Kutanga Kuziva Mashoko Akavanzika Emapurisa

Mitemo yamapurisa yakavanzika nechakavanzika zvinodzorwa nebasa remitemo yehurumende muUnited States yose. Iyi mitemo inoraira kuti masangano anochengeta mutemo anounganidza sei, anochengeta, anoshandisa, uye anogoverana mashoko pamusoro pavagari vemo — kubva pamapepa okusungwa uye kuongororwa kusvikira kumirayiridzo yezvokudzora uye nzvimbo. Nepo mitemo yehurumende yakadai seFishery Profectal Protection Act ya1979 inogovera dziviriro dzetsika, mitemo mizhinji yepasi inodzorwa inobva kudzimba dzehurumende. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano yetsika yehurumende inokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanoda kuziva kodzero dzavo.

Kupesana pakati pekuona pachena kwevanhu uye kuvandika kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe kwakakura sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwunoita kuti zviwanwe zvakawanda zvemashoko. Makamera anokamuranisa, varavi vemaraibhurari anogadzirwa nemotokari, mapurogiramu okuziva chiso, uye zvikuva zvemichina zvinobudisa mashoko akawanda anokurumidza kuzivikanwa. Mitemo yehurumende inofanira kuita dzikamo: kuvimbisa kuti mapurisa ava kuda mashoko okuongorora apo anodzivirira vagari vemo pakuongorora kusina kururama, kuba chiziviso, uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemashoko omunhu oga.

Kupfuudzira Kusiyana Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Hakuna maruwa maviri anobata mashoko amapurisa nenzira yakafanana zvikuru. Mamwe, kufanana neCalifornia neNew York, ane gadziriro dzakavanzika dzakasimba dzinoganhurira kusvika kuzvinyorwa zvakadai semugshot, kushandisa mishumo yedare, uye kudzorwa kwemitumbi. Mamwe, akadai seTexas neFlorida, anosimbisa marekodhi akazaruka nokuwana kwavanhu, neganhuriro shomanene pakuparadzira. Uku kunobva mumisiyano yetsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, murangariro wavose, matare, uye zvinokosha zvemitemo.

Mitemo yeFederal inoisa uriri — somuenzaniso, Health Inishuwarensi Portability and Acconostic Act (HIPAA) inodzivirira mashoko ezvokurapa kunyange apo inochengetwa namapurisa, uye Family Educational Rights and Ancy Act (FERPA) inodzivirira zvinyorwa zvavadzidzi. Asi mapoka mazhinjisa emashoko amapurisa anokundikana kudzorwa nehurumende. Kuwedzerazve, hurumende dzinofanira kuronga nhau apo mitemo yehurumende yomunzvimbomo kana kuti mahofisi emapurisa eguta anorwisana nomutemo wehurumende. Mugumisiro wacho imhoteredzo yapamutemo umo rudzi rumwe rwemashoko rungava rwavose munyika imwe uye zvakavanzika mune imwe.

Marudzi Anozivikanwa Navose Emashoko Amapurisa Anofukidzwa Nemitemo yeHurumende

Mitemo yehurumende inowanzotaura nezvemashoko akasiyana - siyana.

Mashoko Anogona Kuzivikanwa (PII)

ZVIMWE ZVIMWE ZVINOTAURWA NEVAMWE ZVIMWE ZVOKUBVUNZA KUTI ZVINOTAURWA NEVAMWE ZVIMWE ZVENYIKA

Zvinyorwa Zvematsotsi

Mashoko enhau eutsotsi — kusungwa, kupwiswa, zvibvumikiso, uye zvimiro zvendangariro — zvinodzorwa nemwero yakasiana - siana yezvakavanzika. Hurumende dzakawanda dzinoganhurira kusvika kwezvinyorwa zvokusabatanidza (kusatenderwa kuteverwa nokusateverwa) ndokuzvibvisa kana kuti kuzviisa pashure penguva yakati. Vashandirwi navagari vemo havawanzogona kuwana marekodhi akanamatidzwa. Kubudisa mashoko kwakakomba kunodzorwawo; zvinenge nyika gumi nembiri dzinoganhurirwa kumira mawebhuro ezvokutengeserana kana kuti kudikanwa kwemipikicha pashure pokunge zviitiko zvapedzwa.

Kufamba Netsoka Nevhidhiyo Yemuviri îCamera

Kumuka kwemakamera echikwata chakaparira chiverengero chemitemo yehurumende. Hurumende zhinjisa dzinoparira kuhesvurwa kwemitemo yezvinyorwa zvavose nokuda kwamarudzi akati ezvigaro zvomunhu oga: mukati medzimba dzakati, dzinoratidzira vaduku, dzinoratidza vanyajambwa vedenho yevatano, kana kuti mashoko ezvokurapa. Policies anosiana panguva apo tsoka dzinofanira kusunungurwa pashure pechinoitika chinodenha uye idzo dzinogona kuirangarira (mitezo yemhuri, makambani anotarisira, vanhu). Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vakuru vakuru vakuru kuzivisa apo dzinenge dzichinyorwa.

Zvinyorwa Zvekurukurirano

Mapurisa anowanzounganidza matanda, mashoko etsamba, uye tsamba kubva kuvanyumwiri, vanyajambwa, uye zvapupu. Mitemo inorovanya inodzora kumiswa kwekurukurirano. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kubvumira kwose kwokunyora; dzimwe dzinobvumira kubvumira kumwe. Kubvumira kuchengetwa kwemitemo kuti kuchengetedze kurukurirano (semashoko enzvimbo yenzvimbo yesero) kunodzorwa neSangano reTelld Communications Act rehurumende asi matare ehurumende akagadza zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera nokuda kwokunyora kwenzvimbo chaiyoiyo.

Mitauro yenzvimbo

Mitemo yehurumende inowedzera kuda tsamba isati yapiwa mashoko enhau ezvitako kana kuti kushandisa masero anorasa masero. Nyika dzakawanda dzinorambidza kuchengetwa kwemaselfoni, magramu, uye dzinorambidza kuvharwa pashure penguva pfupi kana pasina mhosva.

Mitemo Yehurumende Inocherechedzwa: Mienzaniso Inopfuura Yechiduku

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagadza mitemo yemashoko echipurisa akakwana kana kuti itsva iyo inobatira semienzaniso yedzimwe nyika.

California

California Public Records Act (CPRA) yakagadziridzwa yagadziridzwazve kudzikamisa kuoneka nokuviga. Pashure pa2018 “Chiedza neChiviganwa” mutemo weCalifornia unoganhurira kusvika kumuviri we‘camerara ’ unovhozhokera kariro ine mufungo yokuva woga. Hurumende inorambidzawo kubudiswa kwemijenya nokuda kwezvinangwa zvebhizimisi uye inorambidza kushandiswa kwokuziva chiso mumakamera echipurisa. California Consumerkhocy Act (CPA) haishandisi zvakananga kuronze kurongedzero yomutemo, asi rondedzero yayo yakafara ye “mashoko anowanikwa omunhu oga” inodzivisa kugadziridza miitiro yemiitiro yebhizimisi inowirirana nemapurisa.

New York

Chivil Rights Law yeNew York Í 50̆a yakabviswa muna 2020, ichiguma makumi amakore echivande chakakwana chezvinyorwa zvamapurisa zvokuranga. Zvino, zvinyorwa zvomufambiro wakashata, kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kunyunyuta zvinovhurika nenzira inokatyamadza. Zvisinei, New York inoganhurirawo kubudiswa kwechikamu chaizoziva zviziviso zvakavanzika kana kuti kuzivisa mashoko ezvokurapa akavanzika. “New York Accuracy Act" (akapiwa) yaizopa vagari vapo kodzero dzakasimba zvikuru pamusoro pemirayiridzo yamapurisa, asi ichigere kupfuudza.

Texas

Texas ine tsika dzakavhurika. Its Public Information Act inoda kuti zvinyorwa zvamapurisa zviziviswe kutoti kutoti chazvinoshanda. Zvinobatanidza mashoko angadzongonyedza kufeyafeya, kupinda muzvinhu zvomunhu oga, kana kuti kuisa mungozi munhu. Texas inorairawo kuti makumbo emuviri ēngara asunungurwe mukati menguva ine mufungo pashure pechinoitika chinotambudza, chinodzorwa netapuro. Muna 2021, hurumende yakaganhurira kushandiswa kwekuzivikanwa kwechiso, ichida maruramiro chokunzverwa kunoenderera mberi.

Illinois

Illinois Bimet Information Act (BIPA) ndiimwe yemitemo yebiometricdata inodzorwa zvikuru munyika. Kunoda mapurisa (nechinhu chipi nechipi chavanhu) kuti awane kubvuma kwakanyorwa pamberi pokuunganidza maminwe, zvipikicha zvechiso, kana kuti zvikavhara zveringi. BIPA inorairawo purogiramu inowanika pachena. Madhipatimendi emapurisa akamanikidza kuti aganhurire kushandisa kwavo kuzivikanwa nechiso uye zvirongwa zveminwe zvinoshanda.

Virginia

Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA) inopa vagari kodzero dzokupinda, kururama, uye kubvisa mashoko omunhu oga anochengetwa namabhizimisi — asi inohesvurwa kuchengetwa kwomutemo. Zvisinei, Virginia ine mutemo wakaparadzana unodzora mapurisa kushandiswa kwemashoko: inoganhurira mashoko anongoshanda erezinesi kumazuva 7 kunze kwokunge abatanidzwa nokunzvera kwokushingaira, uye inoda maruramiro esero chepanzvimbo. Muna 2022, Virginia yakarambidzawo kushandiswa kwokuzivikanwa nechiso mumakamera kunze kwemigariro miduku.

Matambudziko uye Kutarisirwa Muzvinhu Zvinotaura Nemapurisa

Kudzikamisa kuva woga nokuchengetwa kwemitemo kunoramba kuri chinetso chinopfuurira.

Mavs.

Mitemo yavose yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, asi kuziviswa kwakafara kwemashoko emapurisa kunogona kukuvadza vanhu zvisina kururama, zvikurukuru avo vasina kupiwa mhaka. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kubatanidza tsono kupfurikidza nokuita “donzo rakavakirwa pa” ganhuriro — kuchibvumira kusvika nokuda kwamadonzo enhau kana kuti okunzvera asi kuchidzivisa kushandiswa kwezvokutengeserana. Dzimwe dzinotsamira papective, asi kushatisa kwebhuku kunodhura uye chikanganiso. Tsoka imwe inogona kutungamirira kukupeta kana kuti kudzosera pachena.

Kubuda Kwomutemo Wezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Ruzivo rutsva rwemichina yemundege — yakadai semadhiropu anofanotaurwa, maatomu anoshanda, uye kuongorora zvemagariro evanhu — kazhinji kacho inoshanda munzvimbo yachena pamutemo. Mitemo yenyika inowanzotarisira zvishandiso izvi. Somuenzaniso, nyika shoma dzinodzora zvakajeka kuunganidzwa kwemashoko kubva kumichina yechitatu (sub., nzvimbo dzinobva kuvakwa nenyanzvi dzinokwanisa kufambisa zvinhu) kana kuti kubva paIndaneti. Vatsigiri vanoda kuti zvigadzirwa zvezvigadzirwa zvebasa zvakavanzika zvinonangidzirwa pakunzwisisa mashoko uye chinangwa chokuunganidza, panzvimbo pechishandiso chaicho.

Kutonga Kwedare uye Kududzira

Matare makuru ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha. Somuenzaniso, Dare guru reCalifornia mu Long Beach Polices Association v. City of Long Beach (2014 yaidavira kuti zvinyorwa zvavashandi hazvingodikanirwi kuziviswa; zvinofanira kuongororwa nechinyorwa. MuMassachusetts, Supreme Jujication Court yakatonga kuti mapurisa haagoni kuwana mashoko enzvimbo yeseroji isina pamutemo, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende panguva yacho usina kuda kuti pave nomumwe.

Kugoverana Mashoko Kurevererwa

Mitemo yamapurisa inowanzopinda mumitsetse yehurumende kupfurikidza namasangano amashoko enharaunda kupfurikidza namasangano anogoverana (zvakadai seLaw Enigsterment Information Exchange). Hurumende ine mitemo yakavanzika yorumano ingawana mashoko ayo achiratidzirwa munyika ine mitemo isingadzoreki. Interstate compacts uye mirauriro yemifungo inoshandiswa kurangarira ikoku, asi kudzikamisa kwakaoma. Purogiramu yeGavana reCriminal Information Systems (CJIS) inogadza mipimo yakaderera yechengeteko yakakwana, asi haisati isati isati idzosa mitemo yakavanzika yehurumende.

Tapuro Pakumanikidzwa kwoMutemo

Mitemo yehurumende yezvakavanzika inoisa mitoro inokosha inoshanda pamadhipatimendi emapurisa. Mitemo inofanira kuisa mari mumagadziriro anokwanisa kudzora kupinda, kuronga kunyora, uye kugadzira matanda. Vatarisiri vokurovedza panogona kunyorwa, kuchengetwa, uye kugoveranwa zvinokosha — asi madhipatimendi maduku akawanda haana zvinhu zvokurovedza zvakakwana.

Ndyiko dzemari dzinogona kuva dzakakura. Body ābbamira vhidhiyo inoda kuchengeterwa kwakazvitsaurira, uye purogiramu yekombiyuta yependi kuvhara zviso, mapepa erezenisi, uye mashoko omunhu oga zvinodhura. Mahofisi anotadza kuwirirana angatarisana nemhosva, kurasikirwa nemari inopa mari, kana kuti kusavimbwa navanhu. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mipimo yakapararira kuti dzideredze mutoro uyu, somuenzaniso kupfurikidza nokugadzira zvirongwa zvemiviri yedamu.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, mitemo yakajeka inobetserawo kuchengetwa kwomutemo. Apo mirau inenge yakarurama, vakuru vakuru vanoziva miganhu yemashoko anobvumirwa kushandiswa. Mitemo yakavanzika yakaiswa inogona kuderedza ngozi yokudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi, sezvo matare angasatongorega mashoko anowanwa mukuwirirana nemirau yakajeka. Mitemo yemashoko inonyandura inosimbisawo chivimbo chavanhu, uko kunotsoropodza nokuda kwegadziriro inobudirira yokushanda kwemapurisa.

Kutapura Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo Nekariro

Vanhu havawanzozivi kuti mapurisa ane mashoko api pamusoro pavo kana kuti angashandisa sei kodzero dzavo. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokuziva kuti muviri wawakawirwa nechinhu chimwe chete uripo inosiyana - siyana. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vanhu kukumbira kudziviswa kana bedzi vari nyaya yechiitiko; vamwe vanobvumira munhu upi noupi kuti akumbire kukwirirwa, kugadziriswa.

Masangano akawanda ane gadziriro dzokudzivirira vanyajambwa vePII, asi vanotsigira izvi havasi kumanikidzwa nguva dzose. Chisimba chomumba uye vapukunyuki vedenho dzevatano vanotapurwa vanotapurwa zvikurukuru vanotapurwa nevatano vanotapurwa, uye hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakaita dziviriro chaidzoidzo, dzakadai sepurogiramu dzapachivande dzehurukuro dzevanyajambwa vepiI.

Vagari vanewo mano akaganhurirwa okururamisa mashoko asina kururama. Kana muchina unobudiswa paIndaneti asi pomero dzacho dzinoderedzwa, munhu angada kutsamira pamitemo yokubvisa hurumende kubvisa mufananidzo wacho — mutoo unodhura nenguva. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti zvino kubvisa shatiso mumapepa avose pashure pokunge mhaka yarambwa, asi kuteerera kunoitwa navapunzi vemazita vomunhu hakuwirirani.

Miitiro Yenguva Yemberi Nemitemo

Masangano ehurumende ari kupfuurira kugadza nokunatsa mitemo yezvemari yamashoko amapurisa.

Kuchinja Kwemashandiro Ezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakugadzira Masero

Nyika dzakawanda dziri kufungawo zvakafanana, kunyanya sokuzivikanwa kwekushandiswa kwezviso. Zvikwereti zvinonzi zvinoda kuti zvinyorwe zvitange zvashandiswa panguva chaiyo uye kuti zvigadzirwe zvinenge zvichinzi zvinoshandiswa pachiso.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kufanofungidzira

Zvishandiso zveAI zvinofanotaura zvikwata zvinopisa zvoutsotsi kana kuti zvikamu zvine ngozi zvakaongororwa. Nyika shomanene, dzakadai seNew York neCalifornia, dzakatanga mabhiri anoda kuoneka nokuongororwa kwemaatomu anoshandiswa nemapurisa. Mitemo iyi ingarayira kuti madhipatimendi azivise mashoko uye ruzivo rwemiitiro kutevera zvirevo zvemiitiro youmboo inoshopera uye inorambidza kushandisa mamwe marudzi emashoko (mhidziyo, rudzi kana kuti mubato wemagariro) sezviteshi.

Kunyora Mashoko Neganhuriro Dzokurega Kunyora

Mitezo iri kufambira mberi ku “kuderedza mashoko” — kuunganidza zvinodiwa nokuda kwechinangwa chakakodzera uye kukurumidza kubvisa. Somuenzaniso, Colorado inoganhurira kuchengetwa kwemashoko anongoshanda omunhu anonyorwa enisitapu yeraisendi kumazuva 90 kunze kwokunge aiswa panzvimbo. Mitemo yakafanana nokuda kwemafitiro edrone nevhidhiyo yemuviri .

Dzvinyiriro Yehurumende Nokubatana Kwenyika

Nepo mutemo wamashoko akavanzika amapurisa womubatanidzwa unoramba usingabviri munguva inoswedera pedyo, Department of Justice Programs rinopfuurira kuvandudza Criminal Justice Informations Security Policy. United States iyo inoda kutora rutivi mugadziriro dzinopa mubatanidzwa inofanira kuwirirana. Mukuwedzera, National Association of State Chief Information Manerst Offices anoshanda pamiitiro yezvisarudzo yehurumende nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo, ichivavarira kuderedza kukamukana.

mhedziso

Mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvamapurisa uye zvakavanzika inoshamisa zvikuru uye yakasiana zvikuru. Inoratidzira kurukurirano huru dzenzanga pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo chengeteko yavose, kuoneka kwehurumende, uye kuvandika kwomunhu oga. Masangano anotarisira mutemo, kufambisa iyi nzvimbo inoda dzidzo yenguva dzose, kutengeserana muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye miitiro yakajeka. Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi ndiyo nhano yokutanga kudzivirira kodzero dzavo uye kuita kuti mapurisa azvidavirire. Sezvo ruzivo rwavanhu runowedzera, matare ehurumende achapfuurira kuvandudza iyi mitemo — kuita musoro weinokosha zvikurusa mukugadziriswa kweruramisiro youtsotsi yazvino uno.

Kuramba vachiziva, varavi vanogona kunzvera zviwanikwa zvakadai se Conference of State Legislatures and Data Protection Act , [[FLT]] , pawebsite yeChibvumirano cheBody Cameral Policy, uye [[FLT]] paratimendi rePintentel Policing Data Act [ nokuda kwezvinoitika zvinopfuurira. Website yeChibvumirano chimwe nechimwe chehurumende chinobudisawo mashoko okunyora nokugadza mitemo inowirirana nemirarira kumite yemapurisa. Izvi zvinogovera nzvimbo yokutanga yokunzvera zvakadzamaorwa zvikuru mutsika, ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa, uye kodzero dzekuzvivandikano muUnited States.