Kuwandisa kwemotokari kunoramba kuri chimwe chedenho inopfuurira neinodhura zvikurusa inotarisana namaguta muUnited Kingdom. Kuvambira panzira dzakazadzwa dzemitsetse dzeLondon kusvikira kumibatanidzwa inovhuvhurika muManchester neBirmingham, girafting, harisati richingopambadza bedzi asi rinoderedzawo kunaka kwemhepo, rinowedzera kubudiswa kwecarbon, uye rinoisa mabhiriyoni emakirogiramu pakurasikirwa nemari gore rimwe nerimwe. Mitemo yeMayoral yakabuda sechinhu chikuru chokudzora chinetso ichi, kupa vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo simba rokushandisa noushingi, kuisa nzira dzinooneka kuti vanhu vanogona kudzokera seizve kutsika kumativi makuru eguta. Nyaya inonzvera simba remari pakuderedza kuderera, kunzvera kuderera, migumisiro yavo, uye mhinganidzo dzinosara.

Kuparara Kwemijaho Yemotokari Mumaguta eUK

Kuwandisa kwemotokari hakusi chinetso chitsva, asi kukomba kwakwo kwakawedzera nokuwedzera kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, kuva nemotokari, uye kukura kwemataundi. Mukuwirirana ne 2023 INRIX Global Traff Scecard, London yakarangarirwa seguta rechipiri rakatsvikinyidzana zvikurusa muEurope, navatyairi vachirasikirwa neavhareji yemaawa 156 pagore mumugwagwa. Birmingham, Manchester, Contenburg, uye Leeds zvinoratidzirawo zvakatanhamara mumitengo. Mutengo wemari unova mukuru: Centre of Economics and Business Research inofungidzira kuti kunonoka kwemite kweZ yeZvokute kunoparira kuti $7.9 bhiri rimwe gore kurasikirwa nokugadzirwa kwemari, kushaidzwa kwemafuta, kuwedzerwa kwamafuta, uye kupera motokari.

Kupfuura upfumi, kuwanda kwemhepo kunotapura zvakananga utano hwevanhu. Motokari dzinobudisa kuwanda kukuru kwenitrogen dioxide nenhau, zvinoparira zvirwere zvokufema nenzufu dzapamberi penguva. Mushumo 2022 weRoyal College of Physiciance yakabatanidza kushatiswa kwemhepo kunobatanidza rufu rwemhepo runopfuudza 36 000 pagore muUK. Reducation, naizvozvo, haisati iri nhauwo zvayo yebetsero yazvo neapondorose.

Masimba eMayoral uye Miitiro

Kuchinja kwamasimba ezvifambiso kunzvimbo dzinogara meya muEngland kwave kuri rutivi runorondedzera rwekudzora kweguta mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura. Majeya ezviremera zvakabatanidzwa zvakadai seManchester, West Midlands, uye Liverpool City Region zvino anodzora bhajeti yezvokufambisa zvikuru, gadziriro dzezvokuronga, uye mano okusuma pomero itsva kana kuti zvisundo. Meya weLondon ane chiremera chakatokura zvikuru, kubatanidza kutungamirira Kufamba kweLondon (TFL) uye simba rokushandisa zvirongwa zvokubatanidza mugwagwa. Magurukota aya anobvumira kuti agadzirire kuumba kubatana, unyanzvi hweguta rakafara hunodzorwa nevavariro dzakakura sereti greeter trate-fere.

Zvishandiso zvemitemo zvinowanika zvinosanganisira mari yokukwidza, nzvimbo dzinonzi dzinomira, kubhadharwa kwezvifambiso, kuiswa mari muzvivako zvezvifambiso zvavose, kutsaurirwa kwebhasikoro uye nzira dzinofamba nadzo, uye kushandiswa kwegadziriro dzokutarisira motokari dzakangwara. Hapana mutemo mumwe unoshanda uri woga; meya dzinobudirira dzinoita kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zviitwe zvakaro pamwe chete.

Mitongo Yokuzvidira

Muitiro mukuru wokutserendendeka kwemifananidzo muUK iCongestion Leagle yeLondon, yakatangwa naMayor Ken Livingstone muna 2003. Gadziriro inoraira vatyairi $15 pazuva (sokubvira muna 2024) kupinda munzvimbo yakagadzwa pakati peLondon pakati pa 07: 00 na 18:00 pavhiki. Migumisiro yokutanga yakarovanya: kufamba nomumatunhu akadonha ne30%, nguva dzerwendo dzakaderedzwa kusvika ku30%, uye kushandiswa kwebhazi kwakawedzera zvikuru. Mumakore apfuura, kubhadharwa kwacho kwakanatswa nokubviswa kwemotokari dzemagetsi, kutsaudzira vagari vemo, uye mari yakawedzerwa nokuda kwemotokari dzinoshatisa magetsi. Kubudirira kwemamwe maguta akafuridzirwa kurangarira mifananidzo yakafanana, kunyange zvazvo pasina kukwanisa kusvika kwadzokerwa.

Zvisinei, muitiro wacho wakatarisanawo netsoropodzo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti pomero inotapura zvikuru vatyairi vanotambira mari yakaderera zvikuru avo vasingagoni kubhadhara kana kuti kushaiwa zvimwe zvokufambisa zvavose. Vamwe vanonongedzera kuchinoitika che “miuyo inodzongonyedzwa,” umo motokari dzinongotsauka bedzi kumativi anodzorwa, kuwedzera kuoma kwemichina mumugwagwa weringi. Pasinei zvapo neiyi denho, Congesion GPG inoramba iri muenzaniso wakatanhamara wenzira iyo kuvamba kunogona kubvisa nayo kufamba kwemotokari kusingadikanwi uye kutsigira kufambiswa kwavose. Mitengo inogadzirwa ( $350 000 000 000 mu2022) inodzokororwa zvakananga muzvishandiro zveTL.

Kutenga Mari Mumotokari Dzavose

Kukura nokuwedzera kwezvokufambisa zvavose ibwe rekona remiitiro yokutsvikinyidzirana. Gadziriro yeFambamu yeManchester Greater Metrolink ibudiriro yakakwirira. Chifo chayo muna 1992 uye futunuko dzinotevera pasi paMayor Burnham, mubatanidzwa wenzvimbo inofukidza zvino makiromita anopfuura 40 uye kutakura vakwiri vanopfuura mamirioni 40 pagore. Summat yakarumbidzwa nokuderedza kutsamira kwemotokari mumakoriji yayo nokutsigira kukura kwayo kwakatsikirira. Nenzira yakafanana, West Midlands Metrod, yakatsigirwa naMayor Andry Street, yakawedzera mitsetse mitsva inoendesa kuBirmings kuWolkham nenharaunda dzakapoteredza, kugovera kupesana napanyuko inotendero.

Majer vakasundirawo nokuda kwevandudziko kumabasa ebhazi() donzo rinowanzoshandiswa zvikurusa rezvifambiso zvavose. Muna May 2024, Mayor Burnham akatanga chikwata chebhazi chokutanga chakagadzirwa kunze kweLondon pasi peBee Network, achiunza mabhazi makuru eManchester achidzorwa navanhu vose kwenguva yokutanga mumakumi amakore. Nharidzano ndeyokuisa bhazi, bhasi, bhasi, zvitima, uye zvitima mugadziriro yezvitima. Interbitiketi negadziriro dzeripo dzisingabhadharwi, zvino muLondon uye kurongedza kunze kwemamwe maguta, kuita kuti kutakura vanhu kwose kwakakodzera uye kunokwezva.

Zvisinei, kuisa mari yezvokufambisa vanhu vose kunotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinokosha. Kubviswa kwezvirongwa zveraruwe huru, zvakadai segumbo reHS2 rokumabvazuva rakasiya maguta okuchamhembe pasina kusimudzirwa kwaanoda zvikuru. Vadzori vamagweta vakabva vatendeukirazve kune dzimwe nzira dzemari dzinoshandiswa nedzinosanganisira kubhadharwa kwemari dzokupaka nokushanyira nzvimbo dzebasa, asi izvi zvakasimudzira zvinetso zvavo vezvematongerwe enyika.

Kusimudzira Kuchovha Nokufamba

Kufamba kusingadhuri ndeimwe yenzira dzinodhura zvikuru dzokuderedza nadzo kukwirira kwendege, kuvandudza kunaka kwemhepo, uye kusimudzira utano hwevanhu. Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, mameya akawanda eUK akavaka migwagwa yekutenderera kwechinguvana nokukurumidza muEmergency Movement Active Fund yehurumende. Dzimwe dzacho dzakaita kuti kufambiswa kweLondon kuve kwechigarire. Nekunay Mayor Sadiq Khan, atarisira kugadzirwa kwechikwata chemachitima 220-mamile, kubatanidza mugwagwa weFrigin Superhighway ne “Quietway". Izvi zvakatungamirira kuwedzero yewedzero inoshamisa mubhasikoro: TfLL data inoratidza kuti nzendo dzebhasikoro dzakaita mabhasikoro dzakapendi adarika kaviri kubva muna 2016.

Birmingham akateverawo, achiisa mamirioni $26 mugadziriro dzezviwiriso serutivi rweBirmingham Cursus Revolution. Guta zvino rine makiromita anopfuura 100 enzira dzebhasikoro, kubatanidza nzira dzakaparadzaniswa mumigwagwa mikuru seA38. Gadziriro dzokuchinja, dzakadai sokushandurwa kweParadhiso yeBirmingham nechisiko chenzvimbo dzavose, zvakaita kuti nzvimbo dzeguta dzifambe uye dzifadze. Nenzira yakafanana, “City Centre Translation” rongedzero yeLingradety ine migwagwa mitete, mikwidza, uye kusuma mipano 20 yemipidhi kuti ikurudzire kufamba nokuchovhara.

Kutadza kutakura motokari, kutadza kufambidzana nezvifambiso zvavose, kupfuurira kuisa mari muzvivako zvakachengetedzwa uye kungwarira pamotokari.

Kuwedzera Nzvimbo Dziri Kuyerera

Yakabatanidzwa nokuderera kwemamirire ezvinhu, Low Eugser Zone (LEZs) naUltra Low Eugserct Zoons (ULEZ) zvakarwisa motokari dzinoshatisa zvikurusa. ULEZ, yakatangwa muna 2019 uye yakafutunurwa muguta muna August 2023, inoda kuti purojeni yakura nedhiziri zvishayise mari yezuva nezuva ye $12.50. Muitiro wacho wave uchishanda zvikuru pakuderedza kushatisa mhepo: TFL unoshuma kuti kuisa mafuta mumhepo yakadzika ne46% muruwa uye 21% munharaunda yakakudzwa. ULZ inozadzisawo mutengo wezuva nezuva kupfurikidza nokudzivisa motokari dzinokuvadza kupinda munzvimbo dzakakwirira.

Mamwe maguta ari kutevera nhungamiro yeLondon. Birmingham akatanga nzvimbo yayo yeEair Moneral muna June 2021, achiraira motokari dzinofamba dzichikwira $88 pazuva kupinda pakati peguta. Tsitsi dzinobva kuBirmingham City Council dzinoratidza kuti mwero yokuteerera yapfuura 90%, uye mwero yenitrogen dioxide yakaderera mumiganhu yemitemo. Bradford, Portsmouth, uye Glasgow yakapinzawo LEZs, nepo Bristol’s Gleanska yaful Cleanty Moneach, iyo inobatanidza motokari dzinorenda nemotokari dzekare, zvakatanga kupera kwe2022.

Zvisinei, matunhu aya akatanga gakava guru.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vanoisa mutoro wemari usina kunaka pavatyairi vanowana mari shoma vasingagoni kuvandudza motokari dzavo. Mukupindura, vamwe vanameya vakatanga zvirongwa zvokushandisa mapeji evhu nerokushandira(dokokota reLondon rakagovera mamiriyoni 110 e $46 (Z $56) kuti ribatsire vagari kutsiva motokari dzekare. Kunyange zvakadaro, mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika anogona kuva anotyisa, sezvinoonekwa mumasarudzo omunharaunda umo ULEZ yakazova nhau inokakava negakava. Kudzikanisa zvinangwa zvemhoteredzo nemitemo yenzanga kunoramba kunoramba kuri basa rakaoma nokuda kwemugari upi noupi wemo.

Ruzivo Nezvigadzikiso Zvematai

Mitemo yeMayoral inosimbiswa zvikuru noruzivo rwemichina yakangwara uye mashoko chaiwoiwo. Masangano ezvifambiso zvemhesano dzemotokari anoshandisa mifungo, makamera, uye AI kugadziridza kufamba kwemitsetse, kugadziridza nguva dzinoratidza nguva, uye kudeya kufanoziva nguva dzinopisa. Kufamba kweSCOOT system yeLondon (Split Moffrection Optifiction Technique) ave achishanda kwamakumi amakore uye anopfuurira kushanduka-shanduka, kuchideredza kunonoka kusvika ku15% panzira huru dzemichina yokugadzira zvinhu.

Zvikuva zvemichina zviri kubatsirawo vanhu kuita zvisarudzo zvokufamba zvine ruzivo. Zvikamu zvakafanana neCitymapper, Google Mepu, uye TfL yeFurney Plannener zvinogovera mashoko enguva chaiyo pamusoro pemotokari, zvokufambisa zvavose, uye nzira dzokutenderera. Mamwe maguta ari kuedza ku “Maioki sebasa” (MaaS) mifananidzo inobatanidza mafomu akawanda kuti inyorese. Somuenzaniso, mutyairi wendege muWest Midlands anobvumira vashandisi kubhadhara mari yemwedzi nomwedzi yebhazi, motokari, uye mabhasikoro.

Humwe ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rune tarisiro yakabatana uye motokari dzinozvitonga. Kunyange zvazvo kurera vana kuchiri kure, meya dziri kugadzirira gadziriro dzokufambisa uye zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti zvigadzire maCAV. Muna 2023, hurumende yeUK yakazivisa mutengo we $100 000 000 000 muCaV, kubatanidza nzira muWest Midwands neManchester. Kana yakagadzirwa pamwero mukuru, SAVS ingagona kuderedza kukwirira nokufambisa mugwagwa unotsvetuka, uye kushandisa mugwagwa zvakanaka. Zvisinei, vanowedzerawo makiromita emotokari kana vakashandisa zvinhu.

Kugoverana mashoko pakati pezviremera zvakasiyana - siyana kunoramba kuri basa rakaoma. Maguta akawanda haakwanisi kubatanidza mashoko chaiwoiwo enguva nevashandi vezvokufambisa vakawanda. Majenya ari kusundira hurumende yepakati mirayiro yakasimba zvikuru kuva nechokwadi chokuti makambani anotakura vanhu ari oga (seUber naBolt) anogoverana mashoko okufamba, anogona kubatsira kuzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu.

Zvinetso Nezvidzidzo Zvakadzidzwa

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro dzinocherekedzwa, mitemo yemocha yekuderedza kunyanyowanda inotarisana nemhinganidzo huru. Zvirongwa zvezvokufambisa zvakawanda zvinotsamira pazvipo zvehurumende yepakati, izvo zvinogona kuva zvisingadeyi kuonwa uye zvisina kukwana. Somuenzaniso, kubviswa kwegumbo rokuchamhembe reHS2, kwakasiya dhora re $36 mabhiriyoni musimba renjanji. Vave vachidana nokuda kwemichina mikuru yezvifambiso, kubatanidza mano okukwereta norusununguko zvikuru nokuchengeta mwero yebhizimisi, asi fambiro mberi yave iri inononoka.

Kuramba kudzorwa nevoruzhinji ndichimwe chiteshi chikuru. Muitiro upi noupi unoshuva vatyairi kana kuti kuganhurirwa kushandiswa kwemotokari unotapukira mune zvematongerwe enyika. Kuwedzera kweULEZ muna 2023 kwakaratidzira kuti matanho okukurumidza kuisa kuvhengana anogona kuva nhau dzinokuvadza. Kukurukurirana kunoshanda kunokosha. Varidzi vanofanira kujekesa zvakajeka utano nebetsero dzemari, kugovera tsigiro yakakwana nokuda kwamapoka akatapukirwa, uye kuratidzira kuti mari iri kudzorerwa zvakanaka.

Kubatana pakati pezviremera zviri pedyo kunodenhawo. Kuda kudzora hakuremekedzi miganhu. Muitiro unosundira kufamba kubva panzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe unogona kungobvisa chinetso. Mameya eMetropolitan anogona kubetsera kupfurikidza nokusimudzira batira pamwe yenharaunda, asi havana simba pazviremera zvomumugwagwa mukuru womunzvimbomo. Kushaikwa kwechiremera chimwe chokudzora kuvhengana mumaguta akawanda kunoparira kuputsanya.

Pakupedzisira, kubudirira kunoparira denho dzakwo amene. Kuderedza kuwanda kwemibato kunogona kuparira kudikanwa kwakakura: sezvo migwagwa inova yakasununguka zvikuru, vanhu vazhinji vanosarudza kutyaira, pakupedzisira vachiwedzera nzvimbo iripo(a chinhu chinozivikanwa se “chinodikanwa chinoderera.” Ikoku kunoreva kuti kuderedza kuwanda ihondo inopfuurira panzvimbo pechigadzikiso chenguva imwe. Policies inofanira kugadziridzwa nokuwedzerwa zvishandiso zvokutarisira zvakasimba, zvakadai sepakingichairwa nokubhadharwa kwemotokari.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa Kwemasvingo Eguta reUK

Nepo London ichitungamirira nzira nefanidzo yayo huru yemari, zvifambiso zvavose, uye kuisa mari yokufambisa yavose, mamwe maguta eUK ari kugadzira nzira dzawo amene. Manchester, pasi paMayor Burnham, akatangira chinjo yezvifambiso zvavose nerwendo runoshingaira, pasina simbiso huru pamugwagwa. Mabhazi akakudziridzika eBee Network uye nharidzano yakakwirira yeMetrolink kugovera nzira yakanaka zvokuti kutyaira kunova chisarudzo chinokwezva zvishoma.

Birmingham neWest Midlands zvakashandisa nzira yakavhengana: Dec - Moyer Zone yakabatanidzwa nezvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvezvivako zvakadai sechiteshi chokuchinja cheHS2 (kunyange zvino chakati tsikiirei) uye Metro. Guta racho rakashandisawo mari yakawanda mukuchovha bhasikoro, asi kushandiswa kwemotokari kunoramba kuri kukuru, murutivi nemhaka yokuti nzanga yezvokufambisa zvavose yenharaunda yacho hainyanyi kunzwisiswa zvikuru kupfuura London.

Edinburgh yakagamuchira bhuku rokutambira rakasiana, ichinangidzira ngwariro pamiitiro yokupaka misha nepakati peguta, 20 mph nharaunda, uye kufamba netsoka. Mutsetse wemotokari dzomuguta, kunyange zvazvo unomutsa nharo mukati mekuvakwa, wakatakura nhamba dzinowedzera uye uri kukudzwa kusvikira kuLeith. Zvisinei, dzimbahwe reScotland richiri kurwisana nokukandwa kwenzira dzaro dzemaradial, uye kushaikwa kwezvisarudzo zvezvifambiso zvavose zvinotenderera.

Bristol anobuda nokuda kwezvirongwa zvayo zvechinzvimbo chokubatanidza Delete Moyer nenzvimbo yokupaka inoshandira, yakafanana neiyo yave ichishanda zvinobudirira muNottingham chifo cha 2012. Nottingham’s levy, inoshuva vashandirwi $422 pagore panzvimbo yokupaka (sokubva muna 2024), yakakwidza mamirioni anopfuura $60 nokuda kwokuvandudza kwezvokufambisa zvavose uye yakaderedza nhamba yenzendo nemotokari. Chikarakadzo chaBristol, chinononotswa nedenho dzemitemo, chinokarirwa kushanda muna 2025 uye chingagona kubatira semuenzaniso wemamwe maguta.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi: Kumaguta Asina Kusununguka

Nzira yokuderedza nayo kuwanda kwemotokari mumaguta eUK haina kururama kana kuti kupfupika, asi pane chikonzero chokuva netariro. Varoveredzi vari kushandisa nenzira inowedzera miitiro yakavakirwa paufakazi, vachidzidza mubudiriro dzomumwe nomumwe nokundikano, uye kukwidziridza nokuda kwamasimba makuru anobviswa. Hurumende yeUK 2023 “Trans Decarboning Plan" uye“ Wealctromence inter” zvakasimbisa kudikanwa kwokushandisa muchoto yomunzvimbomo ndokuderedza kutsamira kwemotokari, kunyange zvazvo misengwa yemari ichiri isina chokwadi.

Zviratidzo zvokutanga zvinopa mikana mitsva. Kushanda kwemhesano nemhesano, kwakawedzerwa nedenda, kwakaderedza nhamba yevanofamba panhamba dzepamusoro mumaguta akawanda. TfL data inoratidza kuti nzendo dzechubhu dzichiri panenge 85% yemapanje, nepo kufamba kusingadzoreki kwawedzera zvakasimba. Uku kuchinja kwokugadzirwa kungaderedza kuzara kwezvikamu mune mamwe mapaji, kana maguta achizogadziridza mitemo yawo maererano nezvaanoda.

Kugadzirwa kwezvikepe zvemotokari kuchaderedza kubudisa tsvina yemuswe asi hakuzopedzi kukwirira kwemotokari pachadzo kunoramba kuripo kusingachinji mugwagwa. Nokudaro, simbiso inofanira kuramba ichipfuudzira kubvisa mativi acho ose kubva pamotokari dzoga. Nhamba dzakadai semari inoiswa mumvura, LEZs, uye kuiswa kwemotokari kubasa kuchatonyanya kukosha sezvo maguta anoedza kutarisana nezvipfuro zvine sheya.

Pakupedzisira, mitemo yameya inobudirira zvikurusa ichava iyo inobatanidza karoti nokunamatira: kuisa mari muzvifambiso zvavanhu vose zvakaenzana, kuchovha mabhasikoro, uye zvivako nepo panguva imwe cheteyo vachiodza kushaikwa kwemotokari kusingadiwi kupfurikidza nepringi nemiraudzo. Meya yeLondon, Manchester, Birmingham, uye vamwe vakaratidza kuti chinjo inobvira, asi inoda chinodikanwa chezvamatongerwe enyika chakasimba, mari yakakwana, uye kuvimbisana kwapachokwadi navanhu. Rwendo rwokuenda kumaguta asina magetsi rwakareba nderwerefu, asi makiromita ari ose emugwagwa mutsva, mugwagwa wose wakasanokudzwa weMetrolink, uye nzvimbo iri yose inosakiswa inounza pedyo zvishoma.