Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare Emitemo Yakanaka

Chinodikanwa chokuti mapurisa awane magwaro asati aita nzvero kana kuti kusungwa chine mavambo makuru munhau yemitemo yeBritain neAmerica. Gadziriro yeChina kuBumbiro remitemo reU.S., yakasimbiswa muna 1791, yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti vagari vemo vanofanira kuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo yokudzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha. Iyi yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kukushandiswa kweBritain kwemitemo nemhesano dzebetsero, izvo zvakapa vakuru vakuru vetsika chiremera chetsika kunzvera nzvimbo ipi neipi nokuda kwezvibereko zvisina donzo. Vawadhi vakaziva kuti simba risingadzoreki rakanga riri chishandiso chokudzvinyirira, uye vakaraira kuti kunofanira kutsigirwa nechisakiso chakananga kuti zvishandiswe uye vanhu, uye kupiwa pamutemo bedzi.

Mumazana amakore, chinodikanwa chekuraira chakava nemhesano kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare gurusa. Mu Weeks v. United States (1914), Dare rakatanga mutemo wokubvisa, rakasimbisa ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusati kwapamutemo kupfurikidza nokushandiswa mumiedzo yehurumende. Iyi nheyo yakatambanudzirwa gare gare gare kumatare ehurumende mu [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio (1961), inosimbisa chinodikanwa sechepfuudzo rwemiitiro youtsotsi yeAmerica. Trangedzo yenhau inoratidza nhamburiko inopfuurira kuchengetwa kwomutemo nedziviriro yemitemo, funganyo inoramba iri mumwoyo yetsika yazvino uno.

Munyika yose, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakawanda dzakashandisa zvibvumirano zvakafanana. Somuenzaniso, Convention yeEuropean on Human Rights Chikamu 8 chinodzivirira maruramiro kuva voga uye chinoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana mvumo yedare pamberi pokupinda muupenyu hwomunhu oga. Iyi bvumirano yenyika yose inosimbisa kuziva kwese kuti zvinodikanwa zvinokosha kudzivisa chiito chomuhurumende chine mufungo nepo ichibvumira kunzvera kwapamutemo kuti kupfuurire.

Mitemo Yepamutemo Netapuro Yayo

Mipimo yapamutemo inodzora maruramiro akarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti nzvero nepfari zvinoruramiswa, zvakananga, uye zvinozvidavirira. iyi mipimo inoisa mutoro wemitemo pamapurisa, asi inogoverawo gadziriro yapamutemo yakajeka inodzivirira vakuru vakuru papomero dzomufambiro wakashata apo vanoita mukati memitemo.

Chisakiso Chinosarudzwa

Chisakiso chinobvumidzwa chinodikanwa chikuru nokuda kwekodzero ipi neipi. Mapurisa anofanira kuratidzira kugarogadziro kuti kune chitendero chine mufungo [ kuti utsotsi hwaitika, kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huripo panzvimbo yakati, kana kuti kuti munhu akaita mhaka. Mupimo unopfuura fungidzirowo zvayo asi unopfuura chibvumikiso chisingapokanidzi. Matare akarondedzera chisakiso chinobvira sechinoshanda, chisiri chekunzvera kwakakwana kwemigariro, achitsamira pamashoko akavimbika kubva kuzvapupu, vanyajambwa, kana kuti tsinhiro dzamapurisa.

Mubasa, vakuru vakuru vanounganidza maidi kupfurikidza nebvunzurudzo, kunzvera, vazivi, kana kuti kunzvera kwechimuko, ipapo kupa mutongi rugwaro. Mutongi anoyera kana munzveri wacho achisimbisa bviro yokuti kutsvaka kuchapa ufakazi. Iyi nzvero yedare inodzivisa mapurisa kuita nzvero kana kuti tsvete, nokudaro kuchideredza bviro yokunzvera kusati kuri kwapamutemo. Zvisinei, muitiro wacho unogona kuva kunzvera nguva, zvikurukuru munhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinobatanidza nzvimbo dzakawanda kana kuti ufakazi hwemichina.

Kutaurwa Nemanzwiro

Gadziriro yeChina inoda kuti irondedzere nenzira yakananga nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa. Ichi chinodikanwa chinodzivisa kunzvera kwavose kwakafanana nenzendo dzokuredza. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kududza kero kana kuti motokari, vazive ufakazi hunokarirwa noudzame hune mufungo, uye kudzivisa rondedzero dzakafara zvikuru dzakadai se "marekodhi ose" pasina ganhuriro. Matare akabvisa maruramiro anokundikana kusvitsa iyi pimo, kuchitungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi.

Uyezve, mhiko kana kuti chinodikanwa chinoda kuti mukuru mukuru apike zvokwadi yepomero mudariro muchirango chenhema. Iyi chiyero chokuzvidavirira chinovimbisa kuti mapurisa haasati achironga ufakazi kana kuti kupa mashoko anotsausa kuti awane rugwaro. Kana mukuru mukuru akatoziva kuti anobatanidza kutaura kwenhema, mutendi wacho ungadenhwa pasi pe Franks v. Delarew[ [17]), uko kunobvumira vakwiri kukumbira kutongwa kuti vaedze uzvokwadi hwechipfuro.

Muitiro Unoparirwa: Nhano Nenhanho

Kunzwisisa kuti munhu angatora matanho akaita sei kunotibatsira kuona kuti mapurisa anoshanda sei.

  1. [[FOLT:0] Kuunganidza noufakazi [ - vakuru vakuru vanounganidza maidi, zvapupu zvinobvunzurudzwa, vanonzvera mashoko emichina, uye kutanga rondedzero yenhau yacho.
  2. Affidavit gadziriro - Mukuru mukuru mukuru anonyora mashoko akapikirwa anodonongodza chisakiso chinobvira, kubatanidza maidi chaiwo namanyuko.
  3. [[[FUT:0] hwirudzuro yeJudicial – Affidavit inopiwa kumutongi kana kuti masisiti, uyo angabvunza kujekesa mibvunzo kana kuti kuda mashoko okuwedzera.
  4. Kuzvinyima kana kuti kuramba - Kana mutongi akawana chisakiso chinobvira uye chakananga, rugwaro runosainwa. Kana rukaramba, vakuru vakuru havagoni kupfuurira pasina rugwaro (kana pasina chakasiana chichishanda).
  5. Kushanda kwe - Mapurisa anobatira rugwaro, runowanzobatanidza miganhu yenguva (sei, mazuva gumi okuuraya muzvinoitika zvomubatanidzwa). Vakuru vakuru vangatora bedzi zvinhu zvakarongwa mugwaro, kunyange zvazvo kuoneka kwakajeka kungabvumira kubatwa kwezvimwe zvibayiso.
  6. Dzoka uye musiyano - Pashure pokutsvaka, mapurisa anofanira kunyora kudzoka nedare, kuronga zvakabatwa, uye kugovera ndaza kumunhu ane nzvimbo yakaongororwa.

Kutora nguva yakawanda kana kuti kunyange mazuva, zvichienderana nokuoma kunzwisisa uye kuwanikwa kwedare.

Migumisiro Pamiitiro Yokuongorora Yamapurisa

Chinodikanwa chinoumba zvikurukuru nzira iyo masangano anotarisira mutemo anoronga nayo nokuita nzvero. Panzvimbo pokunzvera panzvimbo pako, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kukarira kudikanwa kwoufakazi, kubatira pamwe navachuchisi, uye kupa chinoitika chavo kumuiti wechisarudzo chisina retare. Ikoku kune miuyo inoverengeka inoshanda:

  • Mapepa akawedzerwa[ – mishumo yePunsetigative inova ine udzame zvikuru kutsigira kukumbira kukumbirwa, kugadzira nzira yepepa inogona kushandiswa mudare.
  • Kuronga nokushandira pamwe – Mapoka anofanira kuva vatongi vapfupi, pane dzimwe nguva kupfurikidza nefoni kana kuti nebutiro remagetsi, uye kuronga basa rakakodzera nguva.
  • Nguva yeStategic[[FT:1] - Mapurisa anganonotsa kutsvaka kutozosvikira judha yawanikwa, ingagona kubvumira vanofungidzira kutiza kana kuti kuparadza ufakazi. Iyi ngozi inoda mamwe mazano okunzvera, akadai senzvero kana kuti mabasa epachivande, apo vanenge vachimirira mvumo.
  • Kurovedza simbiso - Zvikoro namadhipatimendi zvinopa zvinhu zvinokosha kuvadzidzisi vakuru kunyora maaffidavits akafanira, kunzwisisa chisakiso chinobvira, uye kuziva migariro yakakomba apo maruramiro anenge asingadikanwi.

Betsero

  • inodzivirira maruramiro echinonyorwa chavagari vemo - Varwi vanobatira secheki pasimba revakuru vakuru, vachivimbisa kuti kunzvera hakuna donzo rokusatendeseka kana kuti kwakavakirwa pavavariro dzorusarura. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti kuraira zvinodikanwa kunoderedza paradzano yedzinza mumiganhu nokunzvera.
  • Kunzvera kunoruramiswa uye kunonangidzirwa – kupfurikidza nokuda ufakazi hwakananga netendero yokutonga, kuraira kuderedza kupinza. Varwi havagoni kupinza nzvimbo dzisina ukama kana kuti kutora zvinhu pasina chikonzero.
  • shoo dzapamutemo nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo - Apo vakuru vakuru vanoita mutsamba inowanwa zvakafanira, vanofarikanya dziviriro yakakodzera mumatare avagari vemo. Chibvumikiso chinoparira murangariro wokuva nomufungo, kudzivirira vakuru vakuru papomero dzomufambiro wakashata.
  • Hufakazi hwemhosva kuvimbika - nemhaka yokuti kunzvera kwacho kunobvumidzwa uye kunobvumirwa nedare, ufakazi hahungatongoviswi pakutonga, huchiwedzera bviro dzokukwidziridzwa kunobudirira.

Matambudziko

  • Kunonoka kweProtienties mukunzvera[ - migariro yokukurumidzira, yakadai semigariro yekubatwa kana kuti kutengeserana mirimo kunopfuurira, kungasabvumira nguva inodikanwa kuwana rugwaro. MaBato anofanira kushandisa miitiro yenzira yokukurumidza kana kuti kutsamira padzimwe nzvimbo.
  • Kuwanwa kwezvibvumikiso mumigariro yokukurumidzira – kunyange apo migariro isingadzorwi isati iripo, vakuru vakuru vangaparapatika kuonana nomutongi pashure pamaawa kana kuti munharaunda dziri kure. Mamwe madzorere akagamuchira zvibvumikiso [ zvinoshanda pamagetsi kuti vadzikise izvi, asi kusawirirana kunoramba kuripo.
  • Risipo roufakazi husingawaniki kana miitiro ikanonotswa kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa – Kana anonyumwirwa akadzidza nezvenzvero iri kusvika, angaparadza ufakazi. Mapurisa anogona kushandisa unyengeri nokubatana kuderedza iyi ngozi, asi chinodikanwa chinowedzera nenzira yomuzvarirwo mukana wokupa nyumwiro yakaenzaniswa nokunzvera kusina maruramiro.
  • Mutoro unodzora - Drafting affidavits, kutora siginicha, uye kurongedza kudzoserazve nguva yemapurisa ingagona kupedzerwa pamamwe mabasa. Uyu musoro wehofisi unogona kuva unokosha mukunzvera kukuru.

Zviitiko Zvazvino Uno Nezvisipo

Vatongi vakaziva kuti kuomerera zvakasimba kubvumidza zvinodikanwa mumigariro yose kungaremadza kuchengetwa kwomutemo ndokuisa mungozi chengeteko yavose.

Migariro Yakaoma

Apo kunenge kune tyisidziro yapakarepo kuupenyu, ngozi youfakazi, kana kuti kupukunyuka kwokunyumwira, mapurisa anogona kupinda munzvimbo pasina pamutemo. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara kurondwa kukuru kwomubati anopukunyuka: kana mukuru mukuru aona anonyumwirwa achimhanyira muimba, vangatevera pasina judha nemhaka yekurumidziro. Nenzira yakafanana, kana vakuru vakuru vakanzwa mashoko oufakazi huchiparadzwa (g., chimbudzi chinodzima pashure pokuraswa kwemirimo), vangapinda nokukurumidza kuti vachengetedze ufakazi. matare anonzvera kujeka kwakavakirwa pahwerengedzo yemigariro, achida kuti mapurisa asaita kuti ashande kujeka kupfurikidza nomufambiro wavo vamene usina mufungo.

Tsvaka Chinokonzera Kusungwa

Apo mukuru mukuru anoita kusungwa kwapamutemo, vanganzvera munhu womusungwa nenharaunda iri mukati moudzori hwavo hwapakarepo kuti vave nechokwadi chekotsekano yomukuru mukuru ndokudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Uku kupesana hakudi pamutemo nemhaka yokuti kusungwa kumene kunogovera chisakiso chinobvira uye kutsvaka kwacho kunoitwa nenzira inomanikidzirwa. Mu Chimeel v. California [1969] [1969], Dare rapamusoro rakaganhurira uku kunzvera kumapapiro echisungo, kubvisa makamuri kana kuti motokari dzose kutoti kuve kururamiswa kwokuwedzera.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo uye achiona kurambidzwa kwapamutemo kana kuti ufakazi mumurangariro wakajeka, vangahutora pasina maruramiro. Chisiko chokupa mhaka chinofanira kuva pachena nokukurumidza, uye mukuru mukuru anofanira kuva namaruramiro apamutemo okupinda. Iyi dzidziso inobvumira mapurisa kuita chiito pamusoro pezviwanwa zvisingakarirwi mukati mekunzvera kwapamutemo kana kuti mukati memibato yetarisiro yomunzanga secherekedzo dzakanaka.

Kunzvera Kuchibvumirwa

Chibvumikiso hachidikanwi kana munhu achibvuma nokuzvidira kusecha. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa pachena, kwete kumanikidzwa, uye kubvumira kunoganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera chikwama hakubvumiri kunzvera pasina donzo. Mapurisa anowanzovimba nemvumo yokufumura kufeyafeyafeya, asi vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kubvumira hakusi kwokuzvidira nguva dzose, zvikurukuru mumibatanidzwa mikuru. Dare rapamusoro redare rakava nechokwadi chokuti vakuru vakuru havafaniri kuzivisa vanofungira kodzero dzavo kuti varambe kubvumirana. ([Fctlectum]]

Chinjo Yemotokari

Nemhaka yokuti motokari dzinofamba uye dzinotarisirwa kuderedza kariro dzakavanzika, mapurisa angatsvaka motokari pasina chibvumikiso kana ine chikonzero chingabvira chokuidavira ine ufakazi hweutsotsi. Uku kusiiwa kwakabva mu Caroll v. United States [1925] uye kwakakudzwa kubatanidza zvitoro mukati memotokari. Chinoparirwa ndechokuti kufamba kwemotokari kungagona kubvumira ufakazi kunyangarika apo vabatiri vanowana rugwaro.

Kuongorora Nezvemari

Zera remichina rakatanga denho dzisina kumbobvira dzavapo kuzvinodikanwa zvegamuchidzanwa. Nhare dzemasero, marapy, uye mashoko amakore ane zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko zvomunhu oga, kupfuura zvikuru chinhu chipi nechipi. Mu Riley v. California (2014, Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti mapurisa ade maruramiro okunzvera serura akabatwa mukati mokusungwa, achiziva kuvandika fariro huru dzezvakavanzika. Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kweGPPS kurayting rookering pamotokari kunoda mvumo, seinotangwa mu S] United States. Jones[FLT] v]

Zvishandiso zvokuongorora zvemagetsi zvakadai semienzaniso yesero-sitiki (Miitiro) uye kuwanikwa kusingabvumirwi kwemitemo yemameseji zvakamutsa hondo dzemitemo dzinopfuurira. Stored Comments (18 U.S.C. . 7673) inoda chibvumikiso chezviri mukurukurirano yemagetsi asi zvinobvumira mipimo yakaderera yemitemu yemetabhu muzvimwe zviitiko. Panguva ino, kuwanda kwokuzivikanwa kwechiso, kunzvera kwechiso, uye mirarira reze yeraiseibhurari yerabheti inonzvera miganhuro yeChine Yechina Chigadziriso. Matare anochinja kana aya magadzirirwo esayenzi achiumba "kutsvaka" kunoda kuparira zvinhu zvakafanira uye anobvumira mashoko.

Kubatsira Kunoita Mahofisi Emapurisa

Kurayirwa kunoitwa masangano anoona nezvekuchengetwa kwemitemo kuti agadzirise mitemo yawo, kurovedza, uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu.

  • [ Rovedzo yokushanda inopa ngwariro[ - Zvikoro zvinodzidzisa vakuru vakuru kunyora zvakajeka, kupfupikisa mapepa anokurira muedzo wedare. Vanorovedzawo kunze kwokuvimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vanoziva apo vanogona kuita nenzira yapamutemo pasina pamutemo pamutemo.
  • Sayenzi nokuda kwokuwana chitegiro chiri kure [[[FLT: 1]] - mativi mazhinji akagamuchira gadziriro dzemitemo yemagetsi dzinobvumira vakuru vakuru kupinza maaffidavit kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzakachengeteka kana kuti kuwirirana navatongi, kuchideredza kunonoka.
  • [ Kuhwirudzura [[[FLT: 1] - Kuderedza zvikanganiso, mamwe madhipatimendi anoda mutarisiri kubvumira kukumbirwa kwezvikumbiro pamberi pokuzviisa pasi. Iyi nhano yokuwedzera inowedzera ruvara rwekudzora kworuvara asi inogona kunonotsa mabasa.
  • `Regital advisors - Mapato makuru amapurisa anoshandisa magweta apaimba kana kuti batira pamwe namahofisi avachuchisi kuhwirudzura kubvumikiswa kwakaoma, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvoufakazi hwemichina.

Pasina rovedzo yakafanira, vakuru vakuru vasingazivi vangaputsa chinodikanwa chinodikanwa, kuchitungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi nemutoro wavagari vemo. Nhau dzakakwirira dzakaita se Utah v. Strieff (2016) dzinoratidza kuoma kwenhau dzinobatanidza. Muchiitiko ichocho, Dare rakabvumira ufakazi kubva mukumira kwakanga kuri mugumisiro wokunzvera kusati kwaitwa asi apo mukuru mukuru akawana pamutemo pamutemo akawana maruramiro akatanhamara. Chisarudzo chacho chave chave chichimutsa nharo, kuoma kuoma kugona sei chikwanikiso chepamutemo.

Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Nerusununguko Rwavagari Vemo

Kusawirirana pakati pemapurisa anobudirira nekodzero dzevanhu idenho isingaperi.Vatsigiri vezvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvinotsigira vanopikisa kuti zvinokosha kuchengeta chivimbo pakati pokuchengetwa kwomutemo nenzanga dzavanobatira.Apo vagari vemo vanoziva kuti kunzvera hakuna donzo, vane bviro huru yokubatira pamwe namapurisa.

Vatongi namatare vanopfuurira kunatsa mipimo yezvibvumikiso. Somuenzaniso, PARITIOT Act (2001] masimba okunzvera akafutunurwa mukutevera 9/11, achibvumira kubvumirwa kwanonozeka (zvibvumikiso zvechinenese-pek) uye kusvika kwakafara kumarekodhi ebhizimisi. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, USUS noUVHA Act [ (20)] Act yeIT yakadzoserwa mumamwe mashoko akura, inosimbisa kudikanwa kwezvikwanikiso zvinoitirwa.

Munyika yose, Mutemo weMitemo yese weProviation Regation [GDPR] muEurope yakamutsa bhawa rokushandisa mutemo kuti usvike kumitengo yemakombiyuta, ichida utariri hwokuzvimirira uye kuva nomwero. Iyi mipimo inochinja inoratidzira kuziva kwenyika yose kuti zvinodikanwa zvinofanira kuchinjira kuchinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu apo zvichichengeta rusununguko rukuru.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi

Kuongorora zvinhu kungakonzera kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu okuongorora pasina kupindira kwevanhu zvakananga, zvichimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pepanenge pachidiwa chibvumirano.

Uyezve, kushandiswa kunowedzera kwe makamera emuviri uye kamera dzedashboard dzinogadzira zvitsama zvikuru zvevhidhiyo zvingadzokororwa nokuda kwenhungamiro yefekicha. Matare haasati anyora zvizere kana kuhwirudzura tsoka dzakadaro kuchiumba "seatsvaka" kuraira. Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwe justiousss wis [] inokumbira nzvimbo yemite yemikoro yose iri munzvimbo inogarwa nokuda kwokuputsa zvinenge zvichibvira kuputsa kodzero zvavaripo.

Madhipatimendi emapurisa anoisa mari yokurovedza kwakasimba, yokuronga zvinhu zvinooneka, uye kuvimbisana munzanga zvichava zvakanakisisa kudzora zvinhu izvi zvakaoma asi achitsigira nheyo dzemitemo yepamutemo.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvisingachinji chinhu chikuru mumiitiro youtsotsi yeAmerica, zvakadzika midzi mudziviriro yeFrendment yeChinese pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Zvinoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwenzvero dzamapurisa, kubva paufakazi hwokutanga kuungana kusvikira pakuurawa kwokunzvera nokusungwa. Nepo izvi zvinodikanwa zvichiisa mhinganidzo dzinotevedzana, zvinobatirawo basa rinokosha mukudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira, uye kugovera nhovo yapamutemo nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vanoita mukutenda kwakanaka.

Zvisizvo zvazvino uno nefambiro mberi dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinopfuurira kudzorera kushandiswa kwezvinodikanwa zvokuraira. Mapurisa anofanira kuramba akangwarira mukunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri tsamba yomutemo nedudziro dzinochinja dzinopiwa nematare. Kupfurikidza nokudzikamisa kudikanwa kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo kunobudirira nokuzvipira kudziviriro yebumbiro remitemo, masangano anogona kuchengeta chivimbo chavose uye kuwana miuyo yakarurama mumhoteredzo yakaoma nenzira inowedzera.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve paGaramende yeChina jurisprudence nemitemo, ona Cornell Legal Information Institute yezvibvumikiso [ uye New York Times Resed Amendment musoro wepaji yeChine. Kuwedzera, [[FLT:]] American Bar Association yetsororororo yedare [ inogovera zviwiro panharo dzazvino mukutsvaka mutevedzero.