Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoongororwa uye yakadzikama sei kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose vanoda kunzwisisa kushanda kwegadziriro yedu yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kugadzirwa kwezvinonzvera uye zvidzikamo zvakaoma kunomirira chimwe chemativi ouchenjeri zvikurusa ebumbiro remitemo, rakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera miitiro inochengeta simba rehurumende richiparadzirwa, richizvidavirira, uye rinogamuchira kuvanhu.

Hwaro Hwekero Nedzikamo

United States Constitution inokamuranisa simba rinodzora pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende, ichiumba gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo kudzivisa boka ripi neripi rimwe nerimwe kushandisa pesvedzero huru zvikuru. Iyi nheyo huru yakabuda mukunzwisisa kukuru kwaBaba kwaMavambo kwakavakwa uye kutsunga kwavo kudzivisa udzvinyiriri hwavakanga vawana mukutonga kweBritain.

Kuparadzanisa masimba kuti ashande, kuti aite, uye kuvimbisa kuva madhipatimendi ehurumende akasiyana kwakanga kuri mufungo wakarovedzeka kuvaFramers, nenyanzvi yezvamatongerwe enyika Baron Charles de Montesquieu achiva akanyora pamusoro pokuparadzaniswa kwesimba makore 100 pamberi pezvi. Vagadziri vakafunda zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zvehurumende munhau yose ndokuziva kuti kupa ngwariro yakawandisa zvikuru kuchiremera chipi nechipi nenzira isingadzivisiki kwakatungamirira kukubatwa zvisina kufanira.

James Madison, uyo gare gare akava purezidhendi wechina weUnited States, akakurukura itiro hanya dzake pamusoro pokumuka kwevatungamiriri vane gwinyiro guru muna 1788 uye akaitirana nharo nokuda kwegadziriro dzokuganhurira simba rehurumende muna Federal list 51, achicherekedza kuti gadziriro yenzvero nedzikamo dzesimba zvakanga zvichikosha ku "kushandiswa kwerusununguko." Nzwisiso dzaMadison dzinoramba dziri dzakafanira zvikuru nhasi, sezvo kuoma pakati pehurumende inobudirira nehurumende yakaganhurirwa kuchipfuurira kuumba gakavadzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo raitapura zvikuru idzi nheyo, kuparadzana kwesimba kwavaFramers kwakanga kusingachinji, asi kwakabatanidza gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo umo bazu rimwe raigona kunzvera masimba akagoverwa kune rimwe. Uku kuchinja kwakabvumira tsika kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja nepo ichichengeta mabasa ayo makuru anodzivirira.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Bazu Romutemo: Kuita Mitemo

Chikamu 1 cheUnited States Constitution chinosimbisa Legislative Branch, iyo ine Congress, uye Congress, mukuwedzera kumimwe mitoro inodudzwa, ine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Bazu remitemo rinomirira kuratidzirwa kwakananga zvikurusa kwouchangamire hwakakurumbira muhurumende yehurumende, nemitezo inosarudzwa navagari vemo kuti imiririre fariro dzavo nemipimo.

Congress ine dzimba mbiri: Dare neImba yaVamiririri, uye inogona kukurira mumiririri wePurezidhendia nevhoti 2/3 mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Iyi bimeral imene inomirira nzvero yomukati mukati mebazu rewigiod, inoda bvumirano pakati pemitumbi miviri ine zvibvumirano zvakasiyana nemirairo yehofisi. House of Dectations, namashoko ayo ane makore maviri, inokurumidza kupindura mumurangariro wavose, nepo Dare, namashoko amakore matanhatu, rinogovera chengeteko huru netemutemuro.

Dare rine simba guru rokuita nokugadza mitemo, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana, uye kudzorwa nokushandisa. Masimba anoverengwa anopa Congress pesvedzero huru pazvose zviri zviviri mutemo weimba newokumwe. Simba rechikwama(h) chiremera chemutero uye kupedza(chinomirira chimwe chezvishandiso zvinokosha zvikurusa zveCongress zvokuumba zvinhu zvenyika nokunzvera simba ravakuru vakuru.

Gadziriro yemitemo imene inobatanidza matanho akawanda ehwirudzuro, kurukurirano, uye kugadziridzwa. Mabhiri anofanira kupfuura nomumatare, kurukurirano dzapauriri, uye vhoti mumakamuri ose ari maviri asati asvika padhesiki rapurezidhendi. Uyu muitiro unoderedza, nepo pane dzimwe nguva uchitsoropodzwa seunononoka kana kuti unonetesa, unovimbisa kuti mutemo unonzverwa zvakakwana kubva mumifungo mizhinji usati wava mutemo.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Rinochengeta Mitemo

Purezidhendi wacho anoshanda semukuru mukuru wehurumende uye semukuru wehurumende, anoshandisa simba rakati munzvimbo dzinovambira pakuchengeteka kwenyika kusvika kumitemo yokudzora.

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokutendera nokuita mutemo uye rinobatanidza Purezidhendi, Purezidhendi Vice, uye mitezo gumi nemishanu yedare, naPurezidhendi weUnited States ane simba rokuzivisa mugariro wekurumidziro kana kuti kupa purezidhendi anokanganwira mumwe munhu ane mhaka. masimba aya anobvumira mukuru mukuru kupindura nokukurumidza kunjodzi ndokushandisa ngoni muzvinoitika zvoga zvoga.

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokusimbisa nokuisa mitemo yehurumende inopfuudzwa neCongress, uye purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzirwa neCongress uye vatongi vamabhinya pamwero yakasiana - siana, achipa bazu guru mano okunzvera chiito chemitemo nechokutonga. Simba reveto rinomirira nzvero huru pachiremera chesangano, kunyange zvazvo richigona kushaikwa nechiverengero chikuru chezvikamu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri.

Bazu guru rinogona kuzivisa Mirayiro Inodzora, yakafanana nezviziviso zvinotakura simba romutemo, asi bazu rinotonga rinogona kuzivisa zviito izvozvo zvisiri zvourongwa. Mirairo yechiremera yazova zvishandiso zvinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwechiito chapurezidhendi, zvikurukuru apo kudzikamiswa kwemitemo kunodzivisa Misangano yemitemo kupedza nhau dzakakomba. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo kunoramba kuchimutsa nharo, uye vatsoropodzi vachipomera kuti kunyanyovimba nemirairo yavakuru vakuru kunosekesa kunosekesa muitiro wemitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo

Dare rapamusorosoro, pamugumo webazu rinotonga, idare rakakwirira zvikurusa muUnited States uye mutumbi wokupedzisira unoita chisarudzo pamutemo neBumbiro reMitemo, uye rinogona kuchinja zvisarudzo zvematare echiduku nemitemo yaanorangarira kuva mukuputswa kweBumbiro remitemo. Kuzvimirira kwedare mudzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatendwa kupfurikidza nokugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose.

Dare idare rakakwirira zvikurusa muUrudzi nokuda kwenhau dzose negakava rinomuka muBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mitemo yeUnited States, uye somupi wemitemo wokupedzisira, Dare rinopomerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuvimbisa vanhu veAmerica chipikirwa cheruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo uye nokudaro rinoshandawo somuchengeti nomuturikiri weBumbiro remitemo. Iri basa rinoisa mutoro mukuru pamapfudzi avatongi vehurumende, zvikurukuru vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro vane zvisarudzo zvinoumba mutemo weAmerica nokuda kwezvizvarwa.

Nemhaka yesimba rayo rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinoita basa rinokosha mukuvimbisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoziva ganhuriro dzesimba raro rimene. Iri basa rakaita Dare mugadzirisi anokosha mugakava pakati pamapazu napakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura

Mavambo Nokutangwa

Rumwe rutivi rukuru rwesimba rokutonga rehurumende isimba rehwirudzuro yokutonga, chiremera chematare ehurumende chokuzivisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvomubatanidzwa kana kuti zvehurumende zvinopunza Bumbiro reMitemo, kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingapi zvakananga simba rematare rehurumende rokuzivisa zviito zvehurumende zvisina kubvumirwa. Kushayikwa kwomutauro wemitemo wakajeka pamusoro pehwirudzuro yedare kwakatungamirira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro poukombiso yayo nehwakafanira.

Vazhinji vaMadzibaba Akavambwa vaikarira Dare Rapamusorosa kuita iri basa pamusoro peBumbiro reMitemo; Alexander Hamilton naJames Madison, somuenzaniso, vakanga vatara ukoshi hwehwirudzuro yokutonga muFederalist Papers, iyo yakakurudzira kugamuchirwa kweBumbiro remitemo. Hamilton akataura kuti hwirudzuro yokutonga yaivimbisa kuda kwavanhu, sokutaurwa muBumbiro reMitemo, kwaizokurira mativi makuru makuru emitemo ehurumende echinguvana.

Kuhwirudzurwa kworutongeso rwehurumende kwakatangwa muchisarudzo chakatanhamara chaMarbury v. Madison, chisarudzo chokutanga cheDare Gurusa chokuparadza chiito cheCongregation sechisina kutongwa, nomutsetse wakakurumbira kubva kuMutongi Mukuru John Marshall: "Ibasa rakakomba reBato reRutongi kutaura kuti mutemo chii. Ichochi chisarudzo 1803 chakaumba zvikuru mutemo wemitemo yeAmerica ndokutanga judiary sebazu rinowirirana rehurumende.

Simba reDare rokuongorora raisasimbiswa kutozosvikira muna 1803, apo rakakumbirwa noMutongi Mukuru John Marshall muMarbury v. Madison, umo Mutongi Mukuru akataura kuti mutoro weDare Gurusa wokuputsa mutemo wakanga uri mugumisiro uri madikanwa webasa raro rakapikirwa kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo. Kurangarira kwaMarshall kwakasimbisa kuti vatongi vanoita mhiko yokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo, uko kwaizova kusina revo kana vaidikanwa kuita kuti mitemo inoriputsa ishande.

Kukura uye Kushandisa

Matare ehurumende nehurumende pamwero yose, ose ari maviri kutsinhira nokutonga, anokwanisa kuhwirudzura ndokuzivisa kumira kwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokududzira kwedare uko kunoshanda nenzira yakafanira kunhau ipi neipi mukati moudzori hwawo, nehwirudzuro yedare ichinongedzera zvikurukuru kukuziviswa kwemitemo, zvikurukuru neDare Rapamusoro reUnited States. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mibvunzo yemitemo inogona kumuka mudare ripi neripi, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rine shoko rokupedzisira pakududzirwa kwemitemo.

Dzidziso yeReaudicial Review haina kuganhurirwa chose chose kuzviito zvomubatanidzwa, asi inotambanudzirawo kuzviito zvehurumendewo, neUnited States Supreme Court muFletcher v. Peck (1810) ichirova mutemo wenyika seisina kubvumiranwa nemhaka yokupunzwa kwawo kweContract Clause. Uku kufutunurwa kwehwirudzuro yedare kumitemo kwave kuchikosha mukuchengeta kuwirirana kwerudzi pamibvunzo yemitemo uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu pahurumende inopikiswa.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinogona kuita chisarudzo pamusoro pokuti murairo wavakuru vakuru hauwirirani nemitemo, chiremera chapurezidhendi chikurusa kana kuti kuputsa Bumbiro Remitemo.

Maongororere Anoita Mapazi

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Pasimba Rine Simba

Bazu remitemo rine simba rechikwama, simba rokupikisa purezidhendi, uye simba rokuripira uye kupfura mumapazu edare neanotungamirira. aya masimba anopa Congress simba guru pamamwe mapazi, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwawo kuchitsamira pakudisa kuashandisa.

Congress inogona kupomera ndokuwanira mhaka purezidhendi nokuda kwemhosva huru, dzakadai sokupandukira kana kuti chiokomuhomwe, neImba yavamiriri vane simba rokuunza pomero dzinopomerwa Purezidhendi uye Dare rine simba rokuwanira mhaka ndokubvisa Purezidhendi pahofisi.

Congress inosimbisa kana kuti kuramba zvibvumirano zvapurezidhendi. Uku kusimbisa kunotambanukira kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza nzvimbo, vachipa Dare pesvedzero inokosha pakuumbwa kwamapazu evakuru vakuru neamatare. Kusimbisa kunobvumira vamiriri kunzvera zvikwaniriso zvavamirine, uzivi, uye ugwinyi hwenzvimbo.

Dare rinogonawo kukurira kudzorwa kwaPurezidhendi nokuvhotazve mutemo ndokuupfuudza nevoruzhinji 2/3. Nepo kudzora kusingawanzoitiki, tyisidziro yokukudzora inogona kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi pamusoro pokuti woita mutemo here kana kuti kwete pakutanga.

Nzvero Dzomutemo Pasimba Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo, asi Dare riri pabazu remitemo rinosimbisa kuzviisa kwaPurezidhendi nokuda kwenzvimbo dzokutonga, uye Congress inogona kubvisa upi noupi wavatongi ivavo ndokudzibvisa pabasa. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti vatongi, pasinei zvapo nokugadzwa kwavo kwoupenyu hwose, vanoramba vane mhaka nokuda kwomufambiro wakakomba.

Congress inogona kunzvera zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa kupfurikidza nokupfuudza chinjo dzeBumbiro reMitemo. Nepo chinjo yacho yakaoma noune, ichida mikurumbira muCongress uye kuparadzwa kupfurikidza nezvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvenyika, inopa nzira yokuti vanhu vatonge rondedzero dzemitemo dzeBumbiro remitemo dzavasingagamuchiriki.

Kugonawo kuita kana kubvisa matare ehurumende epasi pevhu, kuchinja simba rawo, uye kunyange kuchinja ukuru hweDare Repamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo kuchinja kwakadaro kusingawanzoitiki uye kuchikanganisa zvematongerwe enyika.

Chiremera Chinoongorora Simba Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rinogadza mitemo, asi Purezidhendi mubazu guru anogona kunyandura mitemo iyoyo nePurezidhendi Veto. Simba rinomanikidza Congress kurangarira zvinokosha zvapurezidhendi neitiro hanya apo anoita mutemo, achisimudzira kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pamapazu.

Gavhuna kana kuti Purezidhendi weUnited States ane simba rokuita mitemo mitsva ipi neipi inopiwa nebazu remitemo, zvisinei, kana bazu remitemo richitsigira zvakasimba mutemo mutsva, vanogona kukurira ikoko nevhoti hurusa.Iyi simba rinoparira dzikamo apo hapana bazi rimwe ringagona kuita nenzira yokuzvimirira chose chose paimwe panhau dzemitemo.

Basa rapurezidhendi mukugadza purogiramu yomutemo kupfurikidza neHurumende yeUnion nezvikarakadzo zvemitemo rinopesvedzerawo icho Congress inorangarira, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichiri nechiremera chikuru pamusoro pezvikwereti zvokutora ndokupfuudza.

Mukuru Mukuru Anonzvera Simba Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinorondedzera mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anotonga vatongi veDare reDare Gurusa, dare ravatongi vezvikumbiro, uye vatongi vedare roruwa vanoita nzvero. Kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kunoumba kuumbwa kwamatare edare neuzivi kwemakumi amakore, achiita matare okutonga pakati pezvisarudzo zvikurusa zvapurezidhendi zvinotevera.

Simba rapurezidhendi rokupa kukanganwira nokunyora zvinogovera imwe chenjero pamiuyo yokutonga, kuchibvumira ngoni dzavakuru vakuru kudzikamisa uremu mumhaka imwe neimwe. Iri simba rakakwana uye harigoni kudzokororwa nematare kana kuti neCongress.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Simba Romutemo Nerinodzora

Bazu remitemo rinogadza mitemo, asi bazu rinotonga rinogona kuzivisa mitemo iyoyo isiri pamutemo. Iri simba rokuhwirudzura kutongwa rinomirira nzvero hurusa yedare pamamwe mapazu, richivimbisa kuti chiito chose chehurumende chinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga rinogona kuzivisa mabasa aPurezidhendi asina maruramiro, ayo anoabvisa mumutemo, uye rinogonawo kuzivisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress kuva isina tsinhirano yose kana kuti murutivi. masimba iwaya anoita mutongi muchengeti mukuru weganhuriro dzemitemo pasimba rehurumende.

Bazu rinotonga rine simba rokutonga kuti mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo kana kuti mamwe mativi ebumbiro remitemo, uye kana bazu rinotonga rikasarudza mutemo uri "isina kutongwa," harigoni kudzorwazve nebazu rinotonga. Iri chiremera rinodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga nefariro shomanene mukurwisana nemhosho.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuzvigadzirisa Nokuzvienzanisa

Kukura Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Mumakore 25 apfuura, simba roupurezidhendi rakawedzera nenzira inowirirana apo simba reCongress rokunzvera bazu guru rakaderedzwa nenzira inowirirana, dare richiva bazi rokupedzisira rakamira chaizvoizvo sezvo purezidhendi akaputsa miganhu yaro yose. Ichi chinjo chakamutsa itiro hanya pakati penyanzvi dzebumbiro remitemo navagari vemo pamusoro pokuti dzikamo inorangarirwa navaFrame ichiripo here.

Mapurezidhendi akabva kuna George W. Bush kuDonald Trump akavimba zvikuru nechiito chavakuru vakuru kupfuudza Congress, netendero yamapoka avo akasiana, achinetesa pesvedzero yeCongress. Iyi kombamiro inoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri kusashanda zvakanaka kwesangano nevavariro yapurezidhendi, nemufambiro webazu rimwe nerimwe uchipesvedzera zvarimwe.

Kuwedzera kwesimba rokutungamirira kwakaitika munzvimbo dzakawanda, kubatanidza chengeteko yenyika, muitiro wokudzora, uye nhau dzokumwe. Mapurezidhendi akashandisa nenzira inowedzera mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru, kutaura, uye nhungamiro dzokutarisira kuti ashandise mitemo pasina kutenderwa nedare, achiramba kuti mutemo unoda chiito choutungamiriri.

Kubviswa Kwedare Mubasa

Kuparadzaniswa kwakaita Hurumende kwakaita kuti zviome kubudisa mutemo, zvichiita kuti purezidhendi ape simba guru rokuita basa rokutungamirira uye kuti zvisashande nesimba.

Kuderera kwepfungwa dzokuomerera kwedare kunoratidza zvinhu zvinoverengeka, kusanganisira ngozi dzezvematongerwe enyika dzokuita zvinzvimbo zvenharo, kuoma kunzwisisa kwezvinodzora zvemazuva ano, uye kukurudzirwa kunotangwa nezvinobudiswa nezvinobudisa nhau uye kutsigira. Mitezo yeCongress inowanzokuwana kuri nyore kutsoropodza zviito zvokutungamirira pane kuronga mhinduro kuzvinetso zvakaoma.

Kutyisidzira Kurusununguko Rwokutonga

Nzvero yakaitwa zhizha rapfuura kubva kuPew Research Center yakawana kuti Dare Rapamusoro, iro kusvikira misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi rakanga richiremekedzwa zvikurusa uye richiyemurwa pamapazu matatu ehurumende, rakatsvedzerwa mururemekedzo rwavose, nemufungo wakananga wokuti dare raiva mapfundo 22 muzana akaderera kupfuura zvarakanga rakaita muna August 2020, apo 70% yavaAmerica vaiva nomurangariro wakanaka. Uku kuderera muchivimbo chavose kunotyisidzira mano eDare rokushanda sechekero inoshanda pamamwe mapazu.

Kana wangoparadza maruramiro edare, kuvimbika kwedare, hausati uchizowanazve ikoko. chiremera cheDare chinotsamira pakugamuchirwa pachena kwezvisarudzo zvaro sedudziro dzapamutemo dzomutemo panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika, kuita chivimbo chavanhu kuva chinokosha kubasa raro rokuronga.

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pematare okutonga, kupomerwa mhosva dzokuita zvisarudzo zvinopesana, uye nharo pamusoro pokugadziriswa kwematare zvose zvakakonzera kuti vanhu vasavimba kuti vachagara vakasununguka pakutongwa.

Basa Rehurumende Mukunzvera Nedzikamo

Nyika Nesimba Rinotonga

Masimba api naapi asina kunzi akapinda muhurumende dzehurumende imwe neimwe. Iyi nheyo yehurumende inoparira paradzano yakananga yamasimba inobetsera kuparadzana kwakasiana pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende.

Hurumende yeUnited States yehurumende nehurumende dzine makumi mana dzinokamuranisa hurumende dzadzo muaya mapazu matatu. Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende zhinjisa rinoratidzira gadziriro yehurumende, richiumba gadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzecheki nedzinodzikamiswa pamwero wenyika. Uku kuwanda kwemutezo wehurumende yose kunosimbisa nheyo yokuti masimba anoparadzanisa anodzivirira rusununguko.

Ukama pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende hwakachinja nenzira inoorora nokufamba kwenguva, hurumende yehurumende ichitora chiremera chikuru zvikuru munharaunda dzakawanda nepo nyika dzichichengeta mutoro mukuru nokuda kwavamwe. Uku kunyanduka kukuru pakati pechiremera chorudzi nehurumende kunopa rumwe rutivi rwechekedzo nedzikamo, kuchidzivisa kuiswa kwakakwirira kwesimba pamwero upi noupi.

Kuhwirudzura Zviito Zvehurumende

Muna Martin v. Hunter’s Lespee (1816), Dare rapamusoro-soro reUnited States rakamanikidzira simba reSupremacy Claus aiva mukati meChikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo, ichitaura kuti rine chiremera kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende zvinobatanidza kududzirwa kwomutemo wehurumende kana kuti United States Constitution imene, neDare richiruramisa simba iri rakavakirwa pakudikanwa kwakafanana kwekududzirwa kwomutemo wehurumende munyika imwe neimwe uye nyika iri yose muUnion. Iri chiremera rinovimbisa kuti kodzero dzemitemo yemitemo igamuchire dziviriro yechigarire pasinei zvapo nekwavagari vemo vanogara.

Kuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga kwezviito zvehurumende kwave kuchikosha zvikuru mukudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rwevagari vemo, kuchidzivisa nyika kuputsa zvibvumirano zvebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvemapepa zvinoparadza kuvhota kwapamutemo kwehurumende, ganhuriro pakodzero dzokuvhota, uye ganhuriro pakutaura kwakasununguka zvose zvakatsamira pachiremera chematare ehurumende chokuhwirudzura zviito zvehurumende.

Mugari Wemo Anoongorora uye Anodzikamisa

Simba Remisikanzwa

Vanhu vane mano okuvhota vamiriri vavo makore maviri ari ose uye vamiriri vavo vamasangano makore 6 ari ose.

Kupfurikidza nokusarudza vamiriri vavo navaSanita, vanhu avo vane pesvedzero nenzira isina kunanga avo vari rutivi rwebazu reChigadzikiso. Iyi pesvedzero isingatauriki inoitika kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadzwa nokusimbiswa, navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vachisarudza vatongi vachabatira nokuda kwoupenyu. Zvisarudzo zvavagari vemo nokudaro zvine miuyo inogarisa nokuda kwokuumbwa neuzivi zvejaji.

Zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvokutora rutivi muchisarudzo zvinopfuura zvamarusarudzo ehurumende nemubatanidzwa kuti zvibatanidze makwikwi ehurumende nomunzvimbomo, zvirongwa zvokuvhota, uye zvimiro zvekutora rutivi zvinopa vagari vemo mikana yakawanda yokuumba muitiro wehurumende uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire.

Kugadziriswa Kwebumbiro reMitemo

Vanhu veUnited States vanogona kumisa kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza neCongress kana 3/4 enyika dzikaramba kururamisa kugadziridzwa kwacho.Idzi simba rinovimbisa kuti chinjo huru kugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo dzinoda bvumirano yakafara munyika yose, kuchidzivisa zvinhu zvikuru zvechinguvana kuti zvisachinja gadziriro huru yehurumende.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kunobvumirawo vagari vemo kugadzirisa zvavanofunga kuti hazvibvumirwi neDare Repamusorosoro kana kuti kubvisa zvisarudzo zvavanoona zvichinzi hazvigamuchiriki.

Kunyengera Nokubatanidzwa Paruzhinji

Vagari vemo vanoita basa rinokosha mukuchengetedza kuongorora uye kudzikama nokupa hurukuro yavose, uye kuvimbisana kunoitwa nehurumende.

Kudzivirira kweFirst Amendment nokuda kwerusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa nhau, kuungana, uye chikumbiro zvinogovera zvishandiso zvinokosha nokuda kwokutarisira vagari vemo vehurumende. Muchina wakasununguka unobatira sembwa inorinda, uchinzvera zviito zvehurumende uye uchizivisa vanhu. Masangano ehurumende anounganidza vagari vemo munhau dzakati uye anoita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire nokuda kwenzvimbo dzavo namavhoti.

Vakuru vakuru vanofuratira pfungwa dzevanhu vanorasikirwa nenzvimbo dzavo, nepo kunyange vatongi vasina kusarudzwa vanofanira kufunga kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvichagamuchirwa ndokuitwa sei nevanhu.

Dzidzo Yakafanana Nokutora Rutivi

Kunzwisisa kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa basa kunoda dzidzo yehurumende iyo inobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo nebasa ravo mukati mayo.

Kuva mugari wemo kunobatanidza zvinopfuura kuvhota, kurambira uchiziva nezvezvinoitika zvazvino uno, kunzwisisa mirangariro yakasiana panhau dzemitemo, kuva muhurukuro yavagari vemo naavo vane mirangariro yakasiana, uye kutora rutivi mumasangano omunzanga nemibato. izvi zvimiro zvokuvimbisana zvinosimbisa masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye zvinobetsera kuchengeta dzikamo yesimba.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo Inoshanda

Kushatisa Mutongi Veto

Apo Congress inopa mutemo netsigiro huru yebhipartisan, inogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi, ichiratidza kuti mutemo unogona kukurira chishoro chavakuru vakuru apo kubvumirana kwakakwana kunenge kuripo. Uku kudzora hakuwanzowanika, kunoitika bedzi apo Dare rinonzwa zvakasimba pamusoro pomutemo kuti riunganidze kubatana kukuru kwematatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Kutyisidzira kwokuita zvinhu zvisina kufanira kunogonawo kukanganisa maitiro apurezidhendi, kunokurudzira kukurukurirana uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pane kudarika purezidhendi.

Kusashanda Kwomutemo

Apo matare anotonga mitemo seisino tsinhirano nemitemo, anoratidzira basa redare serinochengeta ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pasimba rehurumende. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinogona kumutsa nharo, zvikurukuru apo zvinoputsa mutemo unopfuudzirwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa, asi zvinobatira basa rinokosha rokudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo uye kuchengeta mutemo.

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kwave kuchibetsera mukuwedzera kodzero dzavagari vemo, kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka, kuva nechokwadi chomuitiro wakafanira, uye kuganhurira vanyengeri vehurumende.

Kurambwa kweDare Kwavatungamiriri Vapurezidhendi

Kana Dare rikaramba kusimbisa zvinzvimbo zvedare, zvokutonga, kana kuti mamwe mahofisi, rinoita basa raro rinotoitwa nebumbiro remitemo pakuongorora kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru.

Muitiro wokusimbisa unobvumira vatenzi kunzvera kupfurikidza nokunzwa, nzvero dzenzvimbo, uye nharo dzouriri. Nepo vamines vazhinjisa vachisimbiswa pakupedzisira, muitiro wacho umene unobatira secheki pasimba rapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti vakagadzwa vanogamuchira kukwidza kwakakwana pamberi pokutora hofisi.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora Kwemasangano

Matare eCongress anotarisira kutonga nokuongorora kuti atarisire mabasa ebazi rinotungamirira, aone kuti zvakaipa zviri kuitwa, uye ave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo iri kuitwa sezvainodiwa.

Kutarisira kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda, kubatanidza hwirudzuro dzemari, kunzverwa kwepurogiramu, kunzverwa kwokusazvibata kunofungidzirwa, uye kunzwa pamusoro pokuitwa kwemiitiro. Nepo utarisiri pane dzimwe nguva huchitsoropodzwa sechinobvisa kana kuti sechikuva chemitambo, hunobatira basa rinokosha rokuita kuti bazu guru rizvidavirire kuCongress uye kuvanhu vose.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzakawanda Nemamiriro Akaita Zvinhu

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa ndiro "rakajeka mumurangariro nebasa," seizvo Mutongi Mukuru Charles Evans Hughes akacherekedza, ane mamwe matare mashomanene munyika ane chiremera chimwe chetecho chokududzira kwebumbiro remitemo uye asina akambochishandisa kwenguva refu kana kuti nepesvedzero huru. Gadziriro yeAmerica yenzvero nedzikamo dzakapesvedzera gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo kupota nyika, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakasiana - siana dzakachinja iyi nheyo kumigariro yadzo imene namagamuchidzanwa.

Pashure peHondo yeNyika II nyika dzakawanda dzakanzwa dzvinyiriro yakasimba yokugamuchira hwirudzuro yokutonga, muuyo wepesvedzero yemifungo yebumbiro remitemo yeU.S. (8) zvikurukuru pfungwa yokuti gadziriro yenzvero nedzikamo zvebumbiro remitemo chinhu chinokosha chehurumende yehurumende yedemocracy. uku kuparadzirwa kwemunyika yose kwehwirudzuro yedare kunoratidzira kuziva kuti kudzivirira maruramiro emitemo emitemo kunoda matare anozvimirira ane chiremera chokunzvera chiremera chemitemo nechiremera.

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzakashandisa nzvero nedzikamo munzira dzakasiyana - siyana, nedzimwe dzichiumba matare chaiwo ebumbiro remitemo, dzimwe dzichigamuchira gadziriro dzeparamende dzine ukama hwakasiyana pakati pamapazu evakuru vakuru neanotonga, uye dzimwe dzichitanga gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yakasiyana - siyana. iyi misiyano inoratidzira kuti nepo nheyo yemasimba akaparadzaniswa ichigamuchirwa zvakafara, kuita kwayo kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda.

Kuramba Uine Mazano Anoshanda uye Uchidzikama

Miitiro Nezvirongwa

Iyi mitemo isina kurongwa nekariro dzinoumba seiko vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa masimba avo ndokubatirana nemamwe mapazu. Apo iyi miitiro inoputsika, gadziriro yemitemo yakarongwa ingabvumikisa kuva isina kukwana kuchengeta dzikamo.

Tsika dzinokosha dzinobatanidza kuremekedza maruramiro esangano, kudisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuomerera kumuenzaniso, kuoneka mumiuyo yehurumende, uye kugamuchira miuyo yevhoti. Apo vakuru vakuru vanosiya iyi mipimo mukuronda betsero pfupi yenhambo yezvamatongerwe enyika, vanonetesa gadziriro yose yechero nedzikamo.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kune rumwe rutivi, kuvimbika kunobvisa kuongorora kwehurumende apo mitezo yeCongress inoisa nzvimbo yebato pabazu, ichiramba kunzvera purezidhendi webato rayo imene.

Denho yacho ndeyokuchengeta dzikamo yakafanira pakati pekuvimbika kwechikamu nomutoro wesangano. Mitezo yeCongress inofanira kuva inodisa kunzvera kutsotswa kwapurezidhendi kunyange apo ari webato ravo, nepo mapurezidhendi anofanira kuremekedza maruramiro esangano kunyange pakubata nemakamuri anodzorwa navashori.

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda zvinoda kujeka mumabasa ehurumende kuitira kuti vagari vemo nemamwe mapazu vagone kutarira zviri kuitwa navakuru vakuru. Rusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko, zvinodikanwa zvemisangano, mitemo yokuzivisa mari, uye mimwe mipimo yokuoneka kunoti ive nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira.

Apo hurumende inoshanda pakavanda, nzvero dzinova dzakaoma kushandisa nemhaka yokuti mamwe mapazu nokushaikwa kwamashoko avose zvinodikanwa kunzvera kana vakuru vakuru vari kuita nenzira yakafanira. Nokudaro chitarisiko chinobatira sehwaro hwedzimwe chekero pasimba.

Misangano Yokuzvimirira

Masangano akasiyana - siyana anozvimirira anotsigira nzvero nedzikamo kupfurikidza nokugovera mashoko, unyanzvi, uye utarisiri. izvi zvinobatanidza vaongorori vakuru, Office yeHurumende yeMatare, Congregational Bacculturation Office, uye masangano anozvimirira.

Mapepanhau akasununguka uye akazvimirira anoshandira sechirongwa chokurinda, achizivisa vagari vemo uye achiita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire.

Kutarira mberi: Kuchengeta dzikamo yeBumbiro reMitemo

Gadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikamisa inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira muzana ramakore rechi 21. Kuchinja kweruzivo rwekukurukurirana kwepasi pose, kubatana kwenyika yose, uye tyisidziro dzinobvisa kuchengeteka kwenyika yose zvinoedza gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakagadzwa kwamazana maviri amakore apfuura. Asi nheyo dzinokosha dzinonzvera nedzinodzikamisa dzinofanira kuparadzirwa (h) kuti simba rinofanira kupiwa, kuti hapana munhu anofanira kutonga muchinoitika chavo vamene, uye hurumende iyoyo inofanira kuva inozvidavirira kuvanhu (h) inoramba iri inokosha sekare kose.

Kuchengeta cheki dzinobudirira nedzinodzikama kunoda kungwarira kubva kuvatori rutivi vose mugadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuremekedza miganhu yesangano nemirau kunyange kana vachiita kudaro vachiganhurira mano avo okuwana nharidzano dzemitemo. Vagari vanofanira kuramba vakaziviswa, kutora rutivi mumasangano edemocracy, uye vanofanira kurangarira kuti donzo rechekero nedzikamo hazvisati zviri kuita kuti chisakafanira chehurumende kana kuti kuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro upi noupi ushande, asi kudzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kuiswa pasi pesimba.

Vagadziri vakanzwisisa kuti hunhu hunoita simba rine ngozi uye kuti kunyange vakuru vakuru vanosanofungwa vanogona kushandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera kana chisingamanikidzwi. Vakaronga gadziriro iyo inokarakadza vakuru vacharonda fariro dzavo vamene ndokushandisa kunzvera gwinyiro iroro nokuda chinzvimbo. Uku kunzvera chaikoiko kwohunhu, kwakabatanidzwa namasangano esangano kuti zvidzore simba, kwakabvumira hurumende yebumbiro remitemo yeAmerica kutsungirira kupfurikidza nechinjo huru nedenho.

Sevagari vemo, kunzwisisa kuti basa rinonzvera nokudzikamisa zvinotigonesa sei kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira muudzori hwedemocracy. Tinogona kuziva apo vakuru vakuru vanodarika chiremera chavo, vanotsigira kunzvera kwehurumende pamusoro pesimba, uye vanoshandisa zvishandiso zvedu timene zvehurumende (hwechipiri, kunyora, hurukuro yavose) kuchengeta dzikamo yemitemo. Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo inotsamira pakupedzisira pakuda kworudzi runoziva nerwokuvimbisa kudzivirira nheyo dzemitemo kunyange apo kuita kudaro kunorwisana nezvido zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvenguva pfupi.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemagadzirirwe ebumbiro remitemo nenzvero nedzikamo, National Archives inogovera kusvika kukuvambwa kwezvinyorwa nezviwanikwa zvedzidzo. Ribrary yeCongress[ inopa mashoko makuru pamusoro pemibato yemibato nenhau dzemitemo. [[FLT:]] jidicary judiary's wewebrome Officery's pawebricticess [[ inotsanangura chivako chedare nemitoo. Izvi nezvimwe zvinhu zvinobetsera vagari vemo vanonzwisisa uye kubatanidzwa negadziriro yemitemo inodzivirira maruramiro avo nekodzero dzavo.

Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica hahusi mukudzivisa rwisano pakati pamapazu asi mukupinza rwisano iyoyo munzira dzinodzivirira rusununguko nokusimudzira kuzvidavirira. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvinoyera, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani uchenjeri hwegadziriro yavaFramers ndokuita basa ravo vamene rinokosha mukuchengeta hurumende yebumbiro remitemo. Gadziriro inoda ngwariro yenguva dzose nedziviriro, asi yakabvumikisa kuva inoshivirira zvikuru kupfuura mazana amakore maviri, ichichinjira kuzvinetso zvitsva nepo ichichengeta musengwa wayo mukuru kuganhurirwa, hurumende inozvidavirira pasi pomutemo.