Chii Chiri Kuitwa Chakakodzera?

Muitiro wakafanira ivimbiso yebumbiro remitemo yokuti hurumende haigoni kunyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina kutanga kutevera miitiro yakarurama neyakagadzwa yapamutemo. Yakavakirwa muMitemo yeChishanu neMinena, iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti hurumende inoita nenzira yapamutemo, nenzira yakajeka, uye inoremekedza kodzero dzomunhu oga. Asi muitiro wakafanira hausati uri mutemo mumwe; muunganidzwa wedziviriro dzinoumba mwero uri wose wechiito chehurumende, kubva pakumira kwemotokari kusvikira kukutonga kwechiito chengozi.

Kuti anzwisise zvizere muitiro wakafanira, munhu anofanira kutarira pamapazu awo maviri akasiana: muitiro wokutema nomuitiro wakafanira. Rimwe nerimwe rinobatira donzo rakasiana asi pamwe chete rinoumba wirirano yomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira inonangidzira ngwariro pa kuti mabasa ehurumende. Nyika isati yagona kutorera munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, inofanira kugovera dziviriro dzakati. Izvozvi zvinosanganisira:

  • Notice - Munhu anofanira kuudzwa izvo hurumende inoronga kuita uye chikonzero nei.
  • Banza rokunzwika [ – Munhu anofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokupa rutivi rwavo rwenhau, kazhinji kazhinji pakunzwa kana kuti muedzo.
  • [ Muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri – Mutongi kana kuti mukuru mukuru haagoni kuva nedanda rake oga mumuuyo.
  • Kodzero yokupa ufakazi ndokudana zvapupu – Munhu wacho anogona kupa chibvumikiso ndokudenha ufakazi hwehurumende.
  • Kodzero kugweta – Mumashoko akawanda akapoteredza, kumirira kwapamutemo kuri madikanwa kuva nechokwadi chomuitiro wakanaka.

Dare rapamusoro reU.S. rakaisa muedzo wazvino uno wezvinodikanwa mu Mathews v. Eldidge. Matare anorangarira zvinhu zvitatu: fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa, ngozi yokushaiwa kwakaipa mumiitiro yazvino uno, uye fariro yehurumende, kubatanidza ndyiko nemutoro wehurumende. Uku kuchinjika kunoreva kuti muitiro wechakafanira hausi mutoo mumwe wezvikwaniso zvose; chichava chakarurama mukunzwa kwegarikano ingasiana neizvo zvinodikanwa mukutonga kwoutsotsi.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira unenge icho hurumende inogona kuita, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa. Inodzivirira maruramiro akati okukosha mudzongonyedzo dzehurumende, kunyange kana hurumende ikatevera miitiro yakakwana. Idzi maruramiro anobva mumurangariro worusununguko rumene uye haasati arongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusoro rakazivisa chiverengero chakati cherusununguko rwakadzivirirwa, kubatanidza:

  • Kodzero yokuroora - Yazivikanwa mu bergefell v. Hodges (2015]), iyo yairangarira kuti varoorani vorudzi rumwe cheterwo vane maruramiro makuru okuroora.
  • Kodzero yokurera nokutarisira vana vako - Yakabatwa mu Troxel v. Granville [2000], inoganhurira vhiringidzo yehurumende muzvisarudzo zvavabereki.
  • Kodzero yokuva woga - Kubatanidza maruramiro okushandisa kudzivisa kubata pamuviri ([[[FT:2]]Griswold v.Connecticut, 1965]) uye kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro peudzori hwomuviri.
  • Kodzero yokuramba kurapwa - Yazivikanwa mu Shashington v. Harper (1990) nezvinoitika zvapashure zvinobatanidza tarisiro youpenyu.

Muitiro wakafanira unokosha ndiimwe yenzvimbo dzinoitiranwa nharo zvikurusa dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo nemhaka yokuti inoda vatongi kurondedzera icho “kusunungurwa” kunoreva. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunobvumira matare kuparira maruramiro asingawaniki murugwaro.Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kunokosha kudzivirira vanhu pachiito chisina kururama chehurumende icho mitemo yemitemo yetsika yoga isingagoni kubata.

Nei Kuronga Zvinhu Kuchikosha Nokuda Kworusununguko Rwomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kana pasina kungwarira, hurumende ingagona kusungwa, kuisa mujeri, kana kuti kubata zvinhu pasina kunzwika, chiziviso, kana kuti mukana wokuzvidzivirira. Zvikonzero zvinoshanda zvokuchengetedza muitiro wakafanira zvakatangira mumutemo:

  • inoreva chiito chehurumende chinosarudzwa[ - Hapana mukuru mukuru mukuru anopfuura mitemo. Kuitwa kwebasa kunomanikidza sangano riri rose nedare kutevera miitiro inowirirana, inozivikanwa pachena.
  • inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu [ – kunyange apo hurumende inoita nevavariro dzakanaka, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti kodzero dzomunhu anopomerwa kana kuti anotapurwa dzinoremekedzwa.
  • shopi dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vanovimba [ - Vanhu vangangobvuma migumisiro yepamutemo pavanoona kuti gadziriro yacho yakanaka, inopenya, uye inopa munhu wose inzwi.
  • inoderedza tsvete nokubatwa zvisina kufanira[ - Kupfurikidza nokuda vaiti vechisarudzo vasingasaruri namabanza okukwirira, muitiro wakafanira unoderedza tapuro yefungira mano akaipa, ushati, kana kuti zvikanganiso.

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, idzi dziviriro ndidzo dzinosiyanisa tsika yomutemo neyosimbawo zvaro. Seizvo Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakataura mu Hatt Anti-Fascist Committee Komiti yavapoteri v. McGrath (1951), muitiro wakafanira “ihwerengedzo yemitemo iyoyo yomutemo inorondedzera simba rehurumende rokutapura vanhu vamwe navamwe.”

Mavambo Enhau Ezvinoitika Zvakakodzera

Pfungwa yokuti hurumende inofanira kutevera miitiro yakarurama yakavamba kare, asi chimiro chayo chazvino uno chakavambwa mumazana amakore okubudirira kwemitemo kweEngland neAmerica.

Magna Carta (1215)

Kuratidzirwa kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kwomuitiro wakafanira kunooneka muChitsauko 39 cheMagna Carta, chakasainwa naMambo John paRunnymede. Kwakazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kuiswa mutorongo, kurambidzwa, kana kuti kutapwa “kutoti kupfurikidza norutongeso rwapamutemo rwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Mashoko aya – “mutemo wenyika” – akava muvambi womuitiro wakafanira. Nepo Magna Carta aibatira pakuvamba bedzi kuvakuru vakuru, nheyo huru yomutemo pamusoro pomutemo wouchangamire pakupedzisira wakapararira mumutemo wose wechiNgezi.

Bhuku reEngland Rekodzero Dzevanhu Nemapepa Ehurumende

Pashure pemazana emakore okurwisana pakati peParamende neHurumende, Bhii reKodzero reEngland (1689) rakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti mambo aisagona kumisa mitemo kana kuti kugadzira matare chaiwo kunze kwegadziriro yenguva dzose.Makoroni okuAmerica aitakura aya magamuchidzanwa mhiri kweAtlantic.Paramende dzeKokoroni dzaiwanzobatanidza kuvimbisa kuti vagari vaizofarikanya maruramiro mamwe chetewo savaNgezi, kubatanidza dziviriro dzomutemowo zvawo.

Mitemo Yechishanu Neyechigumi Nechina

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakaitwa kuti rishandiswe, rakanga risina nhevedzano yakananga yegadziriro. Gamende yeFindth Amendment, yakagamuchirwa muna 1791, yakachinja kuti: “Hapana munhu... achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Asi nemhaka yokuti Bill of Rights yakatanga kushanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, hurumende yaigona kufuratira idzi dziviriro. Musiyano iwoyo wakaramba kusvikira Kuchinja kwe1453 kwabvumirwa pashure peHondo yeCivil Hondo muna 1868. Muitiro wayo wakakodzera wakatambanurira chinodikanwa chimwe chete kuhurumende yomunzvimbomo: “... uyewo haisati uchizonyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro womutemo unodikanwa.”

Muzana ramakore rakatevera, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa chitsama chakafanira cheGavhurano ye ku [FLT], chisakiso chakawanda cheBill of Rights padzimwe nyika. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokupa zano ([Gideon v. Wainwright[[FLT:]], 1963], ropafadzo inorwisana nokuzvidzora iwe umene ([[FLT:]]] Malloy v. Hogn]), 1964, uye rudyi kurwisano (.[FF:6]] par.[FT]6], yakava , yakava pamutemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro yose.

Kushanda Kwakaita Kushanda Kwakafanira Muchirongwa

Kudzivirirwa kunoitwa munhu kunoenderana nokuti ari kutongwa nevanhu here, ari muutsotsi, kana kuti ari kutongwa, uye kuti kufarira kupi kuri kukanganiswa.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Musutu dzehurumende – idzo dzinobatanidza kukakavadzana pakati pebato ravanhu voga kana kuti pakati pomunhu nehurumende pamusoro pezvinhu kana kuti mari – muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa, kuti:

  • Tsvakaro redare [ – Mukwirirwi anofanira kugoverwa nenzira yapamutemo namadai nokunyunyuta, achirondedzera kutaura nedare apo mhaka ichanzwiwa.
  • Ibanza rokupindura [ – Mukwirirwi ane nguva yakagadzwa yokunyora mhinduro ndokupa shanduro yavo vamene yamaidi.
  • inobvumira kumiririrwa kwapamutemo – Nepo maruramiro eT6 Amendment ezano asingashandi munhau dzehurumende, matare kazhinji kazhinji anobvumira magweta kubhadharwa, uye mumimwe miitiro yakakomba (sekuguma kwavabereki), hurumende ingadikanwa kugovera gweta mumuitiro wakafanira.
  • Kupisha - Mativi ose ari maviri anogona kuchinjana magwaro, kutora, uye kuunganidza ufakazi pamberi pokutonga kuti adzivise zvishamiso.
  • A kutonga kwakarurama pamberi pomutongi asingasaruri – Kana mhaka ichienda kukutonga, nhau dzinofanira kuitwa pasina rusaruro.

Mufananidzo mukuru ndi [[Ntodzi 0] Snidach v. Mari yemhuri. [1969]. Wisconsin akabvumira mukwereti kubhadhara mukwereti pamberi pokutongwa kupi nokupi. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kufanorongerwa uku kwaitorera mukwereti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira nemhaka yokuti pakanga pasina banza rokudenha kubhadhara mari kutozosvikira pashure pokunge mari yatorwa.

Kufambira Mberi Kunofanira Kuitwa Mumhaka Dzematsotsi

Nemhaka yokuti mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinogona kuguma nokuiswa mutorongo – kurasikirwa nedziviriro dzorusununguko – gadziriro yakafanira dzakakwirira zvikuru pano.Bumbiro reMitemo rinoronga maruramiro akawanda akananga anoshanda mukutongwa kwoutsotsi, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakaadudzira zvikuru. Dziviriro huru dzinobatanidza:

  • Kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara – Findment yeshanu inodzivirira vakwiridziridziridzi kuti vasazvipupurira vamene. Mapurisa anofanira kupa Maranda[ nyevero pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero (]]Marnanda v. Arizona], 1966]).
  • Kodzero kumuedzo wavose nowokukurumidza – The Sixth Amendment inoda kuti miedzo ive yakazarukira vanhu uye kuti iitike pasina kunonoka kusina mufungo.
  • Kodzero kugweta - Sezvo Gideon v. Wainright (1963), hurumende inofanira kupa gweta kumunhu upi noupi anopomerwa mhaka akatarisana nepomero yemhosva. Gare gare mirau yakatambanudzira ikoku kumitongo inotakura mutsetse wejeri ([[FLT:]] Argister v. Hamlin, 1972).
  • Kodzero yokunangana nezvapupu – Vadziviriri vanogona kuyambuka - zvinonanisa vanhu vanovapupurira ( Pointer v. Texas[[FLT]], 1965).
  • Kodzero yokudana zvapupu ndokupa dziviriro [ - Simba reSubpoena rinovimbisa vakwirirwi vanogona kuunza ufakazi mudare.
  • Kudzivirirwa panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri nokuzviparadzanisa – Hapana munhu anogona kuidzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, uye hapana munhu anogona kugombedzerwa kureurura.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakatambanudzirawo dziviriro dzakafanira kupwere mu Mure Gault (1967). Pamberi pomutongo iwoyo, matare epwere aigona kuisa vanhu vaduku mutorongo pasina pomero dzepamutemo, matare, kana kuti magweta. Dare raidavira kuti “Hapana Hurumende ye1448 kana kuti Bill of Rights iri yavakuru voga,” uye rakaraira kuti vaduku vari mukusazvibata vagamuchire ziviso, zano, kodzero yokutaura nepomero yokurwisana nechapupu, uye ropafadzo yokurwisana nokuzvipa mhaka.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Munzeve Dzehurumende

Masangano ehurumende anoita zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinotapura vanhu vamwe navamwe – kugura betsero dzegarikano, kubvisa raisenzi yokutyaira, kubvisa mushandi asingashandiri musoja. Muitiro unoshanda panowo, asi miitiro chaiyoiyo inosiyana. Mathes v. Eldridge kudzikamisa kuedzwa (kwambotaurwa) kwakakudziridzwa mumugariro wokudzora: mugamuchiri weSangano reSangano reSangano reNzanga akadenha kubviswa betsero pasina kunzwa kwapamberi. Dare rakatonga kuti kunzwa kwokujekasa pamberi pechisarudzo nguva dzose kusati kwadaidzwa kana sangano richigovera dzimwe dziviriro, zvakadai sechiziviso chakanyorwa, mukana wokupa ufakazi hwakanyorwa, uye pashure pokunzwa kwacho kwakazara.

Zvisinei, zvinhu zvikuru – chiziviso, banza rokupa nhau yako, uye muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri – zvinoramba zviri madikanwa muchinoitika chipi nechipi chokutarisira icho chinogona kutorera munhu rusununguko rune revo kana kuti fariro yezvinhu.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera

Miitiro yakasiyana - siyana nezvinetso zvemapurani zvinokanganisa kururama uye kuvimbika kwegadziriro yeruramisiro, pasinei nokuti inoitwa sei, zvinofanira kuitwa.

Kukweva Kwezvikepe Kwakawanda uye Kubvisa Mazaya

Voruzhinjisa vemhosva dzoutsotsi – dzinopfuura 95% - havatongoendi kutongwa. Vanoguma nokukumbira. Nepo kukumbira kusiri kwomuzvarirwo kusiri kwoutongi, kunogona kuparadza muitiro wakafanira. Vadziviriri kazhinji kazhinji vanotsigira kuva nemhaka mutyisidziro yetongero refu zvikuru pakutongwa, chinoitika chinozivikanwa se “chirango chedare.” Apo magweta anotarisana nokuremedzwa kwemhosva nepfuma yakaganhurirwa, vakwirirwi vangagamuchira kutaurirana pasina kunzwisisa zvizere kodzero dzavo kana ufakazi mukurwisana navo. Kodzero yokutonga kwakarurama inova isina maturo kana tsika ikava yokuranga vaidziridzisa.

Kumirira Kwakakwana Kwepamutemo

Chipikirwa che Gideon v. Wainwright hachizivikanwi zvizere. Mahofisi akawanda anodzivirira vanhu anofamba nemazana emhosva pagweta rimwe, achisiya nguva shoma yokuongorora, kubvunzurudza, kana kuti kufambisa mafaira. A 2014 akawana kuti “masangano anodzivirira ari munyika ari munjodzi.” Pasina zano rakakodzera, vakwirirwi havagoni kunyora kodzero dzavo dzinodiwa nenzira inobudirira, dzakadai sokuongorora kuoma kupesana nomutemo kana kupa ufakazi husingabvumiki.

Matare Ane Rusarura

Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vashomanene vedzinza nedzinza vanotarisana nokubatwa nehasha panhambo iri yose yetsika yeruramisiro, kubva pakumira nokunzvera kuenda kutongerwa. Tsika dzakakwana pakati pavachuchisi, vatongi, uye vatongi dzinogona kupesvedzera zvisarudzo munzira dzinoputsa chipikirwa cheruramisiro yakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, vakwirirwi vatema sezvingabvira zvikuru vanoiswa mungozi yokuvanzwa dare rapamberi pedare, uko kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kugadzirira nokuwedzera bviro yokutendwa. Muitiro unodikanirwa unoda vagadziri vechisarudzo vasina rusaruro, asi mirangariro mipimo inosekesa mufungo iwoyo.

Kudzidza Nezvepanyika Nezvepanyika

Unyanzvi hutsva hunopa hurumende simba risina kumboenzana naro rokutsvaka vanhu. Dare Gurusa rakavamba kududzirazve muitiro wakafanira neChibvumirano chechina kukurukura mashoko emitauro. Mu Carplatendi v. United States [2017] [20208], Dare rakatonga kuti mapurisa anoda maruramiro okuwana zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yemasero, nemhaka yokuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika mumasangano avo munguva. Asi dzimwe nhau dzakawanda dzinoramba dzisina kugadziriswa: kunzvera, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko nekambani dzapanyika idzo dzinobatanidzwa panguva iyeyo nokuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye kuita chisarudzo chemotokari mumitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo nemiraudzo.

Kutama uye Kutarisirwa Kwazvakaitwa

Kutora mhaka kunoitwa muhurumende panzvimbo poutsotsi, naizvozvo dziviriro dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo hadzishandi nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Vagari vemo vanogona kuchengetwa kwemwedzi isina mubatanidzwa, uye havapikirwa gweta rinobhadharwa nehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakati Gungano reChiitiko rinodzivirira vanhu vose muUnited States, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokuva mugari wemo, asi chinhu chaicho ndechokuti matare okusapinda munyika anogona kutarisana nezvinodzorwa uye tsumo dzamanyumwiro zvinogona kutungamirira kukubviswa kwenhema.

Mugumisiro: Kudzivirira Maitiro Akakodzera

Muitiro wakafanira hausi muchina wokuzviparadza umene. Unotsamira pavatongi vakangwarira, magweta ane unyanzvi, vagari vemo vakaziviswa, uye tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inokoshesa rusununguko kupfuura kushanda zvakanaka. Nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu anogona kubviswa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina gadziriro dzakarurama dzinoramba dziri pfundo retsika yeruramisiro. Kuvadzidzisi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa muitiro wakafanira kusati kuri mutoo wedzidzo bedzi wedzidzo yezvipo zvedzidzo, asi chishandiso chokuziva kuputswa, kuraira, uye kutsigira chipikirwa chehurumende inodzorwa nomutemo. Kurwisana nesimba renhau nePromotement, kubva kuKuparwa kweDare reWarrenberger, inoratidza kuti muitiro unofanira kudzivirirwa nguva dzose, sezvo kuri dziviriro huru zvikurusa yorusununguko rwomunhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Cornell Information Institute yemuitiro wakafanira, Oyez nhau yenhau yeMatews v. Eldiridge, uye Center yeRuramisiro inoshuma pamusoro pezvinetso zvegadziriro yetsika..[FLT]]