoro yavo.

Kutarira Mberi: Nguva Yemberi Yomutemo Worusununguko Rwokudzima

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, nzanga, uye tyisidziro dzokudzvinyirira rusununguko zvichishanduka - shanduka, mitemo inodzivirira kubudisa nhau inofanira kuchinjira kuti irambe ichishanda.Nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzinoda ngwariro inobva kuvaiti vemitemo, matare, uye vatsigiri vorusununguko rwokubudisa.

Mitemo Yomutemo Yaidzivirira

Kunyange zvazvo PRESS Act ichimirira kufambira mberi, jambwa rayo rokupedzisira rinoramba risina chokwadi. Vatsigiri vanoramba vachimanikidza kuti pave nemitemo yehurumende yaizodzivirira vatori venhau munyika yose panguva imwe chete vachibatanidza kuchengeteka kwepamutemo uye kuchengeteka kwemarudzi.

Kuchinja Mitemo Kuti Ienderane Nemapepanhau

Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinofanira kuramba zvichienderera mberi kukurukura zvinhu zvakasiyana nezvinoitwa nemagazini. Izvi zvinosanganisira kujekesa kuti mitemo yenhoo inoshanda sei kuvatori venhau vepaIndaneti, kugadzirisa zvinetso zvokudzivirira manyuko ekombiyuta uye mashoko, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo iyoyo inowanikwa pachishandiswa marekodhi ehurumende uye misangano yavose paIndaneti.

Kushandisa Mashoko Anonetswa PaIndaneti

Kunetsa vatori venhau paIndaneti zvakunowedzera, kupindira kwepamutemo kunofanira kuita kuti vatori venhau vasatyisidzirwa zvechokwadi asi vachichengetedza kodzero dzokutaura pachena, izvi zvingasanganisira kusimbisa kutambudzwa uye kutyisidzirwa kuripo, kutanga zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva zvepamutemo zvinogadzirisa kunetsa kwevatori venhau paIndaneti, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvikuva zvacho zvine mutoro wokudzivisa mabasa avo kuti asashandiswa kuronga kunetsa vanhu.

Kudzivirira Kugadzirwa Kwemapepanhau Omunzvimbomo

Njodzi mumagazini omunzvimbomo, nenzanga dzakawanda dzichirasikirwa namapepanhau omunzvimbomo uye zviteshi zvenhau, dzine revo nokuda kworusununguko rwokubudisa. Nepo iyi iri nhau huru yezvemari, chinjo dzapamutemo dzinogona kubetsera, zvakadai sokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yehurumende yomunzvimbomo yokuona zviri pachena inochengetwa, kudzivirira masangano maduku enhau mumatare maduku kupfurikidza nemitemo inorwisana neSLAPP, uye kurangarira zvivako zvitsva zvapamutemo zvingatsigira zvinyorwa zvomunzvimbomo zvinotsigirwa.

Kubvunzurudza Kunoshanda Kwevatori Venhau

Kunzwisisa mitemo yerusununguko kunokosha chaizvo kune vatori venhau vanoshanda.Kuziva kudzivirirwa uye kuganhurirwa kwepamutemo kunobatsira vatori venhau kuita mabasa avo zvinobudirira asi vachideredza ngozi dzepamutemo.

Ziva Mutemo Unodzivirira Wehurumende Yako

Vatori venhau vanofanira kuzvirovedzana vamene nomutemo wedziviriro wehurumende yavo, kana munhu aripo, kubatanidza mashoko ayo anodzivirira, uyo anokwanirisa nokuda kwedziviriro, uye icho chisiri chenguva dzose chinoshanda. Iyi zivo inokosha pakuita vimbiso dzakavanzika kumanyuko uye apo anenge achipindura kuzvinoraira mashoko.

Ratidza Kuti Wanyora Sei

Kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvokungwarira zvemiitiro yokushuma, kubatanidza zvinonyorwa, manyuko ekurukurirano, uye nhano dzechokwadi, kunogona kuva kunokosha mukudzivirira kutaura kwokuzvidza kana kuti zvimwe zvinetso zvapamutemo. Nepo mitemo yedziviriro ingadzivirira mamwe amashoko aya pakuziviswa, kuva nezvinyorwa zvakakwana kunoratidzira mipimo yenyanzvi uye kunogona kubetsera kusimbisa kuti kushuma kwakaitwa nenzira ine mufungo.

Nzwisisa Mutemo Wokuzvidza

Vatori venhau vanofanira kunzwisisa mapfundo makuru omutemo wokuzvidza, kubatanidza musiano pakati penhamba dzavose nedzemunhu oga, mupimo chaiwoiwo woutsinye, uye ukoshi hwezvokwadi netsinhiro yakarurama.iyi zivo inobetsera vatori venhau kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa pamusoro pezvavanofanira kubudisa uye nzira yokuderedza nayo ngozi yapamutemo apo vanotevera nhau dzinokosha.

Shandisa Zviwanikwa Zviripo

Masangano akadai seRecounts Committee for Freedom of the Press anogovera zviwanikwa zvinokosha, kubatanidza mirayiridzo yapamutemo, mirayiridzo kumitemo yehurumende, uye betsero nedenho dzapamutemo. Vatori venhau vanofanira kuziva nzira yokuwana nayo izvi zviwanikwa uye havafaniri kuzengurira kutsvaka zano rapamutemo apo vanotarisana nenhau dzepamutemo dzinobvira.

Kubatanidzwa Kworusununguko Rwokubudisa Nokutonga Kwehurumende Yechibharo

Ukama pakati pehurumende yakasununguka yokubudisa nhau nokudzora kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji ndehwokuzvidzora kunoda chizvarwa chine ruzivo, uye mugari wemo anoziva anoda muchina wakasununguka unokwanisa kuunganidza nokuparadzira mashoko pasina kupindira kusina kufanira.

Apo rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau runokuvadzwa, kwakaoma zvikuru kuita kuti hurumende yedu izvidavirire apo inokanganisa kana kuti inonyengera. iri basa rokuzvidavirira rinomirira zvichida ruramiso inokosha zvikurusa yedziviriro yapamutemo youtori hwenhau. Pasina vatori venhau vanokwanisa kunzvera uye kushuma pamusoro pemibato yehurumende, ushati nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba zvinogona kukura zvisingadzorwi.

Rusununguko rwokubudisa mashoko runoshandawo kupfurikidza nokuparira kurukurirano yavose panhau dzinokosha. Chinobudisa nhau chakasununguka musikawo mukuru wepfungwa, motokari yokuti vagariwo zvavo vazvitaure vamene ndokuwana nzvimbo yamashoko akawanda nemirangariro. Iri basa romusika rinobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuita chisarudzo chedemocracy kunoziviswa nemirangariro yakasiana- siyana uye kurukurirano yakasimba panzvimbo pokuganhurirwa kumirangariro inotenderwa pamutemo.

Kutora Nzvimbo Dzinokosha Dzokunzwisisa Mitemo Yokubudisa Rusununguko

  • dziviriro yeConstigation: First Amendment inogovera hwaro hwerusununguko rwokutsikirira muUnited States, ichidzivirira kunzverwa kwehurumende nechirango nokuda kwokushuma
  • [ Mitemo yakadzorwa: Nyika zhinjisa dzine mitemo inodzivirira vatori venhau pakumanikidzwa kuzivisa manyuko akavanzika, kunyange zvazvo dziviriro dzichisiana zvikuru uye pasina mutemo womubatanidzwa wedziviriro zvino uripo
  • Mhaka dzomusango: Zvisarudzo zveDare rapamusorosa zvakadai senhau yePentagon Papers neNew York Times v. Sullivan akatanga mienzaniso inokosha inodzivirira rusununguko rwokudhinda apo airondedzera ganhuriro dzarwo
  • Mipimo yeDiffamest: Mipimo yakasiana inoshanda kumitengo yavose neyavo voga, nomupimo chaiwoiwo woutsinye unogovera dziviriro huru yokushuma pavakuru vakuru vehurumende nenhau dzeitiro hanya yavanhu
  • Access Rights: Rusununguko rwemitemo yeInformation pamwero yehurumende nehurumende zvinogovera mitoo yokuti vatori venhau vasvike zvinyorwa zvehurumende, kunyange zvazvo kuhesvura nokudzikamisa zviripo
  • Zvinetso zvemanyuko matsva: Unyanzvi hutsva hunoparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana nedenho nokuda kworusununguko rwokumanikidzira, kudikanirwa kuchinjira kugadziriro dzemitemo dzegamuchidzanwa
  • Tyisidziro Dzinopfuurira:[[FLT: 1] Kubudisa rusununguko kunotarisana nedenho dzinobva mumasimba masimba muvatori venhau, kunzvera kwehurumende, dzvinyiriro dzemari, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinodikanwa kurinda nokuzvidzwa zvinopfuuridzirwa
  • Mipimo yemitemo yemibato: Nhungamiro dzemitemo nemipimo yenyanzvi zvinotsigira dziviriro yapamutemo kupfurikidza nokusimudzira pepanhau remitoro rinochengeta chivimbo chavose

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kunoramba Kuchiitwa Kwomutemo Worusununguko Rwokubudisa Mashoko

Mitemo inodzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa inomirira chinhu chinokosha chokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo kudzivirira mitemo, kubva kumipimo inoshatisa kusvika kukodzero, aya masangano emitemo anoparira migariro iri madikanwa kuti zvinyorwa zviite basa razvo rinokosha munzanga. Anodzivirira vatori venhau pakunzvera kwehurumende nokutsiva, anogonesa kushuma uko kunoratidza simba rine mutoro, uye anoita kuti kufambiswa kwamashoko kunokosha kukutora rutivi kwehurumende kushandeiwirira.

Zvisinei, kudzivirira kwepamutemo kwoga hakuna kukwana.Kubudisa rusununguko kunoda kuramba kuchidzivirira patyisidziro itsva, kuchinjira kukuchinja kwezvoruzivo rwezvinhu nemigariro yenzanga, uye nzanga inokoshesa uye inotsigira kuzivikanwa kwenhau. Sezvinoita zvinetso zvokuedza kubudisa rusununguko zvichishanduka, ndizvo zvinofanirawo mitemo nemasangano anorudzivirira.

Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inochengetedza sei vanhu vakasununguka uye kuti vasasarura kunoita kuti vagari vemo vazive kuti rusununguko rwokubudisira pasi rwuchaitwa, kuti vatsigire kudzivirirwa kuri madikanwa kwepamutemo, uye kuti vanzwisise basa rinokosha rinoitwa nemagazini munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro porusununguko nemutemo wenhau, shanyira Dare reVazivi reRusununguko rwePress, Chivil Liberties Union yeAmerican Conference Union yokutsikirira zvishandiso zvorusununguko, kana kuti Confected Encyclopedia. Masangano aya anogovera mitoo mitengo inokosha nokuda kwenzwisiso nokudziridza rusununguko muUnited States uye kupota nyika yose.