Kunzwisisa Basa Raje Sabha Mukuderedza Bumbiro Remitemo reIndia

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rinomirira chiremera chapamutemo chikuru cherudzi, uye kuruchinja inhau inokosha zvikuru. Kusiyana nemutemo wenhando, unoda voruzhinji muParamende, kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunoda kuti wirirano ive yakakwirira uye ive yapamutemo. Imomo Rajeya Sabha, Council of States, inoshandisa chiremera chayo chikuru. Sezvo imba yechigarire inomirira nyika nenzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa, Rajiya Sabha inobatira sedziviriro yakakomba pakukurumidza kurangarirwa kana kuti kuchinja kwezvamatongerwa enyika.

Muitiro wokuongorora Bumbiro reMitemo hauna kurondedzerwa nenzira yazvinoda; unowirirana zvikuru muChikamu 368 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Nyaya inogadza masimba chaiwo eParamende kupedza rugwaro ndokuronga miitiro yakananga inofanira kuteverwa. Rajiya Sabha haisiwo mutsigiri wechipiri bedzi mumuitiro uno; unomira somubiyako wakaenzana neLok Sabha. Kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kunofanira kuchengetedza tendero yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Nemhaka yokuti Rajiya Sabra haisati ichitongova inogovera kupfuudzira nokuyeuka kwesangano, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inodzivisa dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo dzingapesvedzera Lob Sabha.

Chikamu cheBumbiro reMitemo: Chikamu 368

Geneji regadziriro yokugadziridza ndiro Article 368. Inopa Paramende simba rokupedza nokuwedzera, kusiana, kana kuti kudzokorora gadziriro ipi neipi yeBumbiro reMitemo mukuwirirana negadziriro yakaiswa munyaya iyo imene. Iri chinyorwa chakazvibatanidza chinoumba mapoka matatu akasiana eantements, imwe neimwe inoda mwero wakasiana wetsigiro yeparamende. Kunzwisisa aya masangano kunokosha kunzwisisa basa chairo reRajaya Sabra.

Inhema inozivikanwa navose kuti chinjo dzose dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoda ruzhinji rwamatatu maviri muRaje Sabha. Zvomenemene, gadziriro dzakati dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinogona kugadziridzwa nevoruzhinji vakapfava vedzimba. Zvisinei, shoko rokuti “idzori reImba dzemitemo" rinowanzochengeterwa chinjo dzinoda chinjo dzakananga muChikamu 368. Kuoma kweChikamu 368 kunovimbisa kuti kuvakwa kweChikamu chinokosha kwehurumende hakuchinjiki noruzhinji rusingatandutsirwi, uye Rajiya Sabhata inoshanda sechigaro chikuru cheiyi tsika.

Marudzi Evatungamiriri Aidiwa MuRaje Sabha

Mwero wevazhinji unodikanwa muRaje Sabha unotsamira chose chose parudzi rwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo iri kugadziridzwa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwakawanda Kwakanaka

Nyaya dzinoverengeka dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinobvumira zvakajeka kugadziridzwa nevoruzhinji veImba varipo nokuvhota. Izvozvi hazvirangarirwi kuvandudziko pasi peChikamu 368. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kusikwa kana kuti kurongwazve kwehurumende pasi peChikamu 3, chinjo muzvikwaniriso zvokuva mugari wemo pasi peChikamu 11, kana kuti kuchinja kumibhadharo nokubvumira mitezo yeParamende. Munhau idzi, Rajya Sabba inoshanda zvikuru sezvainoita nokuda kwomutemowose, ichida voruzhinji bedzi nokuda kwokupinda.

Chikuru Chacho Pasi Pechikamu 368

Uyu ndiwo muitiro wetsika wegadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakawanda. Chinodikanwa chinorondedzerwa muChikamu 368(2). Bhishopi inofanira kupfuudzwa muImba imwe neimwe neyoruzhinji yemitezo yose yeImba iyoyo na neyakawanda yemitezo iripo nevhota.

Uyu mugariro wamativi maviri. Ngatisanonzverai ikoku:

  • Absue Majonity: Bill anofanira kugamuchira vhoti dzinogamuchirwa kubva kuvanopfuura 50% yesimba rose reImba. Nokuda kweRajiya Sabhaha, nesimba guru remitezo 245, ikoku kunoreva inenge mitezo 123 inofanira kuvhota mufariro. Hazvina kukwana kuva nevoruzhinji vaavo varipo; bvumirano yemitemo inoda kutenderwa kweImba seyose.
  • MaThirdi maviri ePreent ne Voling: Mukuwedzera kuvoruzhinji zvikurusa, Bill anofanira kutsigirwa nedzinenge mbiri netatu dzemitezo iripo zvomenemene ndokuvhota. Kana mitezo 200 iripo, inenge 134 inofanira kuvhota mufariro.

Chinonyanya kukwira paidzi nhamba mbiri ndicho chipfuro chinobudirira. Kana mitezo 200 iripo, Bill anoda mavhoti 134, achigutsa ose ari maviri matatu nemamiriro ezvinhu evoruzhinji. Iri roki rakapetwa kaviri rinovimbisa kuti kugadziriswa hakugoni kupfuudzwa nechikamu chiduku cheImba kana kuti nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo murusando runenge rwapinda zvishoma.

Kukura Chaiko Nokutorwa Kwehurumende

Chikamu chakasarudzwa chegadziridzo, icho chinotapura gadziriro yehurumende, chinoda mutoo unotova wakatonyanyisa. Pashure pokupfuvura dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeParamende nevoruzhinji charondedzerwa pamusoro apa, Bill anofanira kutenderwa nemitemo yeinenge hafu yenyika. Ikoku kunoda chisarudzo chinopiwa nedare rimwe nerimwe rehurumende.

Nyaya dzinotanga chinodikanwa ichi dzakarongwa zvakajeka muChikamu 368(2) uye dzinosanganisira:

  • Kusarudzwa kwaPurezidhendi.
  • Ukuru hwesimba guru reSangano Romubatanidzwa neUnited States.
  • Dare Rapamusoro Nesangano reUnion Judiciary.
  • Kuparadzirwa kwemasimba emitemo pakati peUnion neUnited States.
  • Chiratidzo cheHurumende muParamende.
  • Nyaya 368 pachayo.

Nokuti nyika dzinomiririrwa zvakananga muRaje Sabha, inzwi radzo mukurukurirano yokugadzirisa zvinhu rine mumwe mugumisiro unorema. Zvinodiwa nehurumende zvinochinja maitiro acho kuva kurovedza pamutemo kwehurumende.

Mutemo Wakazara Mumutemo muRaje Sabhaha

Rwendo rweConstitution Amendment Bill nomuRaje Sabha rwunodzorwa neMitemo yeProcedure neFoaty of Business muDare reUnited States.

Kutanga Kwebhiri

Kusiyana neBhiro reMoney Bill, kurumbidzwa kwaPurezidhendi weIndia hakufaniri kupiwa kuti pave nePuntainst Constitution Amendment Reformation Bill. Chikamu chokutanga chinosanganisira kutaura kupfupi kwezvinhu uye zvikonzero zvokugadziridza.

Kurangarira Kunoitwa Nedare Rakasarudzwa Kana Kuti Rakabatana

Chichirangarirwa kuva chakakomba chekugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, Bill anowanzonongedzerwa kuDare Rokusarudza reRaje Sabha kana kuti Dare Romubatanidzwa reImba mbiri. Iyi nhano inobvumira nzvero ine udzame nenyanzvi navachengeti. Dare rinonzvera chitsama cheGenetimende nechikamu cheChikamu cheChirungu, rinokoka kuzviisa pasi pavose, uye rinopa mushumo kuImba. Nepo iyi isiri pamutemo, nzvimbo inozivikanwa nokuda kwezvigadziriso zvinokosha, zvakadai se733 Cricratical Amendment Amendment (Panchati Raj) kana kuti 101st Amendment (GST), inobvumira kurukurirano inoziviswa pauriri hweImba.

Kurava Kwechipiri: Kurukurirano Yapachivande

Iyi ndiyo nhano yakakomba zvikurusa. Imba inokurukura nheyo dzaBill uye ipapo inonanga murangariro yemashoko akasiana. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chaBill chinoiswa kuvhota chakaparadzana. Ndimo mukati meda rino umo chinodikanwa chaicho chinoshandiswa. Kana Rajiya Sabha anoda kupedza rugwaro rwaBill, inofanira kuita kudaro kupfurikidza nechikamu. Kudzokororwa kupi nokupi kuBill kunokarakadzwa nomutezo mumwe kunofanira kupfuudzwawo noruzhinji rwakafanana runokosha runodudzwa muChikamu 368.

Kurava Kwechitatu Nokupfuura

Pashure pokunge zvitsama zvagamuchirwa, mutezo unotarisira waBill unofambisa kuti Bill apfuure. Gakava rakaganhurirwa kuchimiro chokupedzisira chaBill. Kana kufamba kwacho kusati kwasundwa, voruzhinji pasi peChikamu 368 (2) inoshandiswa kuvhota yokupedzisira. Muvaki weRajiya Sabata anoisa muuyo. Kana Bill akakundikana kudzivirira ruzhinji urwu, runorambwa muRajiya Sabraha, zvinobudirira kuuraya nhevedzano yerusando irworwo.

Rwendo Pashure PeRaje Sabra: Lok Sabba uye Kupfuura

Kana Bill angopfuudzwa muRaje Sabha, inopfuudzwa kuLok Sabha. Lok Sabha anofanira ipapo kurangarira ndokupfuudza Bill mumwe cheteyo nevoruzhinji vamwe chetevo. Rutivi runokosha rwekugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo nderwokuti hapana gadziriro yokugara pamwe chete [[FLT: 1] kwedzimba mbiri kupedza kuvhiya bhoko. Kana Lok Sabha akaramba Bill, kana kuti kupfuudza negweta kuti Rajiya Sabha haigamuchiri, Bill anorangarirwa kuva akakundikana. Ikoku kunopa Rajiya ja pfundo redeo resvo re detoto gestion, basa rake serinomo rebumbiro remitemo.

Basa Rinokosha raPurezidhendi

Pashure peMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo Bill yapfuudzwa navose vari vaviri dzimba dzeParamende nedzinodikanwa (uye, kana zvichibvira, zvinotenderwa nehurumende), zvinopiwa kuna Purezidhendi weIndia kuti azvitende. Basa raPrezidhendi pano rakasiyana zvikuru nezviripo kana kuti zvikweretiwo zvavanhu. Pasi peChikamu 368, Purezidhendi ndiye [[FLT]] kubvumira [[FLT] kubvumira kuSimu reMitemo yeMitemo Bill. Kusafanana nomutemowose, apo Purezidhendi anogona kushandisa chitemu chenhamba yemari (parettotototototo) kana kudzoserazverwa, iri simba rinonyimwa zvakajeka pamusoro pekuchinjwa kwemitemo. Pakare Posidhendi anopa, Bill anochinja chibvumirano chePrestigatimende Pose.

Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro Nedzidziso Huru

Hapana kurukurirano yegadziriro yokugadziridza yakakwana pasina kutaura nomumvuri mukuru unosimudzirwa neBhasic Brigine Doctrine. Muchinoitika chechiratidzo che Khavana Bharati v. State yeKerala [1773], Dare Rapamusoro reIndia rakarangarira kuti nepo Paramende ine masimba makuru okugadzirisa Bumbiro reMitemo, harigoni kuparadza kana kuti kuchinja “chirongwa charo.” Nepo Dare risina kugovera ndaza yakakwana, chivako chinokosha chinobatanidza zvinhu zvakadai soukuru hweBumbiro remitemo, mutemo, kuzvimirira kwechigadziko, tsika yehurumende, uye nheyo yenyika yenyika yenyika.

Iyi dzidziso inoisa ganhuriro inokosha, kunyange zvazvo ichizviisa umene, ganhuriro paRaje Sabba. Pakukakavadzana gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo, Imba inokarirwa kurangarira kana chinjo inokarakadzwa ichiputsa chimiro chikuru. Gakava muRajiya Sabba padzidzoro se 99th Amendmentmentmentment (National Jujications Commission) yakapesvedzerwa zvikuru neiyi dzidziso. Dare rapamusoro pakupedzisira rakarovanya kugadziriswa ikoko, richisimbisa simba redzidziso yacho. Rajiya Sabba, somutumbi unobvisa ungwarati, anofanira kufamba nokungwarira iyi nzvimbo yapamutemo, achivimbisa kuti nhevedzano yenhau yacho haisati bedzi inopfuura nenzira yapamutemo asi nenzira inogamuchirika pamutemo.

Mienzaniso Inocherechedzeka Yegadziriro Ye Amendedzero Iri Kuitwa

Kunzvera kugadziridzwa chaiko kunojekesa nzira iyo Raje Sabha akashandisa nayo masimba ake nokufamba kwenguva.

  • Hurumende yeMitemo 42 (196): Inopfuura mukati meEmergency, uyu ndiwo mumwe wemiedzo mikurusa. Yakaisa mashoko okuti “Munyorero,” uye“ Intégrity” muMushanga . Yakapfuudzwa neRapya Sabba. Muenzaniso mukuru wenzira iyo voruzhinji vanogona nayo kufambisa nayo nomuchinjo huru, kunyange zvazvo yakazopera.
  • menduru ye 44t Amendment (1978): Yapfuudzwa nehurumende yeJanta Party kudzorera cheki dzinoverengeka pasimba rehurumende idzo Amendement yechi42 yakanga yabvisa. Yakabvisa kodzero yezvinhu sekodzero inokosha. Kunoratidzira mano oruzhinji rutsva muRapya Sabba kushandura miitiro yebumbiro remitemo yekare.
  • Pesmendimendis 73rd na 74th Amendments (1992:[FLT: 1] Iyi miuyo yakawedzerwa mativi IX naIX-A kuBumbiro reMitemo, kuchiisa mutemo Panchayati Raj Institutions neManities. Nemhaka yokuti idzi gadziridzo dzakatapura chimiro chehurumende nemirairo, dzakada kuiswa muvara nehafu yenyika. Izvi zvakabudirira, kuratidzira mamiriro ezvinhu akasimba ehurumende.
  • Hurumende 101st Amendment (2016) : Kutanga kweMabhuku neMitero yeMitemo yakada kugadziridzwazve kwehurumende. Constitution Reformation Bill yakapfuudzwa neRajiya Sabba pashure pekurukurirano huru uye gadziridzo duku. Yakazoda kuti ive yakagadzirwa neinopfuura hafu yemitemo, iyo yakavapo pashure pokunge bvumirano yezvematongerwe enyika yavakwa.
  • Mutemo we 103 wePendeko wePendekosti (2029) – EWS Reservation: Iyi gadziridzo inopa ganhuriro 10% mumasangano edzidzo namabasa avose nokuda kwemari nokuda kwezvikamu zvisina simba zvikuru zveboka rose. Yakapfuudzwa zviri nyore mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri netsigiro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Gakava reRajiya Sabba rakanangidzira pakuputsika kwe 50% denga panzvimbo yakagadzwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, richisimbisa kuoma kwetsika kuripo pakati pechibvumirano chemitemo nedzidziso yedare.

Mugumo: Raje Sabha seAnchor yeBumbiro reMitemo

Muitiro wokupfuudza gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo nomuRaja Sabha hahusi muitirowo zvawo; muitiro wakasimba wakarongedzerwa kuchengetedza perero nokupfuurira kwebumbiro remitemo renyika refusa. Chinodikanwa nokuda kworuzhinji chaikoirwo (hwuchibatanidza voruzhinji chose chose nechiverengero chikuru chevaripo navanovhotahhhhhhh. Chinodikanwa chinodzivisa chinjo dzakakwirira. Raja Sabha, kupfurikidza nomuzvarirwo wayo sekamuri rayo chairo rinomirira nyika uye kuva noupenyu hunopfuurira, chinogovera ganhuriro kumugariro mukuru wezvamatongerwe enyika weLok Sabba.

Kupfurikidza nokushanda sechitsigiso chinobvisa ungwaru, Raje Sabha inovimbisa kuti gadziridzo dzinofanira kuva dzakaoma kunzvera zvikuru nouchenjeri nezvamatongerwe enyika. Mibato yeimba yapamusoro somuchengeti mukuru webumbiro remitemo nedzidziso huru. Basa rayo mugadziriro yokugadziridza ibvumirano yokufanoona kwevagadziri, avo vakanzwisisa kuti mutemo mukurusa wenyika inofanira kuva wakaoma kugadziridza, kuraira bvumirano huru neyakadzika iyo inopfuura mativi makuru enyika uye kupfavisa zvamatongerwe enyika.