Sumo

Kutarisira kwomutemo kunomira sechinhu chikuru chokutonga kwehurumende yedemocracy, chinoshanda segadziriro yokutanga iyo vamiririri vanosarudzwa vanotarisira, vanoongorora, uye vanonzvera mabasa ebazi guru. Chinangwa chikuru choutariri uhwu ndechokudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, tyisidziro isingaperi mugadziriro ipi neipi umo chiremera chinonangidzirwa. Nyaya inopa kurangarirwa kukuru kwokushanda kwemitemo mukuzadzika basa iroro rinonetsa. Inonzvera nheyo dzengano, mipimo yenhau, mitoo yenhau inoshanda, zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye mirangariro yakadzikamiswa zvinorondedzera kutarisira mugadziriro yehurumende dzazvino uno. Nokunzvera zvose zviri zviviri kubudirira nokukundikana, tinonzvera kuti matare anosanogona sei kuita sorusvingo pakudzorwa kwevakuru vakuru vakuru, uori, ushatsa, uye kushatsa kwemotokari.

Kunzwisisa kubudirira kwoutariri hwemitemo hakusi kungoshandisawo zvako kwedzidzo. Kunotapura zvakananga utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, mutemo, uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevagari vemo. Kana utariri hwakasimba, vakuru vakuru vachizvidavirira, zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinogona kuzivikanwa zviri nani, uye kuvimba navanhu kunogona kuchengetwa. Kana kusina simba, simba risingadzoreki rinogona kutungamirira kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwegadziriro yetsika. Kuongorora uku kunowana upfumi hwoufakazi hwenhau nehwenguva ino kupa murangariro wakadzikama wezvingaitwa nohunogona kupfupi.

Mavambo Ane Mirangariro Okutarisira Kwomutemo

Pamwoyo payo, kutungamirira kwomutemo kuzvidavirira. Mugadziriro yokuparadzana kwemasimba, musangano remitemo haisi dare rinongova bedzi mutezo unogadzira mitemo; imbwa inotarisirwa yechigarire pamusoro pomukuru mukuru. Iri basa rinosimbiswa muGNA rebumbiro remitemo rehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwaro nesimba zvichisiyana zvikuru. Kukura kwaro nesimba zvinogona kuva zvinochinja zvikuru.

Zvinangwa zvikuru zvokutarisira mitemo ndeizvi:

  • [ Kupa mhaka kuzvidavirira: Kupa vakuru vakuru mhaka kururamisa zvisarudzo zvavo nezviito kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa.
  • Kutanga ushati nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba: kuwana ndokudzivisa mufambiro usiri wapamutemo kana kuti usina kururama kupfurikidza nokuona nokunzvera.
  • Kubudisa kuonwa: kuita kuti mabasa ehurumende aoneke kuvose vari vaviri mubatanidzwa wemitemo uye vanhu, nokudaro kuchigonesa kurukurirano ine zivo.
  • Miuyo yokusafamba - famba: Kugovera cheki pamusoro pekukwanisa kwevakuru vakuru uye kukarakadza ruramiso kumitemo yakashata.
  • Kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vashomanene: Kusimbisa kuti mabasa avakuru vakuru haasati achidzvinyirira maruramiro amapoka asina dziviriro.

Kana asina utarisiri hunobudirira, mukuru mukuru anogona kutadza kuzvidavirira, zvichiita kuti asarudze zvinobatsira vashoma pane zvinokuvadza vakawanda.

Micromanagement

Musiyano wakakomba mukuyera tarisiro kutsaura pakati pekuzvidavirira kwapamutemo negadziriro yemicroup ine ngozi. Kutarisira kunobudirira kunonangidzira ngwariro pamuitiro wenzvimbo yakakwirira, pamutemo, uye ndyiko huru, kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa mumabasa avakuru vakuru ezuva nezuva. Apo masangano anodzorwa anogona kunyanyova anodzorwa, anogona kudzongonyedza nhau dzounyanzvi. Dzikamo pakati poutariri nehurumende zvinoshanda inova yakaisvonaka uye inosiyana mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kushanda Kwevatongi Vari Panyika

Nhau inogovera kurondedzerwa kukuru kwebudiriro dzemitemo nokukundikana.

Ramgate (1972 - 1974)

Nhau yeWatergate inoramba iri mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokutarisira kwomutemo kunobudirira. United States Congress, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neDare Rinosarudza Dare rePresidential Campaiting Activities, yakakurukura mashoko akajekeswa akafumura kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kukuru kwesimba ravakuru vakuru (hwuchibviswa kubva pakudzorwa kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamasangano akachenjera. Kuongorora kwezvibvumirano, kwakabatanidzwa nedzvinyiriro yemurangariro wavose nedare rehurumende rinobatira, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon kuti abviswe. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti apo tarisiro inosimbiswa, isingatyi, uye bipartarian, inogona kuunza kunyange mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende ane simba kuzvidavirira.

Iran-Contra Affir (ma80)

Mukati megadziriro yeReagan, chinyadziso chakaona bazu guru reIran richiputsa mutemo weU.S. kutengesa zvombo kuIran kuti zvitsigire vapanduki veContra muNicaragua, panguva yose apo vainzvenga kurambidzwa kweCongress. Nzvero yakatevera (Congression nedare reSangonication) yakafukura mabasa okuvhara. Nepo kunzvera kwakatungamirira kugadziridza kufanana neIntelligist Act, ivo vakazivisawo ganhuriro dzoutariri: vakuru vakuru vakuru vakakanganwirwa kana kuti vakanzvenga kuva nemhaka youtsotsi, uye bazu guru rinowanzoramba kuratidzirwa kuratidzirwa kwakazara. Mhaka yacho inoratidzira kuti tarisiro yokubatwa zvisina kufanira kweimba neIndaro inogona kuratidzira chirango chakachengeteka kana kuti kuchinja kwegadziriro.

Paramende yeBritain neHondo yeIraq (2003)

Nhamburiko dzeUnited Kingdom Paramende muchisarudzo chokuvhozhokera Iraq dzinosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba nekangaidziko youtarisiri hwemitemo. Hutton Inquiry neChilcot Inquiry dzakatangwa pashure pedzvinyiriro yavose, kunzvera kushandiswa kwehurumende kwouchenjeri (zvikurukurukuru "Dodgy dossier") uye kuva pamutemo kwehondo. Chilcot Report, yakabudiswa muna 2016, yakanga ine chiremera mukutsoropodza kwayo yaichimbova Mutungamiriri wehurumende Tony Blair nebumbiro rake rehurumende. Zvisinei, kunzvera kwakanga kusiri kunobatanidza uye hakuna kuguma nemigumisiro yapamutemo. Chichangaparira kuoneka nokuzvidavirira mumurangariro wenhau asi ungava netapuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaderera.

Kuongorora kwaPurezidhendi Park Geun-hye kweSouth Korea (206-2017)

Muenzaniso wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru wokutarisira kwakasimba wakabva kuSouth Korea. National Assembly yakatanga nzvero muushati hukuru hunobatanidza Purezidhendi Park Geun-hye naanomuvimba. Kutongwa kweParamende, pamwe chete nokuramba kukuru kwavose, zvakatungamirira kuvhoti yokusatevedzerwa yetsigiro. Dare reMitemo remitemo rakatsigira kusashanda zvakanaka kwedare, uye Park yakabviswa pahofisi uye gare gare akatongerwa kutorongo. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti muvambi weimba yemitemo, apo anowirirana nemirangariro yavose uye mutongi wehurumende, anogona kunzvera nenzira inobudirira kubatwa zvisina kufanira zvisina kufanira kwoukuru.

Michina Yokutarisira Mitemo Yacho: Chishandiso

Simba rokutarisira rinotsamira pakuvapo, kuzvimirira, uye kukwanisa kushanda kwemabasa aya.

Kutongwa Nedare Nokuongorora

Chimiro chinooneka zvikurusa chokutarisira idare rinoita kutonga, uko vakuru vakuru vanodanwa kupupurira. Matare anomira (sezvinei, pamusoro pemari, nhau dzokunze) anotarisirwa kwenguva dzose, apo matare chaiwo anoumbwa nokuda kwezvinyadziso zvakati. Kunzwa kunobudirira kunoda chigaro chine unyanzvi, vashandi vakakwana, uye simba rokumanikidza ufakazi nemagwaro. Masangano mazhinji emitemo ane chiremera chokupupurira vepopo kana kuti kuzvidza vanhu vamwe navamwe nokuda kwokusashandira pamwe.

Kutsvakurudza Nokunyora Mashoko

Chinoparira nzvero iri yose inobudirira vashandi venyanzvi. Matare anopinza basa magweta, vanzveri vemiitiro, uye vaongorori vanonyora mishumo, vanonzvera mashoko, uye vanogadzirira mibvunzo. Vara reiri vashandi rinotapura zvakananga miuyo yokutarisira. Masangano ezvirongwa zvepfuma anowanzorwisa kukwikwidzana namasangano avakuru vakuru akasanorongwa.

Kudzora Mari

"Simba rechikwama" ndimamwe ezvishandiso zvakasimba zvikurusa. Mitemo inogona kunyima mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakati, kubatanidza migariro kumishumo, kana kuti ndyiko dzemari dzinodzorwa. Mumasangano eparamende, chishoro chinoshandisa kurukurirano dzemari kunzvera zvinhu zvinokosha zvehurumende. Zvisinei, munyika dzakawanda, mukuru mukuru ane shandiro remari, achinetesa iyi nzvero.

Zvishandiso Zvokunzwa Nezvokuona Mavara Akati Onei

Mitemo inogonawo kushandisa kunzwa kumanikidza kuona kwevakuru vakuru, zvakadai sokuda masangano kuti ape mishumo yenguva dzose yebasa kana kuti kubudisa mashoko ezvapupu.

Kuwana Simba Romutemo Nokusimbisa

Mugadziriro yeU.S., simba reDare rokusimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru (kubatanidza vatongi navanyori vedare) rinogovera basa rokunzvera. Nenzira yakafanana, mamwe matare omutemo ane chibvumirano chemitemo pamibato yehurumende kana kuti mirau. Masimba aya anovimbisa kuti vashandi vakuru nezvisarudzo zvikuru zvinzverwe.

Zvinetso Zvokutarisira Zvinobudirira

Kubudirira kunoda kubvuma kuti utarisiri hunotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakaoma.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika azova akaparadzana nenzira inowedzera. Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora zvose zviri zviviri chigaro chomutemo nemukuru mukuru, tarisiro inogona kuva yakaneta, -- voruzhinji vehurumende vangaidzivirira pakunzvera. Nenzira inopesana, apo chishoro chinodzora chigaro chemitemo, tarisiro inogona kuva chombo chinotsiva, chinotungamirira kukunzvera kwapabonde napane chisarudzo. Ruvimbiko rwaparera runowanzokurira mutoro wehurumende.

Revo Asmmetry

Mapazu ane chiremera anodzora anodzora chaizvoizvo zviwanikwa zvakawanda: mauto amagweta, masangano chaiwo, uye ungwaru hwakarongwa. Mitemo, kunyange munyika dzakapfuma, inowanzova navashandi vaduku uye unyanzvi hushoma. Uku kusadzikama kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti matare apikire denho kukumbiro dzavakuru vakuru, zvikurukuru panhau dzounyanzvi dzakadai sechengeteko yenyika kana kuti miraudzo yetsika.

Ropafadzo Yakananga Nechivande

Vakuru vakuru vanowanzodzivisa kutarisirwa kupfurikidza nokukumbira chengeteko yenyika, ropafadzo yavakuru vakuru, kana kuti kuvanza zvakavanzika. Nepo kuvanza kwakati kuri madikanwa, kunogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kuvanza kusazvibata. Dzimwe nguva matare anosimudzira idzi rwisano, asi muitiro wacho unogona kuva unononoka uye mugumisiro hauna chokwadi. U.S. chinoitika nekusabvuma kwedare reTrump kubatira pamwe nesangano reCongregational poonals kunoratidzira kuti mukuru mukuru anogona sei kutarisira nenzira inobudirira matombo.

Kusakendenga Kworuzhinji Nokuparadzana Kwemashoko

Kutarisira kunobudirira kana vanhu vakasada kubatanidzwa kana kuti kutsauswa, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro shoma yokuita chimwe chinhu. Uyezve, kukamukana kwezvinobudisa nhau (partical TV, nzvimbo dzinotepfenyura zvinobudisa nhau) zvinoreva kuti kunzwa kwevateereri vakawanda kungasasvika kuvanhu vakawanda.

Kushaikwa Kwamasimba Anomanikidzirwa

Masangano mazhinjisa emitemo haagoni kuranga zvakananga vakuru vakuru vakuru nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata unofumurwa mukati moutariri. Vanogona kunongedzera nhau kumitemo kana kuti vachuchisi, asi mitumbi iyoyo ingava yakazvimirira kana kuti inowirirana nomukuru mukuru. Nzvero dzeParamende muHondo yeIraq hadzina kutungamirira kupomero dzoutsotsi. Pasina mazino, kutarisira kunogona kuva tiger yepepa.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Mashandiro Anoita Maitiro Akasiyana - siyana

Kuongorora kwokuenzanisa zvinhu kunoratidza zvinhu zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kana kuti zviitwe kunoratidza kuti urongwa hwacho hunoshanda sei.

Masangano aPurezidhendi (muchib., United States)

MuU.S., kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira chirongwa chakasimba chehurumende yakazvimirira. Imba neDare zvine zvirongwa zvakasimba zvedare, simba duku, uye tsika yokutarisira kwoudzori hwakaoma. Zvisinei, kubatana kweruwa kwakanetesa misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi: mitezo yezvikamu zvizhinji inodzivirira purezidhendi webato ravo, nepo vashoma vanoshandisa kunzwa nokuda kwokutumira mashoko. U.S. gadziriro yeU.S. inopawo mapfundo akawanda okupinda nokuda kwokutarisira (g., GAO, CB, InquI General) asi inotambura nokuparadzanya.

Westminster Paramende System (muchib., United Kingdom, Canada, Australia)

Muidzi gadziriro, mutarisiri anotorwa mudare remitemo uye anoraira zvikurukuru voruzhinji. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kunogona kuita kuti tarisiro ive yenhando nemhaka yokuti hurumende inodzora purogiramu dzemitemo. Zvisinei, miitiro yakafanana nenguva yemibvunzo, matare anosarudza, uye mutungamiriri weparamende anogovera mikoto yokunzvera. Matare anosarudza eUK' anoremekedzwa zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoita mishumo inopesana. Chinodaro, kudzora kwehurumende pamusoro pemiganhu yemiganhu yemitemo.

Hybrid neSemi - Presidey Systems (munzira, France, Poland)

Mumiitiro isati yamboitwa, vatarisiri vanotsamira pakuti purezidhendi neparamende ndezvakabva muboka rimwe kana kuti mu “kugara." Kugarwa kazhinji kazhinji kunosimbisa utariri, sezvo mupamba yemitemo inoshandisa masimba ake kunzvera purezidhendi. MuFrance, Gungano reNational Gungano rinogona kuumba matare anonzvera, asi masimba avo anoganhurirwa kuenzaniswa neU.S. Congress. muPoland, chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pasi poMutemo neMutongi dzakanetezo wokutarisira, kusimbisa kudzorwa kwegadziriro idzi kuti dzibatire vakuru vakuru.

Vadzori Vatsva Navamiriri Vacho

Mumasangano matsva ehurumende matsva, masangano anotarisira akatangwa nenzira yakarongeka asi akaneta. Zviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa, kushayikwa kwavashandi vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, uye kudzorwa kwehurumende zvinoderedza kubudirira kwazvo. Munyika dzakafanana neHungary, mutungamiriri akashandisa simba rake guru reparamende kuparadza mitumbi yavatariri uye kuderedza mano etsoropodzo kunzvera. Kudzivirira kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba mumamitemo akadaro kunowanzova nechokunze kwevatambi vemitambo (muchib., European Union, nyika yose) panzvimbo pokutarisira kwomutemo wehurumende dzomunyika.

Kuvandudza Kubudirira Kwoutariri Hwokutarisira Zvapamutemo

Zvichitsamira pakuongorora kwacho, kuchinja kunoverengeka kunogona kuwedzera simba rokutarisira uye kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba.

Kusimbisa Kuzvimirira kweDare

Matare anofanira kuva navashandi, vasingaparati, zviremera zvakajeka, uye simba rokuita kuti kuteererwa kusava nedzongonyedzo yavakuru vakuru. Rudungwe rwakagadzwa rwekutongwa, panzvimbo pedzinongova dzinoparirwa nenjodzi bedzi, runovimbisa nzvero dzinopfuurira. Maparamende mazhinji akagamuchira "kusashandiswa" uye "kusarongwa" gadziriro dzinoda kuhwirudzurwa kwapanhambo nenhambo kwamasangano namapurogiramu.

Mitumbi Yokuongorora Nokutsvakurudza Ine Simba

Mahofisi anonzvera ehurumende (muremo, GAO muUS, NAO muUK) anogovera tsigiro yakakomba nokuda kwoutarisiri hwemitemo. Masangano iwaya anofanira kuzvimirira uye kusanorongwa, ane chiremera chokunzvera ndyiko dzose dzavakuru vakuru uye mushumo kudare. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano okunzvera mitemo anogona kugovera donzo.

Kuderedza Kurongwa Kwokuongorora Zvinhu

Mitemo inoda kudzorwa kukurusa kwezvinyorwa zvepoena kana kuti kuva namanzwi mumatare maduku inogona kudzivisa utariri. Chinjo kuva nechokwadi chokuti vashomanene vanogona kutanga nzvero, kana kuti kuti matare ane zvigaro zvakabva kumativi ose ari maviri, angabetsera. Zvisinei, hapana gadziridzo iri nyore yevhiringi rekukurumidza kupfupika.

Kukurudzira Kubatanidzwa Pachena

Kutongwa kwenhau dzinogara, kubudisa mishumo iri mumishumo inowanika, uye kushandisa zvinobudisa nhau kuti vaone zvakawanikwa zvinogona kuwedzera kudzvinyirira kwevanhu.

Mikaha Yokuvhara

Mitemo inofanira kuva nesimba rokuenda kudare kundomanikidza vapunda pasina kudzorwa nevakuru vakuru. Matsotsi anopa chiremera kuvachuchisi vakazvimirira anofanira kuva anosungirwa apo utarisiri hunozivisa ufakazi hwemhosva dzakakomba. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita matare akananga anorwisana nouori ane masimba okugadzira zvinhu.

Mugumisiro: Kuongorora Kusingataurwi, Kusakwana

Kubvisa kushanda kwoutarisiri hwemitemo mukudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kunopa chisarudzo chakajeka. Kune budiriro dzakajeka: Watergate, kutsoropodzwa kweSouth Korea, uye nzvero duku dzisingaverengeki idzo dzakaruramisa kosi uye dzakaita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Kunyanyofumura kwakafumura zvikanganiso, mitoo yakavandudzwa, uye kudzorwa kwomufambiro usina kufanira womunguva yemberi. Asi kundikano dzinooneka zvakaenzana: Kunzvera kweIraq Hondo hakuitwe zvibvumikiso; mabhuro egirabhuro akapidhi anonzvera muUnited States; uye munyika dzakawanda, kutarisira muitiro usina maturo kudzivirira kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakakomba.

Kubudirira kwoutariri pakupedzisira kunotsamira pamubatanidzwa wegadziriro yesangano, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo kunoshanda. Hapana gadziriro inodzivisa kukundikana. Zvisinei, kuzvipira kutarira(apo muitiro, kwete kungova murairo chete) zvinoramba zviri chimwe chedziviriro yakasimba zvikurusa pakuisa ngwariro nokushandisa simba zvisina kufanira. Madhimonacracca anoisa mumitemo yawo yemitemo ine pfuma, kuzvimirira, uye tsigiro yavose zvinoshongedzerwa zviri nani kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukuru mukuru wacho anoramba ane mhosva. Munhambo yokuwedzera kwechikwata cheputukizimu uye mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende, kusimbisa kutungamirira kwemitemo hakusi hachingovawo bedzi chinjo yezvokushanda; idziviriro inokosha yokupukunyuka kwoutongi hwehurumende.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, rangarira izvi zviwanikwa zvokunze: Brookings Institution on targery recurervition , i [[FLT]] Intelligary Union's pautariri hweparamende[, uye [[FLT]] book yaInternational IDEA's prognational’s projecter shoption []