Kuoma Kwemitemo Yokuroorana uye Boka Remarudzi Akawanda

Mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, kuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzeroorano munyika yose kwakachinja nzira iyo marudzi anosvika nayo kumiitiro yokufamba yamarudzi ose nevhiza. Sezvo nyika dzinowedzera rondedzero dzapamutemo dzeroorano kubatanidza kubatana kwevatano kwavagari vemo, gadziriro dzokudzora muganhu dzaifanira kuchinjira, kuparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana nemhinganidzo nokuda kwavaroorani vanogura miganhu yenyika dzakawanda. Iyi mhindumupindu inotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kuvhiza nguva dzinomirira nzira dzokupinda nokupinda munyika zvhozheni zechigarire, ichiita roorano imwe yemibatanidzwa ine simba zvikurusa yevatano nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yepasi pevhu, uye syncrozh.

Kuzivikanwa Mumutemo Kwekodzero Dzewanano

Kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweroorano kunosiana zvikuru munzvimbo dzose, kuvamba basa ramativi mana ramaruramiro neganhuriro nokuda kwavafambi vamarudzi ose. Dzinopfuura nyika 30 zvino dzinoziva pamutemo roorano yevatano yakafanana, kubatanidza mitezo yeEuropean Union, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, uye nhamba inowedzera yamarudzi muAmerica. Imwe neimwe yeiyi mifungo ine revo dzakajeka nokuda kwehuga, maruramiro okugara, uye kubatanidzwazve kwemhuri.

Mhando Dzemasangano Anozivikanwa

Hadzisi ukama hwose hwapamutemo hunobatwa zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo wokutama.

  • Roorano yavagari vemo yakazara — mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo, zvikurukuru kupa maruramiro anozviitikira nokuda kwamadonzo okutamira.
  • Mibatanidzwa nehumwe huwandu hwakanyoreswa — nyika dzakawanda dzinorangarira izvozvi sezvakaenzana nokuroorana nokuda kwezvishandiso zvevhiza, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe dzichiganhurira kuziva kumapoka evhiza chaiwo.
  • Ukama hwechikwangwari nohunowirirana navose — nhamba iri kuwedzera yenyika, kubatanidza Australia neCanada, dzinoziva kubatana kwenhambo refu kunyange pasina kunyoresa kwapamutemo, chero varoorani vachigona kuratidzira kuwirirana kwemari uye kugara pamwe chete.
  • Kubatana kworusando [ — kuzivikanwa kwakaganhurirwa, kazhinji kazhinji kune betsero shoma dzokutama kupfuura roorano yakazara kana kuti mubatanidzwa wehurumende.

Nokuda kwavafambi, kunzwisisa rudzi rwekubatana runoziva nyika yavo yokumusha nenyika yokunosvikira ndirwo nhano yokutanga mumitemo yevhiza. Roorano inoshanda zviri pamutemo mune imwe nyika ingasazivikanwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokutama mune imwe nyika, ichitanga icho magweta anotama anodana kuti "kusvetukana"() mirangariro inoshanda pamusha asi isingaoneki pamuganhu.

Kutapura Tsika Dzakanaka

Mitemo yeVisa munyika yose inopesvedzerwa nenzira inowedzera nokuzivikanwa kweroorano, kunyange zvazvo mwero wokurongeka uchisiyana zvikuru. Munzvimbo dzinoziva zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zveroorano, varoorani vanofarikanya miitiro yokushandisa yakatevedzana, zvinodikanwa zvezvinyorwa zvakaderedzwa, uye kusvika kumapoka evhiza yakavakirwa pamhuri ingasava inowanika neimwe nzira.

Kusava Nounyengeri

Mavhiza aya anobvumira vanhu vokune dzimwe nyika kuti vabatane nevavakaroorana navo kuti vagare kwenguva yakareba, vashande, uye muzviitiko zvakawanda, vagare nokusingaperi.

  • Chibvumikiso cheroorano inoshanda pamutemo kana kuti mubatanidzwa unozivikanwa munyika yokushandisa
  • Ufakazi hwoukama hwechokwadi (zvinyorwa zvenhau, kunyorerana tsamba, zvinyorwa zvemari zvakabatanidzwa)
  • Zvinodikanwa zvemari zvakatsiga kuti varoorani vasavimba nemari yavose
  • Urongwa hwenzvimbo dzokugara munyika iri kusindwa

Nyika dzine mitemo inozivikanwa neroorano inowanzoita kukumbira mavhiza omukwanyina nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, nzira yeUnited Kingdom’s Family Visa inoda vakwiridziri kuratidzira ukama hwechokwadi nokugadziridzwa kwakakwana, asi hadzisiyanidzi yakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano chavaviri vacho kana kuti rudzi rwemubatanidzwa wapamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, gadziriro yeCanada yeSposal Sponsorship inoziva zvose zviri zviviri roorano dzechikwangwane nedzechidimbu, pamwe chete nokubatana kwomutemo kwavose kwemwedzi inenge 12.

Kubatanidza Mhuri Negadziriro Dzinobetsera Vanhu

Kupfuura mavhiza emunhu akaroora kana kuroorwa, kuzivikanwa kweroorano kunopesvedzera mitemo yemhuri yakakura yokubatanidza. Zvirongwa zvokubatsira vanhu vemarudzi ose, kubatanidza European Convention on Human Rights, zvakadudzirwa kuti zvida nyika kuti dziremekedze upenyu hwemhuri, kubatanidza vakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuchisarudzo chedare icho chinosunda hurumende kuziva michato yakaitwa kune imwe nyika, kunyange apo mutemo wemhuri usingagoveri roorano youtsikinyi humwe. Mienzaniso isingataurwi inobatanidza European Court of Justices of the facesssss for EUFrencessss revoms revommoventsss anogara iri pakati penyika dziri nhengo imwe chete.

Zviito Zvakajeka uye Zvakajeka

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuzivikanwa kweroorano kunogovera nzira dzokurega mavhiza kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvakaderedzwa. Vagari venyika vane zvibvumirano zvakasimba zvemibatanidzwa ingabetserwa negadziriro dzakasimba dzinovabvumira kupinda sevanhu vanotsamira pamunhu pasina kukumbira kwakasiyana. Ikoku kunokosha zvikuru kuvafambi vebhizimisi, vamiriri, uye vashandi vesangano ramarudzi ose avo vakaroorana vavo vangawana rusununguko rwakavakirwa panzvimbo yehurumende yomubiyavo.

Kuzivikanwa Kwenyika Yose Kunokonzera Matambudziko uye Zvaasingafaniri Kufunga

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha, nyika yose yekodzero dzerwendo dzakavakirwa paroorano inoramba isina kuenzana.vakaroorana vanotarisana nemhinganidzo huru pakutama pakati penyika dzine gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinorwisana, zvikurukuru apo hurumende imwe isingazivi rudzi rwomubatanidzwa wakapinda mune imwe.

Nhau Dzisiri Dzokuzvidzora Nedzomuganhu

Munyika umo roorano yakafanana kana kuti mubatanidzwa wehurumende usina chimiro chapamutemo, varoorani vangazviwana vamene vasingakwanisi kukumbira mavhiza eroorano, gadziriro dzokupindazve kwemhuri, kana kuti kunyange kupinda pamwe chete pavhiza dzevashanyi. Ikoku kunoparira mugariro umo vaviri vakaroorana pamutemo vanova vaenzi pamutemo pamuganhu weimwe nyika. Zvinetso zvavose zvinobatanidza:

  • Kurambwa kwetsamba dzeroorano semagwaro anotsigira
  • Kusakwanisa kuronga mukwanyina ane vatano imwe cheteyo pakukumbira vhiza
  • Kugadzirwa kwakaparadzana kwekushandisa vhiza kwaizowanzobatwa pamwe chete
  • Ngozi yokuramba vhiza yakavakirwa pa "roorano yeenderero yakanaka" pomero mumativi umo roorano yevatano yakafanana ichangobva kuzivikanwa

Idzi denho hadzina kuganhurirwa kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Roorano dzinobatanidza marudzi akasiyana - siyana dzinonangana nenzvero munyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru apo kune mukaha wezera wakakura wezera, mhinganidzo yomutauro, kana kuti musimboti weukama unokurumidza. Kunyange vakwanyina vevatano vakasiana vanobva mumigariro yetsika yakasiana vangasangana nezvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera zvinyorwa kana kuti nguva refu yokugadzira.

Ganhuriro Dzorwendo Noukama Husina Kutsarukana

Ukama husingadzoreki hunoita basa rinokosha mumitemo yevhiza inotsigirwa neroorano. Nyika dzine ukama hwakasimba hwebutera dzingaganhurira kupinda kwevhiza yepabonde, kuisa cheki dzechengeteko dzokuwedzera, kana kuti kuramba kuziva roorano dzinoitwa munyika dzinodzorwa. Iri simba rakacherekedzwa murwisano pamusoro pouchangamire hwenyika, kusabvumirana kwekodzero dzavanhu, uye gakava rezvokutengeserana.

Somuenzaniso, chifo cheUnited States Supreme Court kuzivikanwa kweroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), Department yeU.S. rakabudisa nhungamiro inobvumira vakwanyina vemitezo mimwe cheteyo venyika vokumwe kubatira nokuda kwebetsero dzokupinda munyika. Zvisinei, kuvamba kunosiyana painenge dziri nzvimbo, apo zvimiro zvetsika zvomunzvimbomo neukama hwemibatanidzwa zvinogona kupesvedzera nzira iyo ufakazi hunorangarirwa nayo. Nenzira yakafanana, dzimwe nyika dzeMiddle East neAsia dzinochengeta zvirambidzo dzorumano muukama hwevatano, dzinoita zvikumbiro zvevakwanyina voutere vanobva mumapoka akadaro anodokuva zvisingabviri.

Hurumende yeEuropean Union yakasununguka inogovera muenzaniso unoshamisa wekubatanidza kungatsinhiranisa roorano kwenharaunda. Mumutemo weEU, nyika dziri nhengo dzinofanira kuziva roorano uye kubatana kwevagari vemo kunoitwa zviri pamutemo mune dzimwe nyika nokuda kwekodzero dzemaune dzokufamba. Iyi gadziriro yakaderedza zvikuru miganhu nokuda kwevakaroorana vari kufamba muEU, kunyange zvazvo kusawirirana kuchiripo nevasiri vakwanyina veEU vanobva kunyika dzisingazivi mibatanidzwa iyoyo.

Zvipikirwa Zvemashoko uye Zvehurumende

Kunyange munyika dzinoziva kuti wanano inoramba ichifambira mberi, zvinoitwa nevakuru vakuru zvinogona kukonzera zvipingamupinyi zvinokosha.

  • Shanduro dzakasimbiswa dzetsamba dzeroorano nemagwaro anotsigira
  • Zvakanyorwa nezvapupu kana kuti nenhengo dzemhuri zvichipupurira ukama hwacho
  • Uchapupu hwokuti vanhu vanogara pamwe chete uye kuti vaikwanisa kubhadhara mari kwemakore anoverengeka
  • Kuongororwa kwevanorwara uye mamiriro ezvinhu emunhu wacho uye kuongorora kwaanoitwa

Zvinodikanwa izvi zvinogona kuva zvinorema zvikuru kuvaroorani vakagara vakaparadzana mukati mekukura kweroorano, zvakadai saavo vakasangana paIndaneti kana kuti vairamba vane ukama hwakasimba pamberi peroorano. Varwi veVisa vanowanzoshandisa kungwarira kukuru mukuyera uchokwadi hweukama, kuchitungamirira kumigumisiro inopesana kunyange mukati moudzori humwe chetehwo.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwemitemo Munharaunda

North America

United States neCanada dzinopa mienzaniso inosiana nokuda kwokutama kunotsamira paroorano. Chirongwa cheCanada cheSpousal Sponsorship chinorangarirwa zvikuru sechimwe chezvisingasaruri, ichiziva zvose zviri zviviri roorano dzapamutemo neukama hwemitemo yavose pasinei zvapo nechimiro chevatano. Purogiramu yacho inoshanda mukati memwedzi 12 paavhareji uye haimanikidzi bhaisikopo pamitengo inotsigirwa nehurumende. Musiano, U.S. mutemo wokubuda munyika unoda roorano yapamutemo mumutemo wehurumende nokuda kwokuva nechata, inoparira zvinetso zveroorano dzakaroora mumigariro yevatano umo roorano imwe cheteyo isingabvumirwi kana kuti apo roorano yakapinzwa muchatoo yapamutemo kupfurikidza nechiteshiso chekushandira kana kuti purogiramu dzepanhau.

Europe

Nyika dzeEurope dzinosiana zvikuru mukusvika kwadzo, pasinei zvapo nezvirongwa zveEU. Gadziriro yokupinda munyika yeUnited Kingdom pashure peBret inobata kuzivikanwa kweroorano zvakafanana nokuda kwezvinangwa zvevhiza, asi mari yokukumbira iri pakati pemibato yakakwirira zvikurusa muEurope. Netherlands inopa mibato inotevedzerwa zvikuru nokuda kwavakwanyina vanozivikanwa, nepo dzimwe nyika dzeEastern Europe dzichipfuurira kuramba kusvika vhisa imwe cheteyo yavakwanyina vevatano yevatano.

Asia neMiddle East

Zvipingamupinyi zvinokosha zvikurusa zviripo munharaunda umo kodzero dzeroorano dzakaganhurirwa kana kuti dzisipo. Hakuna nyika muMiddle East inoziva roorano yakafanana, uye inoverengeka inoisa zvirango zvakakomba nokuda kwoukama hwevatano humwe chetehwo. Vafambi muroorano dzevatano dzakafanana kupinda munyika idzodzi vangatarisana nokurambwa kwevhiza, kupfigirwa, kana kuti kudzingwa. Kunyange varoorani vane mitezo yakasiana yokuberekana vangasangana neganhuriro kana kuti roorano inobatanidza nzanga dzine ukama hwakashata, zvakadai pakati peIndia nePakistan kana kuti pakati peIsrabhia nehurumende dzechiArab dzinoverengeka.

Oceania neAfrica

Australia neNew Zealand zvose zviri zviviri zvinoziva roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano uye zvinopa mapoka evhiza yemunhu mumwe cheteyo anobatanidza vakwanyina voutere neukama hwezvidimbu. MuAfrica, South Africa bedzi inoziva roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, kunyange zvazvo chiverengero chiduku chedzimwe nyika chinogovera dziviriro kupfurikidza namasangano avagari vemo kana kuti mitemo isati iri yorusarurano. Ikoku kunoparira paradzano huru umo varoorani muCape Town vanogona kugara muSouth Africa asi vanorasikirwa nemvumo yose yapamutemo pakuyambuka vachipinda munyika dziri pedyo.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi Nemiitiro

Musangano wokuzivikanwa kweroorano yenyika yose unonongedzera kuwedzero inopfuuridzirwa, kunyange zvazvo nhano inosiana zvikuru nenharaunda. Masangano amarudzi ose, kubatanidza United Nations Human Rights Council neInternational Commission of Jurists, akabudisa nhungamiro dzinokurudzira nyika kuva nechokwadi chokuva nechokwadi chokubatwa kwakaenzana kwemhuri dzose, pasinei zvapo norudzi rwomubatanidzwa. Idzi nhamburiko dzokuva nechikwata dziri kupesvedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mitemo yomumba, zvikurukuru munyika dzinotsvaka kuwirirana nemipimo yekodzero dzavanhu yamarudzi ose.

Kuedza Kubvumirana

Zvibvumirano zvechibvumirano chenyika nedzezvikamu zvizhinji zviri kukurukura nenzira inowedzera kuzivikanwa kweroorano nokuda kwamadonzo okutamira. Hague Convention on the Brigional of Registerd Stainships, kunyange zvazvo isina kutenderwa navose, inopa gadziriro yebatira pamwe yamarudzi ose. Dare renyika dzeEurope yeMitemo yakasununguka rakatotanga gadziriro yokuzivana inorebesa iyo inopfuudza kudarika zvikuru mitemo yokuenzana. Sezvo nyika dzakawanda dzinogamuchira mutemo webatanidzwa wevagari vemo, nhamba yemibatanidzwa inogamuchirwa nenzira yapamutemo nokuda kwokukumbira mavhiyi okuyamura musara ichapfuurira kukura.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuzivikanwa Kwemadhigirii

Unyanzvi hwokubatanidza hungaderedza miganhu yemabhureki. Mitemo yemitemo yemichina inobvumira chengeteko, magwaro eroorano anobvumidzwa anogona kuendesa zvishandiso zvevhiza ndokuderedza itiro hanya dzemhindu. Blockchain yakavakirwa panhau yakakarakadzwa sechigadzikiso chezivikanwo yeroorano yemiganhu, kunyange zvazvo itiro hanya dzezvisakiso zvemakombiyuta dzichiripo. Mitengo yeSangano reChiviganizimu rekufamba ramabhatani inogona pakupedzisira kubatanidza mapepa omukwanyina anoshanda zvakanaka kupfuura gadziriro dzazvino uno.

Kuchinja Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Kuparidzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunopfuurira kuita kuti mitemo ienderere mberi mumativi akawanda. Matare akaziva nenzira inowedzera kuti kodzero youpenyu hwemhuri pasi pomutemo wenyika yose inobatanidza kodzero yokugara pamwe chete semhuri, pasinei zvapo norudzi rweroorano. Iyi dare ringapesvedzera mitemo yevhiza kunyange munyika umo mitemo yeroorano inoramba ichiganhurira. Somuenzaniso, Dare reInter-American of Human Rights rakabudisa mirangariro inobvumirana kuti nyika dzinofanira kuziva kubatana kwezvevatano nokuda kwezvinangwa zvose zvepamutemo, kubatanidza kutama.

Zvinetso Zvasara

Pasinei zvapo nemiitiro yakanaka, mhinganidzo huru ichiripo. Njodzi yepasi pose yevapoteri yakasimbisa kuti kuzivikanwa kweroorano kunotapura sei chiverengero chavagari vemo chiri kutsvaka kuvakwazve kwemhuri. LGBTQIA+ vapoteri vanotiza chitambudzo kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvokuwedzera mukubvumikisa ukama mumativi umo roorano inoramba iri isiri yapamutemo. Chinjo yemamiriro okunze nokutama kwezvemari zviri kuparirawo mitoo mitsva youkama yemiganhu inodenha vhiza iripo.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwevakaroorana Vemarudzi Akawanda

Vakaroorana vanoshandisa vhiza iri pachishandiswa vhisa, vanofanira kutungamirirwa nenyanzvi. Nhanho dzinokosha ndedzipi:

  1. Kunzvera nyika inoendeswa kunzvimbo dzinoda [ pamberi peroorano, zvikurukuru kana ukama hwacho hunobatanidza gadziriro dzakasiana dzemitemo kana kuti migariro yokugara munyika.
  2. Common mugweta anopinda munyika ane unyanzvi munyika chaidzo dzinobatanidzwa, sezvo zivo yomunzvimbomo inogona kuchengetedza mwedzi yenguva yokugadzira.
  3. [ Chengeta mapepa akakwana [ kubva panhambo dzapakuvamba dzeukama, kubatanidza kurukurirano, zvinyorwa zvemari, uye kufamba nenzvimbo dzinoshandiswa.
  4. Njere nokuda kwemikana ingazivikanwa kupfurikidza nokurangarira dzimwe nzira dzakadai semavhiza evashanyi kana kuti mvumo dzokugara kwechinguvana apo kumbiriso dzehurumende dzinogadzirwa.
  5. Gara uchiziva pamusoro pechinjo dzemiitiro, sezvo mitemo inozivikanwa yeroorano inochinja nokukurumidza. Mawebsite ehurumende nemirau yokubuda inoremekedzwa zvinogovera mashoko akagadziridzwa.

Masangano enyika dzakawanda akadai se INHCR uye ILGA World anogovera zviwanikwa pakodzero dzeroorano nekotsekano. Masangano ane ruzivo rwakadai se [[FLT:]] American Immigation Lawers Association[[FLT:]] Anogovera mabhukwana egweta vakakwani. Nokuda kwavana vanotarisana nehurumende dzinoganhurirwa, masangano akaita se chinyorwa chekodzero dzeHuman Watch Watch [[FLT:]] chinyorwa chokufamba chamakwara maruramiro avanhu anowirirana naanobatira pamutemo nokuda kwomuitiro wokuvandudza.

mhedziso

Kodzero dzeroorano dzazova chisakiso chikuru mumuitiro wenzendo dzamarudzi ose nevhiza, kuratidzira chinjo huru mumanzwisisire anoita marudzi mhuri, kuenzana, uye uchangamire. Nepo fambiro mberi yave iri huru, nyika yose inoramba yakakamukana, kuchiparira mikana nemipinganidzo zvose zviri zviviri nokuda kwevakaroorana vanotsvaka kuyambukana. Kuziva maruramiro avanhu, kusundwa nekodzero dzavanhu, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye batira pamwe yamarudzi ose, zvinokarakadza kuti mhinganidzo dzakavakirwa paroorano dzichapfuurira kuderera. Zvisinei, varoorani vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira, vakasanosanoziva semiteveripo. Pakupedzisira, kuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzeroorano mumutemo wokutama hakusati kuri bedzi rutivi runokosha rwetsika dzapamutemo uye rusununguko rwavanhu kuti vavake miganhuro yemhuri.