Mitemo yokushongedza ndiimwe yesimba gurusa uye asi inonzwisiswa zvishoma zvikuru inoumba nharaunda yako. Iyi mitemo yomunzvimbomo inotema kana nzvimbo isina chinhu yava nzvimbo yokutamba, chivako chamafurati chakakwirira, kana kuti chiteshi chependi yemafuta. Inodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva pamutero wezvinhu zvako kusvikira kuurefu hwepasi pako, uye kubva patsika yako kusvikira kuutano hwemhoteredzo. Kunzwisisa mitemo yokuronga haisi bedzi nokuda kwavarongi navavaki veguta.

Mitemo Yakaipa Chii?

Mitemo inogadzira pamutemo igadziriro dzinotangwa nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo .Ndokuva maguta, mataundi, kana kuti matura anodzora kushandiswa kwenyika nokubudirira. Inokamuranisa nharaunda kuva maruwa akasiyana- siyana (nzvimbo), imwe neimwe ine mirau yakananga inodzora zvinogona kuvakwa, kuti zvivako zvingava zvikuru sei, uye mibatoi inobvumirwa. Iyi miganhu yakavakirwa musimba ramapurisa rehurumende kudzivirira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye garikano, uye inobatanidzwa mumitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Marudzi anozivikanwa zvikurusa okugara munzvimbo dzacho anosanganisira:

  • Resilitence - nokuda kwemisha yemhuri imwe, duplexes, mafurati, uye pane dzimwe nguva mibatanidzwa yokugara (ADU).
  • [[FOL:0] [[FLT]] - nokuda kwezvitoro, mahofisi, maresitorendi, uye mamwe mabhizimisi.
  • [[FUT:0] Inditustum – nokuda kwamafekitari, matura, uye nzvimbo dzokugadzira zvinhu.
  • [ Rima [ – nokuda kwokurima, kufudza, uye mibato ine chokuita.
  • Ushandisi hwakagadzirwa[ - boka idzva rinobatanidza kushandiswa kwechivako chimwe chete kana kuti nzvimbo yokushamba.

Mukati meaya mapoka akafara, mitemo yokugarwa kwenzvimbo inowanzodudza mamwe madinditi maduku (somuenzaniso, R1 nokuda kwemisha isina mhuri imwe, R-3 nokuda kwedzimba dzakawanda dzemhuri, kana C-2 nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose kwezvokutengeserana. Chitendero chimwe nechimwe chinouya nemitemo yacho chine chokuita nemhinganidzo, kuvaka, kufukidza kwapamutengi, zvinodikanwa zvokupaka, uye kushandiswa kunobvumirwa.

Mitemo inotenderera haigari; inochinja nokufamba kwenguva sezvo nzanga dzinochinja. Maguta akawanda anogadzira mabumbiro awo okuvaka makore mashanu kusvika kugumi oga oga kupfurikidza negadziriro yavose. Nokuda kwekunyatsoongorora mashoko okuronga, American Planning Association [ inogovera zvinhu zvakawanda.

Nhau Nehwaro Hwepamutemo Hwokuzvitidza

Kugadzira muUnited States kwakavamba misi inoshamisa. Mutemo wokutanga wezvokuvaka wakatevedzerwa neNew York City muna 1916, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuvakwa kweChivako chisingasarudzwi, shongwe yakaisa mumvuri mukuru pamigwagwa nezvivako zviri pedyo. Mutemo wakadzika miganhu yokuvaka ndokugadza zvinodikanwa. Kushandiswa kwemitemo kwenzvimbo dzapamutemo kwakagadzwa mudare repamusorosoro ra1926 [[FLT: 0] Vallillage of Euclid v. Ambler Realty ., iyo yakasimbisa kuti kushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba remapurisa kwenguva refu sokune chokuita noutano, kuchengeteka, tsika, kana kuti garika.

Following that decision, the U.S. Department of Commerce published the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act in 1926, which provided a model for states to pass legislation delegating zoning authority to municipalities. Today, every state has some form of enabling legislation, though the specifics vary widely. Understanding this legal foundation is crucial because it explains why local governments—not state or federal bodies—are the primary architects of zoning law. You can read the full text of the Euclid decision and related commentary at Cornell Legal Information Institute.

Chinangwa Chemitemo Yokushopera

Chinangwa chikuru chemitemo yokuvaka ndechokusimudzira kufambira mberi kwakarongeka uye kudzivirira utano, kuchengeteka, uye kugara zvakanaka kwenzanga. Zvikurukuru, kuvaka kunobatsira:

  • Nyika isingawirirani inoshandisa[[FL:1] kubva pakuva pedyo nomumwe nechepedyo (somuenzaniso, kuchengeta fekitari ine ruzha munharaunda yakanyarara.
  • [ Ipai mibato yakakwana yavose negadziriro yehwaro kupfurikidza nokukwirira kwekukura kwakaenzana nokukwanisa kwemigwagwa, gadziriro dzemvura, uye zvikoro.
  • chengetai vara renharaunda [ kupfurikidza nokuchengeta marudzi okuvaka, zvitayera, uye nzvimbo dzinodzorwa.
  • Nyoro yenzvimbo yokudzivirira kupfurikidza nokuderedza kusava nechokwadi uye kudzivisa zvinoitika zvinodzongonyedza izvo zvinogona kuderedza mitengo yapamusha.
  • [[FT:0] Rongai kuchengeteka kwavanhu kupfurikidza nokugadza mipimo yokupinda nomwoto, nzira dzemotokari dzekurumidziro, uye zvokuvakisa.
  • [ Kukura kunotsigirwa [ kupfurikidza nokunangidzira kukura kutsva kunzvimbo dzine zvinhu zviripo nokudzivirira nzvimbo yakazaruka nezviwanikwa.

Pasina kuvaka, mugwagwa unogara vanhu unogona kuguma wava nefekitari inogadzira zvinhu yakawanda semuvakidzani, kana kuti tsvina ine chepfu ingavakwa pedyo nechikoro.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mavara Emhuka

Chimwe chemiuyo inooneka zvikurusa yokuvaka nharaunda. Munharaunda dzinongogara mhuri imwe chete, uchawana migwagwa ine mitsetse yemiti ine dzimba dzakasiiwa, mayadhi, uye nzira dzinofamba namo. Mukupesana, nzvimbo yakavhengana ingaratidza zvivako zvefurati pamusoro pezvitoro zvevhu, zvina migwagwa mitete uye nzvimbo dzinopaka motokari shoma. Unhu uhwu hahuitwi netsaona.

Kufamba kunopesvedzerawo magariro enzanga. Zvinodiwa kuti pave nezvidembu zvinogona kuderedza kufambidzana kwevavakidzani, nepo nzvimbo dzinokurudzira kufamba dzinova nekombamiro yokusimudzira kuvimbisana kwenzanga. Kuvagari vazhinji, unhu husingachinjiki hunokosha semitemo inooneka.

Kubatsira Kwomutemo Wokurova

Mitemo yokufungidzira inogovera betsero dzakawanda kunzanga, zhinji dzadzo dzisingacherechedzwi chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti dzinoshanda zvakanaka.idzodzi dzinobatanidza:

  • Kuronga: Kuronga kunopfavisa kuronga kwenhambo refu negadziriro dzokukudziridza. Rongedzero yakakwana inoratidzira chiono nokuda kwokukura kweguta, uye gadziriro inoronga kuzivisa chiono icho kupfurikidza nokutema panogona kuitika marudzi akasiana - siana ebudiriro.
  • dziviriro yemafungu: Zoning inogona kubetsera kudzivirira zvinhu zvomusikirwo kupfurikidza nokuganhurira kukura panzvimbo dzinonaya mvura zhinji, materu, uye nzvimbo dzokugara dzinotapukira. Kunogonawo kuda kuiswa kwemvura yemafungu, kuchengetedzwa kwemiti, uye miitiro yokuvaka yakasvibira.
  • Public Safety: kupfurikidza nokudzora nzvimbo yemabasa ane ngozi akadai semiti yemakemikari kana kuti nzvimbo dzokuchengetera mafuta, kuchengetedza kunoderedza ngozi dzetsaona munzvimbo dzinogarwa. Mabumbiro emwoto akasungirwa kuumba kuti zvivako zviwanike nokuda kwemotokari dzekurumidziro.
  • Chikamu choupenyu: Kubatsira kugadzira nokuchengeta nharaunda dzinoda kudzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzora ruzha, kufamba, kunhuwidza, uye mafashoni. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo inogarwa ingadzivisa mabhizimisi anoparira nziyo dzinonzwika kana kuti mubato wousiku hwapera.
  • Rusando rwemari: Mitemo yakajeka inopa vagadziri namabhizimisi uchokwadi hwavanoda kuisa mutero. Vatengi vemitengo vane bviro huru yokuvaka kana kuti kuwedzera apo vanoziva kuti vagari vomunharaunda uye kushandiswa kwevhu zvicharamba zvisingachinji nokuda kwenguva yemberi inodeya kufanoonekwa.

Mitemo Yokuzvirongera

Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera kurava bumbiro romunzvimbomo ndokuona kuti rinotapura sei nzvimbo yako kana kuti nharaunda.

Shandisa Zoing

Iri ndiro rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikuru. Shandisa nzvimbo inotema kuti mabasa api anogona kuitika munzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo yokugara ingabvumira misha yemhuri imwe asi kwete zvitoro. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinobvumira kushandiswa kwakasiyana - siyana (idzi, kuvhengana), nepo mamwe akaganhurirwa zvikuru. Maguta akawanda ane “mvumo dzezvirongwa zvemari . Zvingabvumirawo kuti zvimwe zvishandiswe panhau nehwaro hwechikamu, kana kuti pachishandiswa mashoko avose uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.

Bulk Zoning

Mitemo iyi inodzivisa zvivako kukurira kana kuti kuvhara chiedza chezuva nemhepo kuti zvisasvike zvivako zviri pedyo. Somuenzaniso, R1, nharaunda chaiyo ingabvumira kureba kukuru kwemamita 35 uye kudzongonyedzwa kwemamita 20 mberi.

Nheyo yeNhengo

Nhengo yenzvimbo dzinodzorwa nenhamba yedzimba kana kuti vanhu pahekita. Mumatunhu okugara, izvi zvinowanzoratidzirwa sezvitsama zvikuru zvezvigaro pahekita yematabhu. Nzvimbo yakaderera ingabvumira 2 du/ac, kureva minda mikuru ine misha imwe, nepo nzvimbo yakakwirira ingabvumira 40 shangu/ac, inogadzira zvivako. GONS inova netapuro yakananga pakutenga: nzvimbo dzine ganhuriro dzoukuru kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzine mitengo yakakwirira yemusha inodzoserwa nokugoverwa.

Mitemo Yokusabatana

Mitemo yapanhambo nenhambo inodzora kukamukana kwenyika kuva mapasuru maduku. Inoraira ukuru hwenzvimbo, chimiro chomugwagwa, mibatanidzwa yezvishandiso, uye tsauriro dzavose nokuda kwamapaki kana kuti nzvimbo dzechikoro. Iyi mitemo yakaparadzana neasine chokuita nokuvaka; nepo kuronga kunodzora kwaunogona kuvaka, wirirano dzinodzora nzira yaunogona kuparadzanisa nayo nzvimbo nokuda kwokubudirira.

Zoning Yakakomberedzwa Netsika

Mutoo mutsva ndi wounyanzvi hwenzvimbo, hunonangidzira ngwariro pachimiro chezvivako nenzvimbo dzavose panzvimbo pokushandisa nyika. Panzvimbo pokuti “iyi nyika ndeyekugara bedzi,” inoumba mabumbiro emitemo anodzora urefu hwokuvaka, façade, uye shopu dzomumugwagwa, inobvumira muvhenganiswa wezvishandiso chero bedzi zvakakodzera chimiro chazvinodiwa. Iyi nzira yakakurumbira mumabasa matsva eUrbanist uye mabasa okuvakazve.

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa

Pasinei nebetsero dzayo, mitemo yokuvaka yagara ichibudirira.Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, vatsoropodzi vakataura zvinetso zvinokosha zvinoverengeka.

Mitemo Inoganhurira Nekusashaikwa Kwedzimba

Zvichida gakava rinonyandura zvikurusa rinonangidzirwa pakuti nzvimbo dzinoganhurirwa dzinobetsera kukuvadziko yedzimba. Maguta iwayo nzvimbo hurusa yemisha yemhuri imwe anoganhurira nenzira inobudirira mugove wedzimba, kuendesa mari. Somuenzaniso, San Francisco, ine mamwe enzvimbo dzinoganhurira zvikurusa munyika, anoramba ari amwe emisika inodhura zvikurusa yedzimba. Nyanzvi dzemari neromumaguta dzinonzvera kuti ganhuriro dzouremu, kubvumira ADUs, uye kubvumira dzimba dzakawanda munharaunda dzakawanda dzinogona kuderedza rendi nemitemu. Mushumo unobva ku [FLT: 0] . . . .

Nhau Dzekusasarura

Zoning ine nhau refu neyakatambudzwa sechishandiso cheparadziko yedzinza nemari. Muzana ramakore rechi20, mamwe maguta akashandisa mitemo inorongeka yedzinza kuchengetedza mhuri dzevatema munharaunda dzevachena (kunyange zvazvo idzodzi dzakaparadzwa neDare Gurusa muna 1917 (Bhutann v. Warley). Asi kubvisa muganhu kwakapfuurira kupfurikidza nemimwe mitoo, zvakadai sokuda urefu hukuru hwedzimba dzakawanda, kurambidza chiverengero chikuru chavanhu vasina ushamwari vanogona kugara pamwe chete. Iyi miraudzo inotapura nenzira isingakariswi nokuwana mari, inowedzera kusanzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwenhamburiko dzazvinogadziriswa.

Kudzivisa Kuchinja

Chishoro chomunzvimbomo (kazhinji kazhinji chinonzi NIMBYism (Kwuri muBackyard)() chingaita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuvandudza mirau yokuvaka. Vagari vakatenga misha munharaunda yakanyarara, yakaderera vangashora kukura kupi nokupi kutsva, kunyange kana kuchidikanwa zvikuru. Uku kudzivisa kunogona kuvhara zvivako zvefurati, zvirongwa zvedzimba dzinotengwa, dzimba dzemapoka, kana kuti kunyange dzimba dzokuvakidzani. Nepo mubatanidzwa wenzanga unokosha, usingadzorwiri NIYBYS inogona kuvhara mumiitiro yokuvaka.

Kuoma Kwemitemo uye Kwekutungamirira

Mabhukwana akaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru uye anogona kuva mazana amapeji akareba. Kukumbira kupesana, kushandisa mvumo, kana kuti gadziriro huru inowanzoda kupinza hofisi gweta kana kuti mupi wezano wenzvimbo. Uku kuoma kunzwisisa kunogona kuita kuti muitiro uve usingasvikiki kuvagariwo zvavo, kuchisiya zvisarudzo mumaoko avavaki vezvifambisi kana kuti mapoka ezvirongwa zvefariro zvakasanorongwa.

Kukutapura Kwaunoitwa Nemitemo Yokungozvirozva

Kunyange kana usati wambopinda musangano unoitirwa kunzvimbo imwe chete, mitemo iyi inoita kuti upenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva huve nyore.

Mipimo Yezvinhu

Kuiswa kwenyika iri pedyo kunopesvedzera zvakananga ukoshi hwenzvimbo yako. Chivako chitsva chefurati chapedyo chingawedzera kudikanwa kwemabasa omunzvimbomo ndokukwidza ukoshi hwemusha wako(kana kuti kungaonekwa sezvisingafarirwi uye zvakaderera. Nenzira yakafanana, chinjo mukuronga uko kungabvumira nzvimbo inozadza kana kuti fekitari kuputsa mipimo yenzvimbo. Ndicho chikonzero nei varidzi vemisha kazhinji kazhinji vane mirangariro yakasimba pamusoro pechinjo munharaunda yavo.

Kuva Muvakidzani

Kushongedza chinhu chikuru chokuchengeta chitarisiko nokunzwa kwenharaunda. Nyika inoda masitendi makuru emberi nemhete-mhete inoparira chimiro chakasiana kupfuura icho chinobvumira dzimba dzomumataundi dzine zero-rot. Kana code yenharaunda yako inoronga kukura kwemotokari, ungakuwana kwakaoma kufamba kuenda kushopu kana kuti kutumira kwavose. Nhaiwo, mabumbiro emitemo akavakirwa paidzoro anogona kuparira kufamba, makwara ane simba.

Mabhizimisi Omunzvimbomo Namabasa

Mabhizimisi anobva mumisha yakawanda, nzvimbo dzezvokutengeserana dzinoparadzaniswa nenzvimbo huru, dzichida motokari kuti dzisvike kuchitoro kana kuti chitoro chekofi. Mukupesana, kushandisa kwakasiyana kunobvumira zvitoro zviduku neresitorendi zviri pedyo nemusha wako. Izvi hazvingochinji bedzi asi zvinotapurawo kufambidzana kwenzanga uye basa remari romunzvimbomo.

Kodzero Yako Yokugadzirisa Zvinhu Zvako

Zvirambidzo zvokuzvideredza zvinogona kuganhurira zvaunogona kuita nemusha wako umene. Zvinoda kuvaka nzvimbo, kuwedzera nhepfenyuro yechipiri, kana kuti kuchinja garaji rako kuva furati? Uchada kunzvera gadziriro yako yomunzvimbomo nokuda kweganhuriro dzourefu, zvinodikanwa zvedzongonyedzo, uye kana kushandiswa kwako kuchibvumirwa. Maguta mazhinji ari zvino kuzorodza mitemo inodzorwa kubvumira ADUS, asi zvakananga zvinosiyana zvikuru. Kuziva ganhuriro yako kunogona kukuponesa nguva nekangaidzikano apo kuronga kugadziridzwa kwapamusha.

Kubatanidzwa Mugadziriro Yokuita Zvokushongedza

Heano matanho aunogona kutora:

  • Misangano yakadzorwa yomunzvimbomo. Maguta mazhinjisa anoita misangano yavose yenguva dzose yebasa rokuronga kana kuti dare rokukumbira. Izvozvi zvakazarukira vanhu uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza nhambo yetsinhiro dzavose.
  • [ Kuronga namasangano enzanga namadare. nharaunda dzakawanda dzine matare anohwirudzura zvikarakadzo zvokuronga nzvimbo vasati vaenda kudare reguta. Inzwi rako rinogona kupesvedzera rumbidzo idzodzo dzapakuvamba.
  • project recontextation mukati menhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose. Apo chinjo inokarakadzwa kana kuti wirirano inokarakadzwa, guta rinowanzogamuchira tsinhiro dzakanyorwa ndokuita kuti vanhu vanzwe. Kupa tsinhiro dzinofungwa, dzakavakirwa paidi kunogona kuva netapuro.
  • Kuderera kana kuti kuumba sangano romunharaunda. Mapoka Akarongwa ane pesvedzero huru uye anogona kuhaya nyanzvi kana kuti zano rapamutemo kuti atsigire fariro dzawo.
  • Dzidza kurava kodi yomunzvimbomo. Mabumbiro mazhinjisa anowanika paIndaneti. Tarira zita rokuronga nzvimbo yako ndokurava mitemo yakabatana nayo. Kunzwisisa mutauro kunokupa simba mukurukurirano.
  • Kurukira nokuda kwokuronga kwakawanda. Panzvimbo pokurwa chinjo iri yose nenhau, mutsigiri wegadziriro yakafara yakapararira muguta iyo inobatanidza kuchinja kunobatanidza kubatanidza. Uku kuronga kwenguva refu kunogona kukurukura nhau dzemitemo yakadai sezvipo zvedzimba nemhesano.

Kuchinja Kwemazuva Ano Nenguva Yemberi Yokuzvifadza

Mukupindura denho dzokuwana mari, kurambwa, uye itiro hanya dzemhoteredzo, nzanga zhinji dziri kuedza chinjo dzokuronga. Miitiro inocherekedzwa inobatanidza:

  • Ligaling Accessing Accester Homenals (ADUS): Maguta akafanana nePortland, Oregon, uye maminiti mazhinji eCalifornia ane ganhuriro dzakasununguka paADUs, achibvumira varidzi vedzimba kuvakira zvikamu zviduku zvekuseri panzvimbo yavo. Ikoku kunowedzera mugove wedzimba pasina kuchinja muvakidzani.
  • Kuzivisa Njodzi yemhuri imwe: Muna 2019, Oregon yakava mamiriro ezvinhu okutanga kupfuudza mutemo wakarambidza nenzira inobudirira mhuri imwe chete bedzi mumaguta ane vanhu vanopfuura 25 000. Matanho akafanana akagamuchirwa muCalifornia, Washington, uye Minneapolis. Kuchinja uku kunobvumira duplexes, matatux, uye mana epapulexes munharaunda kare aganhurirwa kumisha isina migaro.
  • Form-Based neTransect-Based Kodis: Uku kunzvera kutsva kunonangidzirwa pachimiro chomuviri namashoko akapoteredza taundi panzvimbo pokushandisa, kuchibvumira mativi mazhinji, akavhengana. Smart Growing anotsigira mabumbiro emitemo senzira yokuderedza nayo kuderera kwegumbo neraundi remotokari.
  • Zing: Mamwe maguta anoda vagadziri kuti vabatanidzi vabatanidze chikamu muzana chezvitsama zvinoda mari muzvirongwa zvitsva zvemabhizimisi, kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwemabhonasi anorema kana kuti kuderedzwa kwemari.
  • Contession Zoonsition: Kugadziridza kwazvino uno kunzvimbo dzinogara zvinosanganisira zvinodikanwa zvematenga akasvibira, zvikwangwani, zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinotakurisa, uye gadziriro dzemagetsi dzinomutsiridza. Zoning inogonawo kusimudzira kugadzirwa kwekufambisa (TOD) kuderedza kubudisa kwegasi rinodziridza greenhouse.

Kuchinja uku hakusi kusina gakava, asi kunomirira kuziva kunowedzera kwokuti kuvaka nharaunda kwegamuchidzanwa pane dzimwe nguva kwakaita kuvadziko huru kupfuura yakanaka.

mhedziso

Mitemo yokuronga mitsva chinhu chinokosha pakuronga maguta chinotapura munhu wose munzanga. Inoumba kwatinogara, zvatinogona kuvaka, kuti tinofamba sei, uye marii yatinobhadhara nokuda kwedzimba. Nepo kuronga kune nhau yemipiro yakanaka neruvara, kunzwisisa mitemo iyi inopa vagari vomunyika simba rokutora rutivi mumuitiro wedemokrati inoumba nguva yavo yemberi. Kana uri muridzi weimba ane hanya pamusoro pemipimo yenzvimbo, murendi anotsvaka zvimwe zvinhu zvinoda mari yakawanda, kana kuti anorwira kugadziridza, chishandiso chinogona kushandiswa nokuda kwezvakanaka. Kana uchiziva kuti ungapindira sei nayo. Nokudzidzisa, kupinda misangano, uye kunyora nokuda kwokuchinja zvinhu zvakanaka, unogona kubatsira kuva neutano, kupfumbira, uye kutsigira vanhu vose.