Hurumende Dzinoumba Dzidzo Nezvoutano: Kuderera Kwakadzama

Hurumende dzinomira senyanzvi huru dzemibato yavose miviri inokosha zvikurusa: dzidzo nezvoutano. Nepo mitemo yehurumende inogovera gadziriro dzakafara, iri pamwero wenyika umo rabha inosangana nemugwagwa(w) kupfurikidza nezviito zvomutemo, bhajeti inogoverwa, uye zvisarudzo zvokutungamirira. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoumba zvakananga zvinoitika zvezuva nezuva zvavagari vemo, zvichipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva pachikoro kusvikira pakuwana chipatara. Iyi nzvero yakura inonzvera miitiro chaiyo, mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo, uye zvinhu zvinopfuurira kuratidzira kuti hurumende dzinoumba sei aya masangano anonzvera.

Simba rehurumende muidzi nzvimbo rakabva muTenth Amendment, iyo masimba anochengetedza asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kunzvimbo dzakasiana - siana dzemitoo, kuchibvumira nokuda kwokuvandudza nemhinduro dzakagadzirirwa asiwo kuparira misiyano inokosha. Kunzwisisa simba iri kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mumuitiro, tarisiro, kana kuti kungotsvaka zvake kushandisa gadziriro idzodzi nenzira inobudirira.

Dzidzo: Hurumende Yakatungamirira Basa

Dzidzo ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa. Nyika dzinogadza mipimo yedzidzo, vadzidzisi verezenisi, maruwa ezvikoro zvemari, uye dzinopa tsinhiro. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera inenge 10% yemari yeK-12, asi 90% yasara inobva kumanyuko enyika neyomunzvimbomo, ichipa matare makuru edzitateguru pamusoro pekuparadzirwa kwezviwanikwa uye kunaka kwemari.

Kushandisa Mafomu Okushandisa uye Kutsvaka Kururama

Chimwe chezvisakiso zvikurusa zvinodzorwa nehurumende dzinotonga iko kupiwa mari kwechikoro. Kuti hurumende inopa sei mari kumaruwa ezvikoro inogona kuisa kana kuti kuderedza kuvadziko dziripo. Konnoral Control Funding Formula (LCFF), yakagadzirwa muna 2013, muenzaniso wakatanhamara. Inopa mari yakawanda kumaruwa echikoro ane kukwirira kwakakwirira kwavadzidzi vakaderera, vadzidzi veEngland, uye pwere dzinotsigira. Iyi donzo rakanga riri shifiti inokosha kubva kumichina yakapfuura inonangirira kutamba. A21 ifundo yakaitwa naLrigioti Institute yakawana kuti LCFFF yakatungamirira kukuwedzera kukuru kwemweroro mukupedza kufunda uye kushanda kwedzidzo yakakwirira zvikuru mumaruwa, inoratidzira simba rezviwiriranwa.

Nenzira yakapesana, zvinyorwa zvakafanana neIllinois zvakarwisa munhau kutsamira kukuru pamitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, kuchitungamirira kumikaha huru yemari pakati penzanga dzakapfuma nedzine urombo. Pashure pamakore okupesana nekurukurirano, Illinois yakapa nzira yemari yakavakirwa paufakazi muna 2017 iyo inoendesa madhora matsva enyika kunzvimbo nechinodikanwa chikurusa. Mienzaniso iyi inosimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemari zvokushandisa hazvisi hazvo zvokudzora chete asi zvisarudzo zvetsika zvikuru uye zvinoshanda pamusoro pebanza rakaenzana.

Mipimo Yekodzero Nokuzvidavirira

Common Core State Discrecteds, inodudzwa munyaya yapakuvamba, inomirira nhau inokatyamadza yebatira pamwe yehurumende nedzokudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatevera. Pakutanga yakagamuchirwa nedzinopfuura nyika 40, mipimo yakarongedzerwa kuvimbisa vadzidzi vaipedza kufunda kuti vagadzirirwe nokuda kwekoreji kana kuti mabasa. Zvisinei, sezvo kuitwa kwaifambira mberi, chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika chakakura, uye nyika dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza Indianaiana naOklahoma, dzakabvisa kana kuti kutsiva mipimo neshanduro dzadzovo dzimene. Iyi Shinko inoenzanisira kuti muitiro wedzidzo yenyika unova nyore sei mhepo inochinja mhepo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhasi, kufanana naMassachusetts neVirginia anochengeta mipimo yehurumende inodzo inodzo inodzorwa nguva dzose pakati pezvidzidzo zvorudzi rwenyika, nepo dzimwe dzakasarudza nokuda kwemitengo.

Mitemo yokuzvidavirira ndiimwe nharaunda yokupesana kwehurumende. Nepo sangano reAll Students Receeds Act (ESA) rakapa machinjika ehurumende mukugadzira gadziriro dzokuyera chikoro, masangano akatora nzira dzakasiana zvikuru. Tennessee, somuenzaniso, anoshandisa chiratidzo chebasa rinorema icho chinosimbisa zvikuru kukura kwavadzidzi, nepo gadziriro yeFlorida inoisa ukoshi hukuru zvikuru paunyanzvi hwose. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinopesvedzera kuti zvikoro zvinorangarirwa sei, ipurogiramui dzinotsigirwa nemari, uye apo nhamburiko dzokuvandudza dzinoitwa.

Chisarudzo cheChikoro: Kuedza Hurumende Mune Nhungamiro Dzakasiyana - siyana

Hurumende imarabhoratori makuru emiitiro yezvikoro. Somuenzaniso, Florida, ine chimwe chezvisarudzo zvikuru zvezvisarudziro munyika, kubatanidza zvikoro zvefokisi, magineti, uye purogiramu hurusa yechikoro yapachivande yomunyika yacho inopupurira (Masimba emhuri Edzidzo). Arizona yakatopfuura nokugadza dzidzo yese pose pose Kuchengeteka (ES), icho chinobvumira mhuri kushandisa mari yavose nokuda kwemitengo yechikoro chavanhu, zvokudzidzira, zvinhu zvokudzidzira pamusha, kana kuti zvimwe zvinotengwa zvedzidzo. Vatsoropote vanotsigira mapurogiramu aya anosimudzira makwikwikwi okutsigira nokushandisa simba roubereko, echalls, ective, uye kubviswa kwezviwanikwa zvezvikoro zvehurumende. Kunzvera uku kunogovera mashoko okutsoropodza nokuda kwokuongorora chikoro cheteshina nguva refu nechirongwa.

Kutarisira Utano: United States Savarenzi, Vadzori, uye Vatungamiriri Voutano Hwavose

Hurumende dzine simba rakafanana mukutarisira utano. Dzinotarisira Medicaid, dzinodzora misika yeinishuwarenzi, dzinotarisira madhipatimendi outano hwehurumende, uye nyanzvi dzezvoutano hwerezinesi. Affordtable Care Act yakapiwa hurumende noune kupfurikidza nokudzibvumira kuronga mapurogiramu adzo okuwedzera eMedicaid uye kutanga purofiti dzeinishuwarenzi dzoutano dzakavakirwa pahurumende.

Kuwedzera KwemaMedicaid: Chikamu Chenyika DzokuAmerica Mbiri

Zvichida hapana muitiro mumwe unoenzanisira kukamukana muzvoutano hwehurumende kunosvika zvikuru kupfuura Medicaid kukura pasi peACA. Kuvambira pa 2025, nyika dzinenge makumi mana neWashington D.C. zvakawedzera kusakwanisa kuvakuru vane mari kusvika 138% yemwero wourombo hwehurumende. Manyika akafanana Kentucky, yakakudzwa naGavhuna Steve Bessid, akaona mwero yakaderera kubva pa 20% kusvikira pasi pe 7%. Nzvero yekatanhamara muNew England Journal of Medicine yakasimbisa kuti kukura kune zvinoitika kuderera kukuru mukuuraya, zvikurukuru pakati pavakura naavo vane migariro isingaperi. [FLT:] KFFFF kupfuurira kukura kwezvisarunga kwezvisaruro.[FFFF:]

Mukupesana, mirangariro yakadai seTexas, Florida, uye Georgia haina kuwedzera Medicaid, ichisiya vakura vanopfuura mamirioni maviri vanowanwa vakaderera vari mumukaha wokupedzisa. Kunyanyotsvaka zvakanyanyowanda nokuda kwegadziriro dzegamuchidzanwa dzemisika asi zvishoma zvikuru nokuda kwegadziriro dzemisika. Iyi murairo ine miuyo yakananga: zvipatara mudzimwe nyika dzakatarisana nemwero yakakwirira yetarisiro isingadzorwi, uye zvipatara zvokumaruwa zvakavharwa pamwero yakakwirira zvikuru. Chisarudzo chokuwedzera kana kuti kusatongova chisarudzo chikuru zvikurusa chezvoutano chinogona kuita.

Kudzora Inishuwarenzi NeTerehealth

Nyika dzinobatirawo semitemo mikuru yemisika yeinishuwarenzi youtano. Dzinogadza mipimo yesocial decrective, kuhwirudzura mwero wetsatsanangudzo inokwira, uye dziviriro dzinogombedzerwa. Mukati medenda reCHOVAID-19, nyika dzakawanda, kubatanidza Texas neNew York, dzakatanga kuraira migariro yekurumidziro kukudza mibato yeterehealth, kubvumira varwere kubvunza vanachiremba kure. Iyi mipimo yechinguvana yakaitwa yechigarire munyika dzakawanda, nemipimo yakasiana-peta. Somuenzaniso, Vermont zvino inoraira kuti zvirongwa zveinishuwarenzi zvifukidzwe pamiteve yorusando, nezvinonyanya kudzodzodzodzodzodzo muruwa. [FLT.[FFFUD]

Nhimbe Dzoutano Hwavose Nedambudziko Rezvipembenene

Nhimbe dzoutano dzavanhu vose dzakabvumikisa kuva dzinobudirira mukuchinja mufambiro. Nhimbe yokudzivisa kusvuta fodya yeCalifornia, iyo inobatanidza mitero yenhando yehurumende nemitero yefodya yakasimba yenzvimbo yebasa isina utsi, yakashumwa kuderedza mwero yokusvuta yavakuru kusvikira kupakati pevhu. Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo yakaita seNorth Carolina inonyanyoshandisa nzira dzokudzivirira nadzo, zvakadai sokuparadzira naloxone uye kutanga mapurogiramu ezve. Hurumende dziriwo pamitsetse yemberi yokudavirira tyisidziro dzakafanana neapombiso dzemirimo inotenderwa (PDMPS) uye mitemo yakaisvonaka inogamuchirwa gare gare gare gare nemimwe purogiramu yezve kana kuti inokurudzirwa nesangano rehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichingoramba Zvichivapo

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro dzinocherekedzwa, hurumende dzehurumende dzinorwisana nedenho huru. Kudhura mari kunoramba kwadzika midzi. Mudzidzo, kuvimba nemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo kunoreva kuti musha wakapfuma unogona kupedza mari yakawanda zvikuru pamusha pavadzidzi kupfuura maruwa omumaruwa ane urombo, kunyange mukati meruwa rumwe cheterwo. Mushumo 2022 kubva kuEducation Trust wakawana kuti maruwa ane urombo hwakakwirira zvikurusa munyika dzakadai seNew York nePennsylvania anowana nyika nemari shoma zvikuru kupfuura maruwa ane urombo hwakaderera zvikuru, pasinei zvapo nokushaiwa kukuru.

Muzvoutano, mwero usina kutsarukana unoramba wakakwirira nenzira yakaoma mumitemo isingachinjiki. Kunyange mukati menyika dzinofutunuka, kukwanisa kunoramba kuri denho, nendyiko dzakakwirira dzinoda kubviswa uye kutengwa kwejeko dzinodzorwa dzinoodza mwoyo vanhu pakutsvaka tarisiro. Commonwealth Fund yetsika dzoutano dzegore negore dzehurumende dzinoshanda [ nguva dzose dzinoratidza kusiyana kukuru mumigumisiro, kubva pamitengo yorufu inokurumidza kudziviswa nechipatara.

Kuparadzana kwemiitiro ndechimwe chinhu chaichoicho. Chinoitika chedzidzo chomudzidzi chinogona kusiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti vanogara here muMassachusetts (mipimo yakakwirira yemari, mari inotsigirwa) kana kuti Mississippi (mipimo yakaderera, mari shoma). Nenzira yakafanana, munhu ane chirwere chisingaperi muCalifornia anogona kuwana musika wakavakirwa pahurumende, Medicaid, uye dziviriro dzakasimba dzevatengi, nepo mutengi ari muAlabama mativi ezvisarudzo zvishoma zvikuru.

Kudzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye muitiro zvinoparirawo fambiro mberi yenguva refu. Kuchinja dzidzo kunowanzochinjwa apo magavhuna matsva kana kuti masangano okutonga anova nezvinzvimbo. Muitiro woutano wakaenzana unodzorwa nezvinjo zvechinjo, sezvinoratidzirwa nehondo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvebasa zveMedicaid uye mari yokuronga mhuri. Kusimba uye kuzvipira kunopfuuridzirwa kunowanzobairwa paatari yezvirongwa zvokuvhota.

Kuongorora Zviratidzo Zvemhosva: Kuratidza Kutapura Kwechiito Chehurumende

Mutevedzeri WeTennessee Wokuvandudza Kurava

Tennessee inonangidzira ngwariro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pahwaro hwokunyora nokunyora inogovera muenzaniso unosunda wechinjo yenyika. Ichiziva kuti chikamu chimwe bedzi chezvitatu chavaduku vakanga vachirava pagiredhi, nyika yakapfuudza Tennessee Literable mpumelelo Act muna 2021. Mutemo uyu unoda kuti zvikoro zvishandise mirayiridzo yokurava yakavakirwa paufakazi yakabatana nesayenzi yokurava, zvinogovera rovedzo yakakomba yomudzidzisi, uye mafitisipo ose avana K-3 nokuda kwokurava. Migumisiro yapakuvamba yakavimbisa: nyika yakashuma kuwana purofiti hurusa yegore rechitatu mukurava kwapanguva inopfuvura 2023. Chino ichi chinoratidzira sei kuti dzidzo chemitezo chesayenzi yezvokuranganoumba yehurumende inowirirana nesayenzi yezvokuravaravirira, dzidzo, uye kuvandudza unyanzvi.

Kubatsira Kunoita Chipatara muColorado Nokugadziridza

Muzvoutano, Colorado yakaita basa guru mukugadzirisa ndyiko dzechipatara. Yatarisana nemimwe yemitengo yakakwirira yechipatara munyika, Colorado division yapfuura Transparency and Fairness Act muna 2021, inoda zvipatara kuti zvizivise mashoko evarwere uye kuti zviganhurire kubhadharwa kwemari pamwero wemari. Hurumende yacho yakatangawo gadziriro yeChipatara chaMari yeMitemo kuti iwedzere mari yeMedicaid ichiri kubatsira kubhadhara mari yemasero okuchengetedza utachiona. Kudai uku kunobatsira Colorado kupfutaod kuwedzera kupfuudziro ku 95% yavagari vemo apo vaivamba kukweda kukweda kutsa mutengo. Chiitisoi chinoratidzawo kuti hurumende inogona sei kuita zvose zviri zviviri kupinda uye kuva nemari kupfurikidza nemitemo inoyamuranisa.

Kukura Kwemari yeWest Virginia Nokuda Kwevhiringidziko Yokushandisa Munzira

West Virginia, yakaparadzwa nedenda reopioid, chiito chehurumende chakagadzirwa kuti chiwedzere telehealth nokuda kwokupindwa muropa. Muna 2020, chibvumirano chehurumende chakaita mishonga yakawanda inobvumira mishonga yokushandisa opioid kunyorwa kupfurikidza netelehealth, kubvisa zvinodikanwa nokuda kweshanyo dze-person. Uyu muitiro, wakabatanidzwa nemari yakawedzerwa nokuda kwemibato yokunaya, wakabetsera kudzikamisa njodzi yakanga yave ichipfuurira. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza ruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwemishonga yeopiojoid nerojini yehurumende, West Virginia yakavandudza kusvika kutarisiro youpenyu munyika umo vagari vazhinji vanogara kure kure nenzvimbo dzokurapa.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kutangwazve Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Dzichitarira mberi, hurumende dzehurumende sezvingabvira dzichapfuurira kubatira semarabhoritari makuru okuvandudza. Simbiso inokura paequity iri kuumba miitiro mitsva: kufanana neNew Mexico yakavamba mari yedzidzo yapakuvamba youhwana, nepo Oregon akanzvera pachena mienzaniso yezvoutano hwechisiko chose inotsigirwa kupfurikidza nokusvika kwesangano retarisiro kwakarongwa.

Kubatanidzwa kweruzivo rwemichina kuchawedzera. Mudzidzo, masangano ari kuisa mari mukuwana maInternet akakwirira nokuda kwezvikoro zvokumaruwa, zvikuva zvokudzidzira zvakazvimirira, uye gadziriro dzemakombiyuta dzinotevera vadzidzi mukufambira mberi kwenguva refu. Mukungwarira kwoutano, kutsinhana kwemashoko ezvoutano kuri kuva kwakasimba zvikuru, kuchigonesa kushandira pamwe kwetarisiro iri nani. Mitezo yakafanana neCalifornia iri kushandisa uchenjeri hwokugadzira ungwaru kuti ipinde mumasangano ezvikoro zvemiitiro zvemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemurwere yemiitiro yemhenga iri kure isati iripo, apo mimwe iri kufambira mapurogiramu yokuongorora varwere nokuda kwokutarisirwa kwehosha isingaperi.

Hurumende yeNational Gargusters Association nemamwe masangano enyika dzakawanda zvinobatsira kugoverana miitiro yakanakisisa. Mibatanidzwa yeinterstate pamusoro pokudzorwa kwedzidzo nokuda kwemhuri dzehondo uye chikwereti choutano hwekurumidziro zvava vanachiremba zvakatovapo uye zvinogona kubatira semienzaniso yebatira pamwe huru panhau dzakadai sokunyoresa nokugoverana mashoko.

Pakupedzisira, nhau yehurumende mudzidzo nezvoutano ndeimwe yezvose zviri zviviri tapuro huru nefunganyo inopfuurira. Mitemo yenyika chaiyo inoongororwa pano inoratidza kuti apo vatungamiriri vehurumende vanozvipira kuufakazi, kusasarura, mitemo inonangidzirwa, fambiro mberi inopfuudzira isingadzivisiki. Asi zvinetso zvemari, zvematongerwe enyika, uye kukamukana zvinoramba zvinotyisa. Savagari, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vatsigiri, kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvinokosha kuparira kuchinjwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokufambisa chizvarwa chinotevera choupenyu hwezvinjo.