Table of Contents

Chiziviso cheKuzvimirira chinomira sechimwe chezvinyorwa zvinochinja zvikurusa munhau yomunhu. Chakagamuchirwa neContinental Congress musi waJuly 4, 1776, makoroni 13 eAmerica akagura batano dzawo dzezvamatongerwe enyika neGreat Britain, achitanga nhevedzano yezvinoitika izvo zvaizoitazve kwete America bedzi asi nyika yose. Iri gwaro rokuchinja rakaita zvinopfuura zvikuru kuzivisa paradzano yezvamatongerwe enyika yejeri(*Iachataura chiono chakashinga chekodzero dzavanhu, kuzvitonga, uye rusununguko rwomunhu runopfuurira kunzwika anenge makore 250 gare gare gare.

Kuchinja kweChiratidzo chacho kwakatambanudzwa kupfuura vavariro yapakarepo yokuzvimirira kubva kukutonga kweBritain. Yakatanga nheyo dzamavambo idzo dzaizorondedzera kuzivikanwa kweAmerica, kunyandura masangano asingaverengeki okusunungurwa munyika yose, uye zvikurukuru kuchinja manzwisisire anoita vanhu ukama hwavo nehurumende. Pulitzer Mubayiro-winding wezvenhau Joseph Ellis anyora kuti Chiratidzo chine "mashoko ane simba zvikurusa uye anobva mugumisiro munhau yeAmerica", wirirano kusvikira kuukoshi hwacho husingagumi.

Nheyo Yenhau: Kuchinja Mukuita

Kusawirirana Kunowedzera Pakati Pemakoroni Nekorona

Muma1760 uye kutanga kwama1770, vagari vomuNorth America vakazviwana vamene vari mukusawirirana nenzira inowedzera nemitemo youmambo yeBritain pamusoro pomutero nomuganhu wemuganhu.

Kutanga kwema1770, vagari vomumaruwa vakawanda vakagutsikana kuti Paramende yaida kuvatorera rusununguko rwavo.

Hondo yeAmerica yemhindumupindu yakavamba muna April 1775 neHondo dzeLexington neConcordad. Muna August, Mambo akazivisa vagari vomuruwa rweRoma "mumugariro wokupandukira kwapachena uye kwakajeka". Uku kutaura kwakaratidzira pfundo rokusadzorerwa, kuchisunda vagari vomumakoroni vazhinji avo vakanga vachikarira kare nokuda kweyananiso kurangarira zvakakomba kuzvimirira kwakakwana.

Kubatsira Kunoita Kufunga

Chinyorwa chebhukwana raThomas Paine rinonyandura Common Sense pakuvamba kwa 1776 chakapfuta moto muiyi pfungwa yaisafungwa yazvimirira. Kufunga kwakarovedzeka kwakatengeswa ndokuparadzirwa zvinonzwika ndokuravirwa zvinonzwika panzvimbo dzemijenya nenzvimbo dzemisangano. Mukuwirirana navagari vomunyika dzacho panguva iyoyo (mamirioni 2,5), icho chakava nebhizimisi gurusa nokuparadzirwa kwebhuku ripi neripi rakabudiswa munhau yeAmerica. Zvibvumikiso zvine simba zvakabetsera kuchinja murangariro wavanhu, kuita kuzvimirira kwete kungova kufungidzira chete asi kunodikanwa.

Muchando chose cha 1775 - 1776, mitezo yeContinental Congress yakasvika pakurangarira kuyanana neBritain sekwaisabvira, uye kuzvimirira ndiko bedzi kwaiwanika.

Kusikwa Kwemashoko Acho

Gadziriro Yokugadzira yaJefferson

Musi wa7 June 1776, Richard Henry Lee akatanga chisarudzo "kuti aya makoroni akabatana anofanira kuva akasununguka uye akarurama. Vakasarudza Dare ravashanu kuti rinyore chiziviso chinotsanangura zvikonzero zvokuzvimirira. Kudzosa Chiziviso cheHumo yeChombo mu1776 kwakava chiitiko chinodzora muupenyu hwaThomas Jefferson. Pasinei zvapo nechishuvo chaJefferson chokudzokera kuVirginia kuti abetsere kunyora bumbiro remitemo rehurumende, Continational Congress akamugadza kudare shanu rekunyoresa chiziviso chokuzvimirira. Dare iroro pakupedzisira rakamugovera basa rokubudisa chinyorwa chokunyora pamutemo nokuda kwokurangarira kwacho.

Pana June 11, 1776, Jefferson akavhozhokera muimba yake inotambira yeFiladelphia ndokutanga kunyora. Akakwereta akasununguka muzvinyorwa zvaivapo zvakadai seVirginia Declaration of Rights uye akabatanidza pfungwa dzinogamuchirwa dzeChenezho. Jefferson gare gare akatsanangura kuti "akanga asiri kuvavarira kuvamba kwepfungwa kana kuti pfungwa." Panzvimbo pezvo, akakarira kuti mashoko ake abatira so"kudzvinyirirwa kwendangariro yeAmerica.

Achishandisa magwaro, akadai seVirginia Declaration of Rights, hurumende nomunzvimbomo zvinoraira kuzvimirira, uye kunyora kwake amene bumbiro romutemo weVirginia, Jefferson akanyora kutaura kunoshamisa kwekodzero yavarwi vehurumende yokupandukira hurumende yeBritain ndokugadza maruramiro avo vamene pamurangariro wokuti vanhu vose vanosikwa vakaenzana uye vane maruramiro anopfuudzwa oupenyu, rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwomufarwa.

Kuchinja Kwakaitwa Pamasangano uye Kurerwa Nevana

Yakanyorwa muna June 1776, chinyorwa chaThomas Jefferson cheChiziviso Chokuzvimirira, chaibatanidza chinjo makumi masere nenhatu dzakaitwa gare gare naJohn Adams (1735-1826), Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790), mimwe mitezo yedare yakagadzwa kunyora rugwaro rwacho, uye neCongress. Haana kufadzwa apo Congress "akekesa" kunyora kwake kupfurikidza nokucheka nokuchinja mashoko ake akasarudzwa nokungwarira. Iye akasumwa zvikuru vakashora rutivi runopa mhaka Mambo George III nokuda kwokushambadza varanda, kunyange zvazvo aiziva nguva yokuti yakanga isina kururama kubata nenhau yacho.

Pana July 2, 1776, Congress yakavhota kuzivisa kuzvimirira. mazuva maviri gare gare, yakatendera rugwaro rweChiziviso. Pana July 4, 1776, rwakagamuchirwa pamwe chete neCyter Continental Congress, iyo yakaungana paPennsylvania State House, gare gare yakatumidzwazve kuti Imba yeImplificist, muguta rinotongwa nehurumende yePhiladelphia.

Kutangwa Kwezviito zvechiAmerica cheMhindumupindu

Kutongwa Kwechipiri Kwakaipa

Mutsetse wechipiri weChiziviso, "Tinorangarira idzi zvokwadi kuva dzinozviratidzira, kuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana, kuti vakapiwa noMusiki wavo Kodzero dzakati dzisingaparadzanisiki, kuti pakati paidzodzi pane Upenyu, Rusununguko nokurondwa kwoMufarwa, dzinorangarirwa kuva imwe yemitsetse inokosha zvikurusa neyakakurumbira munhau yenyika. Aya mashoko anoshatisa uzivi hweZuni uye akachinja rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika kuva hwaro hwakasimba nokuda kworudzi rutsva.

Murangariro wamaruramiro asingataurwi nevokumwe (‘maruramiro asingagoni kubviswa kana kuti kusiyiwa) unomirira kubva kukuru muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakapararira panguva yacho. Panzvimbo pokuwana maruramiro oumwari mumaruramiro oumwari amadzimambo kana kuti ropafadzo yokugara nhaka, Declaration yakasimbisa kuti chiremera chehurumende chinobva mukubvumira kwavadzorwi uye chiripo kuti chidzivirire maruramiro avanhu makuru.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nedzidziso Yacho

Gwaro racho raiti Paramende haina kumbobvira yava nekodzero dzehurumende uye kuti George III akanga aramba achityora mutemo waibvumirana pakati pake sagavhuna nevaAmerica sevanhu vaitongwa.

Chiziviso chacho, mukodzero yacho inoshamisa, chinotipa zvokwadi dzinooneka idzo dzinoumba nzvimbo dzamaruramiro okumukira uye simba rokuita hurumende itsva dzakatsamira pabvumirano yakakurumbira. Ichi chirongwa chouzivi chakabvumikisa kuti apo hurumende inokundikana kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo vayo, vanhu havana maruramiro bedzi asi basa rokuchinja kana kuti kubvisa hurumende iyoyo ndokutanga uchangamire hutsva.

Revo Inochinja Yekuenzana

Apo Jefferson akanyora kuti “vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana" musumo yeChiziviso chacho, akanga asiri kutaura pamusoro pokuenzana kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Chaakareva chaizvoizvo chakanga chiri chokuti vagari vomuAmerica, savanhu, vaiva nekodzero dzimwe chetedzo dzokuzvitonga savamwe vanhu, uye nokudaro vaigona kuzivisa kuzvimirira, vachiumba hurumende itsva ndokutora nzvimbo yavo yakaenzana pakati pamamwe marudzi.

Zvisinei, pashure pokunge Chinjo yabudirira, vaAmerica vakavamba kurava mashoko iwayo akakurumbira neimwe nzira. Zvino akava kutaura kwokuenzana kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye mutezo uri wose weboka rakanyimwa waigona kuzvitaurira amene amene. Nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinopfuura, murangariro wedu wokuti ndiani anofukidza mashoko iwayo wakawedzera. Uku kududzira kwaizova netapuro huru nokuda kwenzanga yeAmerica namasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo kwamazana amakore aitevera.

Tapuro Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Nedzehondo Dzakakurumidza

Kudzivirira Mavakidzani Okumwe

Kupfurikidza nokuzvizivisa vamene kuva rudzi rwakazvimirira, vagari veAmerica vakakwanisa kusimbisa mubatanidzwa wapamutemo neHurumende yeFrance ndokuwana betsero yeFrance muhondo yokurwisana neGreat Britain. Muuyo wesangano rehurumende waikosha zvikurusa wakanga uri wokubvumira kuzivikanwa kweUnited States nehurumende dzokumwe dzine ushamwari.

Chiziviso chacho chaiva gwaro remibatanidzwa yehurumende, rakanangidzirwa ku "Masimba ePasi" kuti vatsigire tsigiro yavo yehondo nezvokutengeserana nokuda kwechisakiso chavarwi muGreat Britain. Chakavimbisa masimba aripo muEurope kuti, kumukira kwavo Britain parutivi, United States ichangobva kuziviswa haisati yaizodzongonyedza nhevedzano yamarudzi ose iripo asi yakatambanudzwa, kugarisa gadziriro itsva dzenyika dzinopamhiri kweAtlantic.

Kuchinja kwakaita Mutemo uyu kwaizochinja vapanduki kubva muUmambo hweBritain kuva vatambi vapamutemo munyika dzakawanda, zvichiita kuti zvibvire kubatana kwepamutemo.

Kubatanidza Chisakiso Chemhindumupindu

Vavariro dzapakarepo — pfungwa huru yechinzwano pakati pevapanduki nokuwana vatsigiri vokumwe — zvakasvitswa, asi nharidzano itsva chifo chenguva iyeyo dzakabatanidzwa neChiziviso Chorusununguko. Gwaro racho rakagovera donzo rimwe chetero ndokugoverana kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo dzine gumi nenhatu, kuchibetsera kuumba kuzivikanwa kwakabatana kweAmerica kubva muvagari vemo vemo vakasiana - siana.

Pakaparadzirwa mashoko echisarudzo chokuzvimirira, vapanduki vakachipemberera nepo vaitsigira vakavimbika vaichirangarira sechiito chokutengesa vamwe.

Kuchinja Hurumende yeAmerica Neenderero Mberi yeBumbiro reMitemo

Kubva Pakuzivisa Kuenda Kubumbiro Remitemo

Chiziviso chacho, mukubatana kwacho kunoshamisa, chinotipa zvokwadi dzinooneka idzo dzinoumba nzvimbo dzamaruramiro okumukira uye simba rokuita hurumende itsva dzakatsamira pabvumirano yakakurumbira. Idzi nheyo dzakapesvedzera zvakananga kutangwa kwehurumende yemitemo yeAmerica. Nepo Mutemo wacho umene usina simba romutemo, mirangariro yawo yakaumba Bumbiro remitemo naBill wekodzero dzakatevera.

Kuzivisa kwacho kwakaonekwa naAbraham Lincoln semupimo wetsika uyo United States inofanira kuvavarira, uye akakurangarira kuva kutaura kwenheyo kupfurikidza nadzo Bumbiro Romutemo raifanira kuturikirwa.

Ndeicho chipikirwa chokuenzana icho chakarondedzera nguva dzose chitendero chedu chebumbiro remitemo. Kunyanduka pakati pemifungo yakakwirira yeChibvumirano chacho nouchokwadi hwenzanga yeAmerica (kubatanidza kuvapo kwouranda nokubviswa kwavakadzi navaridzi vasina basa mukutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika) kungasunda kukura kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica mumazana amakore anotevera.

Kuwedzera Kubatanidzwa Kwemadhimoni

Hondo yapera, sezvo nyika itsva dzakanyora bumbiro radzo rimene remitemo — nhano iri madikanwa zvino sezvo dzakanga dzaramba chiremera cheBritain — zhinjisa dzakaderedza mhinganidzo dzacho kuva dzokuvhota nokuda kwavarume vakasununguka, vachena.Idzo zvino dzakanga dzichikwanisa kuva nenzwi guru zvikuru mumabatirwe aiita nzanga dzadzo.Idzi dzakaratidzira wedzero huru yokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kana ichienzaniswa nenguva dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo dzakaramba dzakaganhurirwa nemipimo yazvino uno.

MuNew Jersey, vakadzi navanhu vakasununguka vorudzi rweAfrica vakakwanisawo kuvhota kwaanopfuura makore 30, kunyange zvazvo ivo, kufanana navarume vachena muhurumende yavo, vaidikanirwa kuva nechitsama chakati chezvinhu kuita saizvozvo. Uku kuedza kwapakuvamba nechakawanda, kunyange zvazvo pakupedzisira kwakadzongonyedzwa, kwakaratidzira bviro yeChibvumirano chacho yokupesvedzera hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inobatanidza vanhu vakawanda.

Kukurudzira Masangano Okuzvimirira Munyika Yose

Nhambo Yezvinjo

Chiziviso Nechinjo yeAmerica chakabvisa Nhambo yeRevolution.The American Revolution yakanga iri yokutanga munhevedzano yenyongano dzezvamatongerwe enyika kupota nyika, kubvira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namasere kusvikira pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi namasere, iro rakazunungusa umambo neumambo kupota nyika ndokuvamba kuhutsiva nehurumende dzinomirira.

Seziviso yokutanga inobudirira yokuzvimirira munhau yenyika, muenzaniso wayo wakabetsera kunyandura masangano asingaverengeki okuzvitonga, kuzvisarudza, uye kumukira pashure pa1776. gwaro racho rakaratidzira kuti vanhu vanodzorwa nehurumende dzamambo vaigona kudenha nenzira inobudirira ndokutanga marudzi avo vamene akavakirwa panheyo dzokuzvitonga uye maruramiro avanhu.

Kumukira kweFrance Netapuro yeEurope

Vatungamiriri vakawanda veChinjo yeFrance vakayemura Ziviso Yokuzvimirira asi vaifarirawo bumbiro idzva remitemo reAmerica.

Chimwe chezvisakiso zvikuru zveChinjo yeFrance chakanga chiri chikwereti chikuru icho France yakatora kubetsera kubhadhara nokuda kweChinjo yeAmerica, iyo yakavhiringidza umambo.

Abrand, Mutemo wacho wakava netapuro hurusa panharo dzakatungamirira kuChinjo yeFrance (1789). Nheyo dzechinyorwa chamaruramiro omuzvarirwo nouchangamire hwakakurumbira dzakanzwika zvakasimba nenyanzvi dzeFrance nevanomukira vachitsvaka kuputsa umambo hwavo vamene hwakakwana.

Masangano Okuzvimirira eLatin America

Yakakurudzira Antonio de Nariño naFrancisco de Miranda kuvavarira kubvisa umambo hweSpain muSouth America, uye yakanokorwa mashoko nembavarira nemarquis de Mirabeau mukati mechinjo yeFrance. MuSpanish-America, kubudiswa nokuparadzirwa kweChibvumirano uye mamwe magwaro okupandukira akarambidzwa. Pasinei zvapo naikoku, yakashandurirwa muSpanish ndokupfuurira kupararira.

Kurwisana kweSpain nekorona yeSpain kwakaitika pakati pezana remakore rechi18, asi kubudirira kwokupandukira muUnited States neHaiti mukurwisana nemasimba oumambo kwakabetsera kukurudzira kuzvitonga.Brazil yakawana kuzvitonga kubva kuPortugal, Serbia neGreece yakawana rusununguko kubva kuUmambo hweOttoman, uye Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela neMexico zvose zvakawana kuzvitonga kubva kuSpain.

Vamwe vapanduki veAmerica vakatsvaka utiziro muPhiladelphia, vachienda ikoko pakuvamba sava 1790.

Chinjo yeHaiti

Pakati penhamburiko dzeL’Ouverture, Dessalines, uye vamwe vatungamiriri, Haiti yakatangwa seripabhuriki yokutanga yakazvimirira, ine gandanga rakaiswa muAmerica. Haiti yakabvisa uranda muna 1793 ndokuva nyika inozvimirira muna 1804. Chinjo yeHaiti yakamirira kuwedzerwa kukuru kwenheyo dzeChiratidzo, sezvo vanhu vakapinzwa muuranda vakarwa nenzira inobudirira nokuda kworusununguko rwavo nokuzvimirira.

Kuchinja kweNyika yeHaiti kwakabetsera kufambisira mberi pfungwa yokuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inofanira kubatanidza munhu ari wose.Izvi zvakadenha kududzira kwakaganhurirwa kwokuenzana kwakanga kwatekeshera muUnited States ndokuratidzira kuti nheyo dzeChibvumirano dzaigona kunyandura kunyange idzo dzakadzvinyirirwa zvikurusa namasangano enzanga azvino.

Masangano Okuzvimirira Ezana Remakore Rechi20

Hû Chí Minh's 1945 Vietnamn Declaration of Independence, yakanyorwa nebetsero yeC.I.A. inoshanda, yakazarura ne "mashoko asingafi" kubva muChiziviso cha 1776: "Vanhu vose vanosikwa vakaenzana. Vakapiwa noMusiki wavo namaruramiro akati asingachinjiki, pakati paiwaya pane Upenyu, Rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwoMufarwa." HÓ yakagadziridza nokutsanangura mashoko iwayo: "Mupfungwa huru, mutoo uyu: Vanhu vose vapasi vakaenzana kuvambira pakuberekwa, vanhu vose vane maruramiro okurarama, kuva vanofara uye vakasununguka.

Zvokwadi dzinozviti dzinooneka dzimene dzendima yechipiri yeChiziviso hadzina kuoneka muiyi Flemish yakaratidzwa kana kuti dzaisazooneka muzhinjisa dzezviziviso zvokuzvimirira zvakabudiswa munyika yose mumazana maviri amakore akatevera. uchangamire hwenyika, sezvakaratidzwa mundima dzokutanga nedzokupedzisira dzeAmerica Declaration, rakanga riri shoko guru vamwe vanhu vari kunze kweAmerica vakanzwa muchinyorwa chacho pashure pa 1776.

Ziviso Nemasangano Ane Kodzero Avagari Vemo eAmerica

Boka Rokusarudza Zvemadiro

Masangano anodzivisa kuparadzwa uye anorwisana nouranda aiwanzonongedzerawo mashoko eChiziviso, sezvakaita vashingairi vezvorudzidziso gare gare mukati meCivil Rights Movement. Kusagadzikana pakati pekutaura kweChibvumirano chokuti "vanhu vose vanosikwa vakaenzana" nokuvapo kwouranda muAmerica kwakagovera vadzivisi chombo chine simba chokudzivisa.

Chiziviso Chokuzvimirira chakabatira nharidzano dzacho dzapakarepo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzehondo, asi chakaita chimwe chinhuwo zvacho: chakagovera mufungo wakajeka, zvakananga kubva kuvamwe vavarume vakatanhamara venyika itsva, kuti vanhu vakanga vanyimwa kuwana maruramiro omuzvarirwo mudzonga kuti vade maruramiro iwayo. Uyu muuyo usina kurongwa waizobvumikisa kuva mumwe wetapuro huru zvikurusa dzenguva yeChibvumirano.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevakadzi

Masangano avakadzi nekodzero dzavakadzi akatsamira paZiviso kuti vatsigire kuraira kwavo wirirano mumutemo. Somuenzaniso, vapindi veSeneca Falls Convention ya1848 vakabudisa Chiziviso cheMitemo yakaitwa kuti ive yemuenzaniso, uye vakashandisa mutauro wakafanana kusumo yeDeclaration of Independence.

Vakadzi vakaita saAbhigairi Adams vainzwisisa mashoko okuti: “Varume vose vakasikwa vakaenzana, kuti vave vanhu vose, varume navakadzi vose. Kududzira uku kwakadenha murangariro wakapararira wokuti zvipikirwa zvevimbiso zvaishanda kuvarume bedzi, uye kwakagovera hwaro nokuda kwokurwa kwenguva refu nokuda kwokuva nepfumbamuromo kwavakadzi uye kodzero dzakaenzana.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevanhu Romuzana Remakore Rechi20

Chivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960s yakakweva zvikuru pamutauro nenheyo zveChibvumirano. Vatungamiriri saMartin Luther King Jr. vaiwanzokumbira chipikirwa cheChibvumirano chokuenzana kusimbisa musiyano uri pakati pepfungwa dzeAmerica nouchokwadi hwerusaruraganda. Chiziviso chacho chakagovera chiremera chetsika nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvokuti America irarame mukuwirirana nenheyo dzayo dzakagadzwa.

Mamwe amashoko eziviso yacho akapesvedzera zvikuru nenzira yakatsiga muUnited States, zvikurukuru chiziviso chokuti, "Tinorangarira idzi zvokwadi kuva dzinooneka, kuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana, kuti vakapiwa noMusiki wavo maruramiro akati asingataurwi, kuti pakati paiwaya pane upenyu, rusununguko nokurondwa kwomufarwa." Kunyange zvazvo revo dzeidzi ndima, pamwe chete nemhedziso dzakatorwa kwadziri, dzakagara dzichikurukurwa, kutaura kwacho kwakabatira kururamisa kutambanudzwa kwehurumende yeAmerica yezvamatongerwe enyika nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Mavambo Ezviziviso Zvinoshanda

Pesvedzero Dzechiedza

Declaration of Independence inoita nongedzero dzakawanda kuuzivi hweNjereso, kana kuti pfungwa, dzakanga dzakakurumbira panguva iyoyo. Dzimwe dzacho dzinosanganisira John Locke's maruramiro omuzvarirwo, Thomas Hobbes chibvumirano chenzanga, uye uchangamire hwakakurumbira hwaJean Jacques Rousseau. Iyi mirangariro youzivi yakagovera gadziriro youchenjeri nokuda kwokutaura kwokuchinja kweChibvumirano.

Muna 1922, wezvenhau Carl L. Becker akanyora kuti, “VaAmerica vazhinjisa vakanga vatora mabhuku aLocke sorudzi rweevhangeri yezvamatongerwe enyika; uye Chiziviso, muchimiro chacho, muchimiro chayo chemashoko, chinosanotevera rugwaro rwechipiri rweLocke pamusoro pehurumende". Nepo nyanzvi dzakakurukura ukuru hwepesvedzero dzakasiana - siana, Declaration yakajekeswa zvakajeka kuva muchinyorwa chezvamatongerwe enyika chinoshanda.

Mutemo Wenyika Yose Nouchangamire

Wezvenhau David Armitage akataura kuti Mutemo wacho wakapesvedzerwa zvakasimba nede Vattel’s The Law of Nations, rondedzero huru yomutemo wenyika yose yenhambo yacho, uye bhuku iro Benjamin Franklin akataura kuti rakanga riri "richinoitika mumaoko emitezo yeCongress yedu". Armitage anonyora, "Vattel akaita kuzvimirira kunokosha kurondedzero yake yehurumende"; naizvozvo, chinangwa chikuru cheChibvumirano chacho chakanga chiri "kuratidzira uchangamire hwapamutemo hweUnited States".

Uwandu hwemitemo hwamarudzi ose hunowanzofuratirwa asi hwaikosha kudonzo reChiziviso. Kana United States yaizova netariro ipi neipi yokuzivikanwa namasimba eEurope, vapanduki veAmerica vakatanga kujekesa kuti vakanga vasingachatsamiri paGreat Britain. Chiziviso chakaita ikoku kupfurikidza nokutaura mutauro wekurukurirano dzamarudzi ose uye kusimbisa maruramiro eAmerica okutora nzvimbo yacho pakati penyika dzine uchangamire.

Kupokanidzana Kwemashoko Acho uye Zvaasingakwanisi Kuita

Mubvunzo Wouranda

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba, mukupesana, raibatanidza zvibvumirano zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvaiziva mugariro wapamutemo wouranda mukati mehurumende ndokuita kuti hurumende yehurumende ive nomutoro murutivi nokuda kwokutsigira "sangano rechienzi." Seizvo shamwari yangu yapashure Don Fehrenbacher akataura, Bumbiro reMitemo rakabatanidzwa zvikuru mukugadza "republic yavaranda" iyo yakadzivirira uranda munzira dzakaoma kusvika ku1861.

Kupokanidzana kuri pachena pakati pekutaura kwechiziviso chokuti "vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana" uye kuvapo kwouranda muAmerica kwave kuri manyuko ekurukurirano nokutsoropodza chifo cha 1776. Jefferson amene akanga ari navanhu vakaiswa muuranda, sezvakaita vazhinji vavasai veSimbiso. Unyengeri ihwohwu hwaizotambudza nzanga yeAmerica uye pakupedzisira hwaizoparira Hondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo.

Njodzi chaiyoiyo yakanga iri kundikano yokugadziridza uye kubuda kwapashure kwekuparadza mumugumo wezana ramakore rechi19 uko kwakatorera makumi amakore akawanda kuputsa. Iyoyo yakanga iri banza guru rebumbiro remitemo iro vaAmerica vakakundikana kunzwisisa, zvichida nemhaka yokuti makore mana eHondo yavagari vemo uye makore gumi okushanda kwehondo kweNorthern kwakangova bedzi kwanetesa murangariro wavose. Kunyange zvino, kana ukatarira nhau dzokudzvinyirira muvhoti, tichiri kurwisana nemiuyo yakwo.

Kuparadzwa Kwavakadzi Nevaridzi Vasina Kubudirira

Chipikirwa cheChibvumirano chokuenzana chakatanga kutambanudzwa bedzi kuvarungu vane zvinhu. Vakadzi, vanhu vakapinzwa muuranda, vaIndia vokuAmerica, uye kunyange varume vakasununguka vasina zvinhu vaibviswa pakutora rutivi rwakazara rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanyori veDeclaration yacho vakanga vasingabvumirani pamusoro pokuti zvii, sei, kana kuti apo nharo idzodzo dzinofanira kushanda kuvanhu vari mumapoka akasiana neyavo vamene.

Uku kushandiswa kwakaganhurirwa kwenheyo dzeChiziviso kwakaratidzira zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika zvezana ramakore rechi 18, asi kwakaparirawo gadziriro nokuda kwokukura kwomunguva yemberi. Musiyano pakati pomutauro wechisiko chose nokushandiswa kwawo kwakaganhurirwa kwakagovera hwaro hwemasangano anotevedzana kuraira kuva pamwero muchipikirwa chokuenzana.

Nhaka Isingaperi Yezviziviso

Chinyorwa Chipenyu

Kusiyana nezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvenhau zvinova zvisaririra zvenguva yavo, Mutemo wacho wave uchishanda uye uine simba mumakore anoda kusvika 250.

Vanyori vacho vakanga vagadzira chimwe chinhu chakanga chine vateereri vasina kurondwa, uye miuyo isingakarirwi yaizonzwiwa mukati meRevolution Era uye kuseri. Simba reChibvumirano riri murutivi mumutauro wacho wapose pose, icho chakabvumira zvizvarwa zvinotevera kutsanangurazve nokuwedzera revo yacho kubatanidza mapoka aisambobatanidzwa.

Kukanganisa Kodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

VaAmerica vazhinjisa vakaona Chiziviso chacho sechibvumirano chekodzero dzavo dzomunhu oga ku "Upenyu, Rusununguko, uye Kutsvaka Mufaro". Mukupesana, vazhinjisa vaavo vari kunze kweU.S. vakakutora kuva chibvumirano chamaruramiro avo ose kuumba "Vanhu vamwe," kumukira zviremera zvokunze, kubvisa muumambo, uye pakupedzisira kuumba nyika dzakazvimirira.

Hapana gwaro reAmerica rakava netapuro yenyika yose kupfuura Declaration of Independence. Rave riri rinokosha munhau yeAmerica kwenguva refu kupfuura mamwe rugwaro rupi norupi nemhaka yokuti rakanga riri rokutanga kushandisa zita rokuti "United States of America" mupfungwa iyi, Chiziviso chakanga chiri rugwaro rwokuberekwa rworudzi rweAmerica.

Chinyorwa chacho chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha zvikuru munhau nokuti chaiva nokutaura kwokutanga kwakaitwa nevanhu vose vane kodzero yavo kuhurumende yavakasarudza.

Kudzokera Kune Imwe Nguva

Chiziviso chinopfuurira kuumba hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica nokuzivikanwa muzana ramakore rechi 21. Nharo pamusoro pokupinda munyika, kodzero dzavagari vemo, ruramisiro yemari, uye basa rakafanira rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinoda nheyo dzeChibvumirano. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika mumativi ose anotaura kuti zvakafarirwa neAmerica, achidudzira mashoko ayo kutsigira zvisakiso zvayo.

Kukwanisa kukuru kweAmerican Declaration kwakanga kusingamboonekwi muna 1776 asi murangariro wenyika yose unozivisa simba rawo rokuchinja mumazana amakore akatevera. Pesvedzero yechinyorwa chacho inotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura izvo vanyori vacho vaigona kuva vakafungidzira, ichipfuurira kukurudzira masangano nokuda kworusununguko, kuenzana, uye kuzvibatanidza munyika yose.

Kuzivisa Kwomuenzaniso Wemamwe Marudzi

Kuumba Muitiro Mutsva Wezvamatongerwe Enyika

Hakuwanzoitika kuona chimiro chitsva chose chose chezvamatongerwe enyika chichibuda, asi Chiziviso Chorusununguko chakanga chiri chitsva chaizvo. Pakanga pane kumukira nokumukira pamberi pava 1770, chokwadika, uye vagadziri veChibvumirano vaiziva zvikuru nezvemienzaniso yeEurope sechiDutch Chinjo chapakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechigumi namanomwe.

Zvisinei, "kuzvimirira" kwakanga kuri ukoshi hwechienzi hwezvamatongerwe enyika muma 1770, kungave kwaishandiswa kuvanhu kana kuti kukutaura: utanhamari hwenhau yokuzvimirira mupfungwa iyi zvikurukuru mugumisiro wepesvedzero yenyika yose. Gwaro racho rakavamba mutevedzeri uyo mamwe marudzi aizotevera pakutsvaka kusimbisa uchangamire hwavo nokuzvimirira.

Armitage anotaura kuti Chiziviso chacho chakanga chiri chokutanga mugadziriro itsva yokuzvimirira iyo yakazivisa kuvambwa kwenyika itsva.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwezvaiitwa neAmerica

Iyi mishumo yakadzokorora United States Declaration of Independence mukuzivisa kuzvimirira kwenyika itsva, pasina kutsigira chaizvoizvo uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweyapakuvamba.

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzakachinja chimiro choKuzivisa uye mutauro zvichienderana nemamiriro avo ezvinhu. Dzimwe dzakasimbisa kodzero dzakabatana nouchangamire hwenyika, nepo dzimwe dzakanangidzira ngwariro pakodzero dzevanhu nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuchinja kwenheyo dzeChiziviso chacho kwakabvumira kutsanangurwazve uye kushandiswa mutsika nezvamatongerwe enyika zvakasiyana - siyana.

Zvinetso Mukushandurwa uye Kuchinja Kwetsika

Rurimi Nezvipingamupinyi Zvinovapo Papfungwa

Shanduro yechiChina yeZiviso yeFruduction haina kubudiswa kutozosvikira muna 1901. "Murangariro wamaruramiro omuzvarirwo wave usiri wenguva dzose kundangariro yechiChina," akatsanangura mushanduri Frank Li. "Ndoda dzechiHindu nekodzero dzavanhu zvakanga zvisingagoni kuwanwa mugungwa guru rezvamatongerwe enyika, renzanga, rouzivi nerokunyora. Bva, panhambo dzisingazivikanwi, shoko rokuti 'rusununguko' rwavanhu) rakashandiswa munhetembo nemamwe mabhuku kuratidza mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kudzora.

Nhamo yokushandura Mutemo wacho inoratidza kuti pfungwa dzawo dzakanga dzakavakirwa sei kumagamuchidzanwa chaiwo ouzivi okuMadokero.

Tsananguro Dzetsika Nedzechitendero

Nyanzvi Joaquim Olra yakaratidzira, "Kuti Ziviso yeKuzvimirira yakanga isingawanzoshandurirwi muchiSpain ingava nemhaka yezvikonzero zvakasiyana - siyana. Mumwe angava akabatanidzwa naJefferson's' ye‘kuwana Mufaro' pakati pekodzero dzisati dziri dzokuti, ’ idzo dzinopesana nenzwisiso yechiSpain yedzidziso yeKaturike pamusoro pomufarwa, sezvo iyoyi yainzwisiswa nguva dzose seinowanika bedzi mune imwe nyika".

Tsika nezvitendero zvakasiyana zvakadudzira nheyo dzeChibvumirano kupfurikidza negadziriro dzavo vamene. Zvairatidzika kuva zvinooneka kuva zvinozvioneka kuvaAmerica vakanyura muruzivo rweNjekeso zvaida tsananguro nokuchinjika mune dzimwe nhau. Muitiro uyu wokushandura nokududzira unoratidza zvose zviri zviviri kufadza kweziviso yacho yose uye kunanga tsika dzayo.

Ziviso Muyeuko uye Tsika dzeAmerica

July 4 uye Kuzivikanwa Kwenyika

Sezvatinotarira nzira idzo Chiziviso chacho chakashandiswa nadzo mukati mezvizvarwa zvacho munguva yakapfuura — kupfurikidza nesangano ravakadzi rekodzero, navanorwira kodzero dzevanhu veAmerica, navanhu vemavorefu nevaranda — isu tinogona kuona ukoshi hwokuchengeta kweChina kwaJuly sezuva rokuberekwa. Kunokosha kuziva kwete bedzi chiito chokuzivisa kuzvimirira asiwo mashoko okutsanangura chiito ichocho, nemhaka yokuti vakanga vaita kuti vadzorerwe muchizvarwa chiri chose chibviro cha1776.

Kupemberera kwechina kwaJuly kwazova kuchengetwa kunopfuura kuzvimirira kubva kuBritain.Kunoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chegore negore chenheyo dzakarongwa muChiziviso uye mukana wokufungisisa kuti America yakanyatsorarama sei maererano nepfungwa idzodzo.

Chinyorwa Chomuviri

Chiziviso Chokuzvimirira chiri kuratidzwa pachena muRotunda yeNational Archives muWashington, DC. Chinyorwa chacho chazova chisaririra chitsvene chehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, chichikwezva mamiriyoni avashanyi vanouya kuzoona matehwe chaiwoiwo apo nheyo dzokuvamba dzenyika yacho dzakanyorwa.

Kuchengetedzwa nokuratidzwa kweChibvumirano chepakutanga kunoratidza maererano newawakanyorwa kuti inyika yeAmerica.

Mugumo: Chinyorwa Chakachinja Nyika

Chiziviso cheKuzvimirira chakashandura America nenyika munzira dzinopfuurira kupedzisa anenge makore 250 pashure pokugamuchirwa kwayo. Chakavanza United States senyika yakazvimirira, yakataura nheyo dzokuchinja dzvurudzo dzekodzero dzevanhu uye kuzvitonga, uye yakagovera tende nokuda kwamasangano okuzvimirira munyika yose. Kutaura kwegwaro kwokuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana uye vakapiwa kodzero dzisingachinji kwakanyandura rwisano dzisingaverengeki dzorusununguko, ruramisiro, uye kuenzana.

Kuchinja kweChiratidzo chacho kunotambanukira kure kupfuura chinangwa chacho chapakarepo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Chakaumba kusimudzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo reAmerica, chakapesvedzera chinjo mupasi rose, uye chakagovera pfumo dzisingadaviriki nokuda kwamasangano ekodzero dzavanhu anotsvaka kufutunura chipikirwa chokuenzana. Nheyo dzacho dzakakumbirwa navazivi vemitemo, mapepa ekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye masangano okuzvitonga munyika iri yose.

Asi Chiratidzo chacho chinobatanidzawo kupokanidzana uko America inopfuurira kurwisana nako. Mukaha uri pakati pomutauro wayo wapose pose namaruramiro akaganhurirwa wakatambanudzirwa chaizvoizvo kuvaAmerica vazhinji pakutanga wakaparira kusagadzikana uko kwakaparira nhau yakawanda yeAmerica. Kurwisa kuita kuti zvipikirwa zveZiviso zvive chaizvoizvo nokuda kwavanhu vose kunoramba kuchipfuurira.

Yakanga iri chaizvoizvo yakarurama mutsika uye yapamutemo mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Kana kodzero yechinjo isingagoni kusimbiswa pazvikonzero zvenhau, kunyange zvakadaro inotsamira zvakasimba patsika. Kodzero yavarwi vehurumende yehurumende pakupedzisira yechisarudzo chavo vamene inoshanda. Simba rinogara reChibvumirano riri muunyanzvi hwaro hwenheyo dzinopfuura nhambo yavo yenhau inopfuurira kudenha nokunyandura vanhu vanotsvaka rusununguko nenhambo yokuzvidzora.

Sezvatinofungisisa nezvenhaka yeChibvumirano chacho, tinoona gwaro rakachinja America nokusingaperi nokutanga kwete rudzi rutsva chete, asi chiono chitsva chezvingagona kuva hurumende. Rakataura kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinotorwa mukubvumira kwevadzorwi, kuti vanhu vane kodzero dzokuberekwa nadzo idzo hurumende dzinofanira kuremekedza, uye kuti vanhu vane kodzero yokuchinja kana kuti kubvisa hurumende dzinokundikana kudzivirira kodzero idzodzo. Pfungwa idzi dzokuchinja dzakachinja dzakachinja pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye maitiro adzo munyika yose.

Chiziviso Chokuzvimirira chinoramba chiri gwaro benyu, revo yacho inopfuurira kutsanangurwazve uye kukudzwa nezvizvarwa zvinotevedzana. Vimbiso yacho yokuenzana norusununguko inopfuurira kukurudzira avo vanotsvaka ruramisiro norusununguko, nepo kupokanidzana kwacho kuchitiyeuchidza kuti basa rokuvaka mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru haritongopedzi. Mupfungwa iyi, simba gurusa reChibvumirano ringava risiri zvachakaita muna 1776, asi zvachinopfuurira kukurudzira vanhu kuti vasvike nhasi.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro peChiratidzo cheKuzvimirira, shanyira Nhevedzo yeNational kuti uverenge rugwaro rwakazara, kana kuti kunzvera Ritarisiro yeshoo yeCongress [ pachisiko nenhaka. [[FLT]] Constitution Center [[FLT] yeNational Center inogovera zviteshiwo zvikuru pamusoro penziramedzo yeAmerica, netapo [[FLT]G] Galderman Institute inogovera zvitsauko zvedzidzo pamusoro penhau yeAmerica netako.