Mutemo Wetsika Dzezvokufambisa Zvoruzhinji

Kufamba kwavose muUnited States kunodzorwa nemitemo mizhinji yehurumende, mitemo, uye nzira dzokushandisa mari. Kuvambira paUrban Mass Transportation Act ya1949 kusvikira kuInfrablicrective Informationmentment and Jobs Act ya2021, chikamu chikuru chose chemitemo yokufambisa chakaumbwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yokunzwa yesangano. Uku kunzwa kunobatira senzvimbo huru uko vagadziri vemitemo, nyanzvi, uye vanhu vanonzvera kuti mabasai, chisati, chisati, uye chinofanira kuchinja mukati memaitirwo enyika.

Zvipupuriro zveCongress zvinoitwa nematare nematare ezvibvumirano muzvose zviri zviviri Imba yaVamiririri neDare. Vanobvumira vaiti vemitemo kuunganidza chipupuriro chinobva kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, vatungamiriri veindasitiri, vanzveri vedzidzo, uye vatsigiri venzanga. Uku kuunganidza ufakazi kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa unyanzvi, mari, uye mativi enzanga ezvifambiso zvavose. Pasina kunzwa, mutemo waizonyorwa muimba isina chinhu, wabviswa kuzvinetso chaizvoizvo zvenyika izvo masangano okufambisa navatasvi vanotarisana nazvo zuva riri rose.

Muitiro wokunzwa unogoverawo kujeka nokuzvidavirira. Pakunoitwa pachena, marusando aya anopa vagari vemo navanyori venhau mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende. Chipupuriro chakanyorwa, mashoko akanyorwa, uye mishumo yedare zvinova rutivi rwechinyorwa chavose, zvichiumba chinyorwa chenhau icho vanzveri navadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa kuronda shanduka - shanduka yomutemo wezvokufambisa.

Kuoma Kwekunzwa Kwechechi Yechechi

Kunzwisisa kuti kushanda kwokunzwa kunokosha sei kukunzwisisa pesvedzero yako. Kunzwawo zvako kunowirirana nekurukurirano kunotevera magadzirirwo akarongwa, kuvamba nokutaura kwokuzarura kunobva pachigaro chedare. Chigaro chinoronga chinangwa chokunzwa, chinozivisa nhau chaiyo iri kurangarirwa, uye chinosimbisa ukuru hwekurukurirano. Mitezo inobvisa kubva muboka duku inopawo tsinhiro dzokuzarura, kazhinji kazhinji dzinosimbisa nharaunda dzekusabvumirana kana kuti zvimwe zvokutanga.

Mabhodhi eZvapupu ipapo anodanwa kupupurira. Aya mabhodhi anowanzobatanidza vakuru vakuru vanobva ku Fateral Transit Administration, vamiririri vanobva kumadhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa, vakuru vakuru vanobva kumasangano okufambisa, vatungamiriri vanobva mumasangano ebhizimisi akadai se American Public Transportation Association , uye nhau dzenyanzvi dzenhau dzemayunivhesiti kana kuti masangano okunzvera. Chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinopa mashoko akanyorwa pamberi pekunzwa uye kuendesa pfupiso. Pashure pechipupuriro, mitezo yedare inomutsa mibvunzo, kazhinji inopinza mumapfundo chaiwo, bhajeti yemikoro, nhevedzano dzemari, kana kuti purogiramu dzebhizimisi.

Nhambo yemubvunzo nemhinduro ndeuko kuumbwa kwemitemo kwapashoma zvikurusa kunoitika. Vagadziri vemitemo vanonzvera utera muzvikwereti zvinokarakadzwa, vanozivisa miuyo isingakanwi, uye zvapupu zvinodzvinyirira kuti zvipedze kugadziridza chaiko. Chapupu chisingagoni kugovera mhinduro inogutsa pamusoro pemari inobhadharwa kana kuti mukaha wokudzosera zvingasunda dare kuhwirudzura mutezo usati wafambira mberi kuimba yakazara.

Kuumba Kwakaita Nzeve Nenzira Yakananga

Kutemwa kwenyaya dzedare kunobatsira kuti pave nemitemo inoshandiswa pakuchengetedza upenyu.

Uchapupu Hwokuunganidza Uye Kuwana Chokwadi

Basa gurusa rokunzwa nderokuunganidza mashoko akavimbika. Vagadziri vemitemo inyanzvi; vashoma vane unyanzvi hwakadzama muinjiniya yokufambisa, gadziriro, kana kuti mari yepfuma. Kunzwa bhiriji iroro nokupa uchapupu hwenyanzvi hunojekesa nhau dzakaoma. Somuenzaniso, pakurangarira kugadziriswa kwenguva refu kweHighway Trust Fund, matare akanzwa kubva kuCongregation Ballet Ballet Office yeHurumende Accounting Office, uye nyanzvi dzezvemari. Chipupuriro chavo chinogovera mashoko anoruramisa kukwira mitero yemari, mari chaiyo, kana kuti kusuma masangano matsva okubhadhara mari.

Kuziva Nhau Nekuronga

Kunzwa kunoshandawo segadziriro yenyevero yapakuvamba. Apo gadziriro yokufambisa inowana tsaona huru kana kuti njodzi yemari, matare esangano anowanzoronga kunzwa kuti aongorore zvisakiso. Uku kunzwa kunogona kusimudzira chinetso chomunzvimbomo kungwariro yenyika, kumanikidza kuchinja kwapanyika. Somuenzaniso, kunzwa pashure pekurovanya kwa 2009 Metro yakatungamirira kukuwedzera kutarisira kwehurumende kwekotsekano yenjanji, kuchiguma nokusikwa kweFederal Transit Administration’s State Safety Overseight purogiramu. Pasi pokunzvera kwavose uko kunzwa kunogovera, nhau dzakadaro dzingaramba dziri pasi peradaradar system yemist com.

Kuvaka Bipartisan uye Muchengeti Wezvinhu Zvakawanda

Kufambisa vanhu ndeimwe nharaunda shomanene umo kubatira pamwe kwezvibvumirano kuchiri kubvira. Kunzwa kunoparira mhoteredzo yakarongeka kuti vagadziri vemitemo vanobva kumativi ose ari maviri vanzwe chipupuriro chimwe chetecho, vabvunze mibvunzo, uye vataurirane. Zvapupu zvinobva kwakasiyana - siyana munyika inozivikanwa namaidi anozivikanwa namano, zvinogona kupfavisa pfungwa. Chiratidzo cheFixing America's Surface Transport (FAST), somuenzaniso, Act, yakabuda kubva munhevedzano yenzwi umo mitezo yose iri miviri yeRepublican and Democratic komiti yakabvuma kudikanwa kwokukurumidza kwetsika, mari yokufambisa kwenguva refu.

Kunyora uye Kunyora Mitauro Yakanaka

Chinobudiswa chinooneka zvikurusa kugadziridzwa. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anonyora mutemo nokukurumidza pashure pokutonga, kubatanidza chinjo dzinokarakadzwa mukati mouchapupu. Chapupu chingakarakadza mutoo wakananga wokuparadzira mipiro yokufambisa, kana kuti nyanzvi ingawana chikanganiso mumutauro uyo ungaranga masangano okufambisa omumaruwa nenzira isingazivi. Iyi ruramiso kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inorongwa navashandi vedare mukupindura kuuchapupu uye inobatanidzwa mupepa rokupedzisira rinoshumwa kunzvimbo yakazara.

Fundo Dzenhau Dzenhau Dzenhau Dzakatapura Nzeve

Kuti unzwisise kutapura chaikoiko kwenyika yokuteerera kwemisangano muzvifambiso zvavose, kunobetsera kunzvera nhambo dzakati munhau umo kunzwa kwakachinja nhevedzano yomuitiro wehurumende.

Mutongo Wamataundi Wa1964 Wokufambisa Unotongwa

Pamberi pama 1960, kufambiswa kwavose kwakanga kuri zvikurukuru basa ravanhu, uye kubatanidzwa kwehurumende kwakanga kuri kuduku. Kudzorwa kwemikoto yemotokari kwaiparira njodzi mumaguta. Muna 1963 na 1964, Dare reDare paBanking neRange neHouse Committee on Banking neRangel rakava nenhevedzano yenzwi rakavakira mhaka yacho nokuda kweyamuro yehurumende. Zvapupu zvaibatanidza vanameya, vakuru vakuru vemotokari, uye varongi veguta vakapa ufakazi hwokuderera kwechitakuriso, kuputsika kwemitengo, uye ndyiko dzenzanga dzemibato yemotokari. Kunzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaita kuti kupfuure Urban Mas Toration Act yeUrban ya19644, iyo yakatanga gadziriro yokutanga yomubatanidzwa nomutemo nokuda kwezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvokufambisa.

1991 ISTEA Kunzwa Nokuchinja Kwezvokufambisa

Intermodal Surface SurFumation Act ya1991 yakamirira translations yapanyika yezvifambiso, ichisimbisa kufambiswa kwenzira uye kudzorwa kwemari kwakapfava. Kunzwa kwedare kwakatungamirira kuISTEA kwakagovera chipupuriro chakabva kumapoka emhoteredzo, bhasikoro namasangano ezvirongwa zvemishamba. Izvi zvapupu zvakataura kuti hurumende yehurumende haifaniri kutongovaki migwagwa mizhinji asi inofanira kuisa mari mukufambisa, simbi, uye miitiro yokufambisa isati iri inochinjika. Kunzwa kwakamanikidzirwa kwegamuchidzanwa kunomanikidzirwa kugoverana tafura navarevereri vezvifambi, kuchiguma chomutemo wakabvumira kuti mari iendese mumugwagwa kumaro anofamba. ISTEA inorangarirwa zvikuru semitemo yokufambisa inochinja zvikuru yomugumo wezana ramakore rechi20, uye magene ayo anogona kuteverwa zvakananga kuukwa mudare rokunzwa.

Kunzwa Kusina Kutsarukana Kunoitika Katrina

Muna 2005, dutu Katrina rakaparadza Gulf Coast uye rakaratidza kukanganisa kukuru mukuronga zvinhu zvokufambisa. Kunzwa kwedare kwakaitwa muna 2005 na2006 kwakaongorora kuti masangano ezvokufambisa akabvisa sei vanhu vakanga vasina kudzivirirwa, kuti zvinhu zvehurumende zvakabudisirwa sei, uye kuti zvirongwa zvokukurukurirana zvakakundikana sei. Uchapupu hwevakuru vakuru vemo vemo muNew Orleans neHouston hwakapa nhoroondo dzinorwadza dzenyongano uye kusafambika. Kunzwa uku kwakakanganisa zvakananga kuiswa kwezvinodikanwa zvokukurumidzira kwakarongwa mumapepa emari akatevera, pamwe nokugadzirwa kweFTA's Emergency Relief Program.

2021 Kushandiswa Kwemari uye Mabasa Kuita Kunzwa

Muenzaniso wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa wokunzwa kwomutemo mukuru iIfratura Investicement and Jobs Act (IJA) ya2021. Mumwedzi inoverengeka, House Committee on Transportation and Indrapublic public Committeement neDare rePrecional Committee yakava nokunzwa kwakawanda kwehurumende yeAmerica. Zvapupu zvaibatanidza Munyori weNzviteshi Pete Butigieg, vatungamiriri vapfumi vanobva mumaguta makuru, vafambi vomumaruwa, uye vamiririri vamiririri. Chipupuriro chakasimbisa ukurukudzo yokugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo inochengetedzwa, kudikanwa kwemari inotsaurirwa kugadziridza mamiriro okunze, uye ukoshi hwokupinda mukugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzinochengetwa nenzanga dzinochengetwa. Gadziro dzakawanda mupepa rokupedzisira, kubatanidza mabhiriyoni mabhiriyoni emadhoro okuwedzera nokugadzirwa kwemabhiri, mabhiridhiroma mabhiri akapiwa zvakananga neucha akapiwa neucha.

Vabati Vanokosha Nezvavanoita

Kunzwa kwedare pamusoro pezvokufambisa zvavose hakuwanzova kukurukurirana kuri nyore pakati pevagadziri vemitemo nechapupu chimwe chete.

Masangano Nevakuru Vakuru

Federal Transit Administration (FTA) neBato rePrommentationss (DOT) zvapupu zvinowanzova. Chipupuriro chavo chinogovera murangariro wehurumende pamuitiro wazvino uno, zvinodikanwa zvemari, uye denho. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanopanikirwawo pakuitwa kwemitemo iripo, vachiita kuti tere chimiro choutariri. Apo dare rinozivisa mukaha pakati pedonzo remitemo nechiito chesangano, ringakarakadza mutemo wokuvhara mukaha iwoyo.

Vamiririri Vemaindasitiri Nemasangano Ezvokutengeserana

Masangano akadai seAmerican Public Transportation Association (APTA), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offaiers (ASHTO), uye TRB (TRB) anomirira fariro dzemasangano okufambisa, vagadziri, uye mainjiniya. Chipupuriro chawo chinosimbisa zvikurukuru zvinhu zvinokosha zveindasitiri, zvakadai sokudzikamisa kwemari, kufambiswa kwemibato, uye kufambira mberi kwevashandi. Masangano ezvokutengeserana anowanzopa miraudzo ine udzame inoshandiswa nedare kugadzira mutauro wewiblic.

Mapoka Okutungamirira Vanhu Nemasangano Enzanga

Masangano asingapinduri mhindu, mapoka emhoteredzo, uye masangano enzanga anopupurirawo pakunzwa. Mapoka akadai seTransitCenter, Natural Resource Defense Council, uye Sierra Club anopikisana nokuda kwemitemo inoisa panzvimbo inorongeka, ruramisiro yemhoteredzo, uye shambidziko. Chipupuriro chawo chinovimbisa kuti manzwi evagari vemo vanotsamira pakufamba anonzwiwa, kubatanidza vatasvi vakaderera, vanhu vane urema, uye nzanga dzoruvara vanotsamira zvikuru pakufambisa vanhu vose.

Nyanzvi Nenzveri Dzinonzvera

Vatsvakurudzi vepaYunivhesiti uye vafungi kuti nyanzvi dzematangi dzinopa kuongorora kwadzo nyaya dzezvokufambisa. Uchapupu hwavo hunowanzobatanidza zvidzidzo zvemasvomhu, kugadzirwa kwemari, uye kuenzaniswa kwenyika dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, nyanzvi ingapupurira kuti kukwira mabhii anofambiswa, kumhanya kwebhazi kunoenderana neraruwe, kana kuti migumisiro yenguva refu yokutambira zvinhu. Ufakazi uhwu hunopa vagadziri vemitemo hwaro hwokusatora rutivi mukuongorora zvikarakadzo zvemitemo zvinokwikwidzana.

Kutapura Kwekunzwa Pamitemo Yokushandisa Mari Neyokuchengetedza

Misoro iyi inodzora kutemwa kwezvifambiso nokuti inotapura zvakananga kushanda uye mari yesangano rimwe nerimwe rinofambisa munyika yacho.

Kubvumira Nokukarakadzwa Kwemari Nezvikarakadzo Zvinotsigirwa Nehurumende

Kupa mari muUnited States kunobvumirwa kupfurikidza namabhiri ezvifambiso amakore akawanda, anowanzobvumirwa makore mashanu kusvikira kumatanhatu ari ose. Kunzwa kunoitirwa mukati menhambo yokunyorwazve kwakakomba nokuda kwokuronga mwero yemari nemiitiro. Mitezo yeDare inoshandisa chipupuriro chokuitira nharo nokuda kwemiganhu yazvo yakawedzerwa, nokuda kwemitoo chaiyo yakadai sebhazi kana kuti njanji, kana kuti nokuda kwepurogiramu itsva dzakadai sebetsero yokufambisa yokumaruwa. Ufakazi hunopiwa paidzidzinonzwi dzinoumba mabhiriyoni emadhora. Somuenzaniso, chinyorwa chokunzwa cheIIJA chakabatanidza kugadziridzwa kwamashoko kwakakwana kwemaruwa okutakura zvinhu, uko kwakapwisa vagadziri vemitemo kugovera mugove mukuru wemari seyamupindudziko yokugadzira zvakanaka.

Mipimo Yokuchengeteka Nokutarisira

Kunzwa kwechengeteko kunowanzoitika mumhinduro kutsaona kana kuti pedyo nengozi. Pashure pebonde renjanji pamutsetse wemotokari kana kuti tsaona yebhazi inobatanidza motokari inofambiswa navanhu vose, matare anonzvera kana mirau iripo yakakwana. Zvapupu zvinobva kuNational Traquation Safety Board (NTSB) zvinowana, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vesangano rokufambisa vanotsanangura kuti chii chakakanganisika. Idzi dzi nzeve dzinogona kutungamirira kutungamirira kumiramira mirayiro yemitemo, yakadai sokuda kuti zvidzore zvitima zvakanaka kana kuti kushandisa miitiro yokuedza zvinodhaka nezvinodhaka zvinoshanda zvikuru nokuda kwevashandi.

Matambudziko uye Kutadza Kunzwa

Nepo kunzwa kwesangano kuri zvishandiso zvine simba, hazvisi zvisina ganhuriro. Vatsoropodzi vanoonesa kuti kunzwa kunogona kuva kwechiito, navaiti vemitemo vanoshandisa nguva yavo nokuda kwokumira panzvimbo pebvunzi rechokwadi. Kusarudza Zvapupu kunodzorwa nevoruzhinji, uko kunogona kugadzira makamuri okudzokorora apo ufakazi hunotsigira bedzi hunonzwiwa. Kuwedzerazve, ukuru hukuru hwokunzwa pamusoro penhau dzinopfuudzira. Mitemo inokosha haitongotongogamuchiri kunzwika, zvikurukuru kana chigaro chedare rakakodzera chichidzivisa mutemo.

Rimwe denho idivi rokusawirirana pakati pechipupuriro chokunzwa nemiuyo yokupedzisira yemitemo. Kunyange apo mhaka inogombedzera inoitwa nokuda kwechinjo chaiyo yomuitiro, chinjo ingabviswa mukati mekurukurirano dzapasuo rakavharwa pakati pezvigaro zvedare noutungamiriri hwebato. Chinyorwa chokunzwa chizivikanwo, kwete kusungisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunzwa kunoramba kuri nzvimbo inosvikika zvikurusa nokuda kwevoruzhinji nevoruzivo rwezvokufambisa kuti kudzore muitiro wehurumende wokufambisa.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Nevadzidzisi Vanogona Kubatanidzwa Nayo

Vadzidzi vanogona kuongorora nyaya dzinotaurwa nezvapupu zvakasiyana - siyana, kuongorora mibvunzo inobvunzwa nevanopa mitemo, uye kuongorora kuti uchapupu hwokunzwa hunobatanidza sei rugwaro rwokupedzisira rwemitemo.

Vagari vemo vanoda kupesvedzera muitiro wezvokufambisa vanogonawo kutora rutivi kupfurikidza nokuonana nomutezo wavo womunzvimbomo weDare ndokukumbira kuti vasimudze nhau dzakananga mukati mekutonga kwedare.

mhedziso

Kunzwa kweCongress kunopfuura zvikuru magamuchidzanwa enhau. Idzo injini inofambisa kugadzirwa kwoufakazi hwakavakirwa muzvokufambisa kwavose. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwokungwarira ufakazi hwenyanzvi, kubvunza kwakakomba, uye kunzvera kwokujeka, uku kunzwa kunovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unotenderwa muchokwadi panzvimbo pepfungwa. Kubva kuhurumende yokutanga kupa ma 1960 mapurogiramu anopa mari yemari yepfuma yenhau yavanhu va2020, kunzwa kwakaumba ganhuro riri rose renhau yokufambisa America. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanoda kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinotapura sei mabhazi, zvitima, uye zvitima zvemagetsi zvinobatanidza nzanga, kamuri rokuteerera ndiko kunovamba nhau yacho.