Kubatanidzwa pakati pemiitiro yehurumende nehurumende nokudzora kwomunzvimbomo kunomirira chimwe chemativi anorondedzera zvikurusa egadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa hurumende yenyika masimba akatemwa, ruzhinji rwechiremera chemhuri (kubatanidza dzidzo, utano hwavanhu, kushandiswa kwenyika, uye ruramisiro yeutsotsi) zvinowirirana nehurumende pasi peSimende. Asi mitemo yehurumende, kutsigira mari, uye mipimo inodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoumba zvinhu zvinokosha nezviito zvenyika nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo munzira huru. Kunzwisisa kuti izvi zvishandire zviri madikanwa sei kwete bedzi nokuda kwevaki vemitemiitiro asi nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mabasa anodzora chaizvoizvo. Iyi nyaya inonzvera nzira inoitwa nepesvedzero yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, mienzaniso inopamhindedzero dzakako dzakako dzakako nokukamuranisa mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana.

Hwaro Hwemagariro

Federalism muUnited States haisati iri gadziriro inowirirana asi ukama hunowirirana. Dzinza resimba pakati peWashington, D.C., uye madzimbahwe enyika zvakachinja nokufamba kwenguva, kazhinji kazhinji mukupindura njodzi dzorudzi, dzvinyiriro dzemari, kana kuti masangano enzanga. MuRepublic yapakuvamba, murangariro wehurumende dzehurumende mbiri dzinotsigirwa kuti hurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzinoshanda mumativi akasiyana. Nhasi, tsika inorondedzerwa zviri nani sechimiro chomubatanidzwa wehurumende, umo hurumende nehurumende dzinogoverana mitoro uye kazhinji kazhinji kuti dzishandire mitemo. Iyi tsinhiranodzo inoreverwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvemari: hurumende inopa mari inopa mari inopa mari inopa mari inopa migariro inopa, inokurudzira zvikuru kugamuchira miitiro yakati mutsinhando nokuda kwokubetsera. Zvisinei, makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya anoonekwawo nomutemo womutemo, unodanwawo kuti: [5]

Rimwe ramativi makuru zvikurusa echinjo yeAmerica nderokuti inobvumira mhatsa munyika dzose. Uku kuchinja kunogona kuva rabhorotari yemugadziridzo, seizvo Justice Louis Brandeis arondedzerwa zvakakurumbira, asi kunogonawo kutungamirira kumhatsa huru mumiuyo nokuda kwavagari vanotsamira painogara. Mitemo yeFrederal, ingava kupfurikidza nemirairo, kusunungurwa, kana kuti simba rokushandisa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inovavarira kugadza uriri hwerudzi hwekodzero kana kuti dziviriro, nepo nyika dzichichengeta mano okupfuura uriri ihwohwo. Kupesana pakati pemibatanidzwa nemhatsa ndiwo musoro mukuru mukunzwisisa kuti mitemo yehurumende inoumba sei uye mabasa omunzvimbomo.

Tsika Dzakakura Dzavanhu Nezvisviko Zvadzo

Mitemo yehurumende yakasiyana - siyana yakarondedzerazve ukama huri pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika, ichipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva kuzvoutano kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinonzvera mimwe yemiitiro ine simba zvikurusa nemhinduro dzakasiana - siana dzehurumende dzazvakaparira.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Usingadhuri (ACA) uye Kukura Kwemabhedhi

Apo ACA yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2010, yakamirira kukura kukurusa kwenhau dzoutano chifo cheMedicare ne Medicaid. Gadziriro huru yakarongedzerwa kutambanudza Medicaiderity kuvakuru vose vane mari kusvika 138 muzana yemari inotambirwa munyika. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare gurusa muna 2012 mu National Federation of Independent Business. Seberius zvakaita kuti Médid iwedzere zvisina kufanira nokuda kwemitengo. Ikoku kwakaparira mutsetse wakajeka wakajeka: sa2025, dzinotaura na 40 dzeGwati dzeColumbi yeColumbia, ne 10 dzezvipo, apo zvichingova zvisingabvumirwi zvikuru. Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinoramba zvichipfupikisa kupfupikisana.

Muitiro Wedzidzo: Kubva Pakusava Nemwana Akasiyiwa Kuenda Kumudzidzi Ari Wose Kubudirira

Kubatanidzwazve kwa2001, kunozivikanwa seChild Let Lend Behind (NCLB), kwakakura zvikuru nokupfuudzwa kweElementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) muna 1965, iyo yakagovera Mitemo Inotsigira Nheyo Kuzvikoro zvinobatira vadzidzi vakaderera. Apo NCLB yakavavarira kuvhara mipano yokubudirira, yakasvikawo pakutsoropodza kwakapararira nokuda kwokukurudzira “kudzidzisa, kunyora mashoko echimbichimbichimbi, uye mirairo isina maturo. Hurumende uye vadzidzisi vomunzvimbomo vainzwa vachidzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvehurumende.

Mumhinduro, Congress yakapfuudza Mune 2015 Mudzidzi ari wose Wekubudirira, uye anosarudza kupindira kwezvikoro zvinotamburira. Mumhinduro mukuru. Mune ESSA, inoramba ichitaura kuti vadzidzi vanofanira kuedza kurava uye masvomhu gore negore uye kushuma mashoko ebasa, asi zvino vanotanga masangano avo vamene okuzvidavirira, vanotanga zvinangwa zvavo vamene, uye vasarudza kupindira nokuda kwezvikoro zvinotamburira. Uku kuchinja kubva mutsika yehurumende kukuva muenzaniso wetsika kuimwe yetsika neutungamiriri hwehurumende kwaparira nzira huru yokusvika nayo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neTennessee, dzakashandisa maESSA kuti dzive namasangano echikoro anoumba kukura, mwero yokupedza kufunda, uye mutauro wechiNgezi. Vamwe vakatarisana nezvinetso mukusimbisa kutenderera nyika yose. Kushanduka kwechinjo yeNCCC kudzoromedzo yemitemo yehurumende yomunzvimbomo nedzose.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo: Gwaro Remhepo Rakachena uye Gadziriro Dzehurumende Dzokushandisa

Clean Air Act ya1970, seyakagadziridzwa, inogadza mipimo yemhepo yamarudzi ose (NAAQS) nokuda kwezvinoshatisa zvinokuvadza utano hwevanhu nemhoteredzo. Izvokudzivirira Nhaka yeUnited States inogadza mipimo iyi, asi mutoro wokuiwana nokuichengeta unowira zvikurukuru kuhurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe inofanira kutanga kuva neHurumende yeIdendermentation Plan (SIP) inoratidzira kuti ichasvitsa sei mipimo yehurumende. Iyi purogiramu inobvumira kuchinja mukusarudza miganhuro yakadai semiganhuro yesimba pamiti, purogiramu dzekunzvera motokari, kana kuti kurudziro dzesimba rinomutsidzira. Zvisinei, kana hurumende ikatadza kuiisa zvinoibetsera nenzira inobudirira, EPA inogona kuisa gadziriro dzehurumende uye kunyange kudzosera mari mumugwagwa mukuru mukuru.

California ine nzvimbo yechienzi pasi peChene Air Act, yagamuchira mutengi wemotokari kuti aise mipimo yayo amene, yakaoma zvikuru yemipimo yemotokari (a simba iro dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kugamuchira. Irori rakatungamirira kusimba uko California inowanzoita gadziriro yenyika, sezvo vagadziri vanotsvaka vanokuwana kuva kusingashandisi kuita madanho akasiana. Zvisinei, mukati mokutungamirira kweTrump, hurumende yakaedza kubvisa rati yeCalifornia nedzinodzikisa mari yemari inodzikisa, zvichitungamirira kuhondo yapamutemo nenzvimbo yakaputsika. Kudzorwa kwazvino uno kwapa California kwakadzorera mipimo yehurumende yenhando nemutoo. Chibvumirano chinoramba chiripo pakati penharidzano yehurumende nehurumende. Munzvimbo inoisa donzo rehurumende. Mumifungo weOhine, inotsamira zvikuru mipimo yemarakamipimo yemota, inodikanwa mumiteve, inodiridza kudzo yedzo inodzo inodzorwa mberi, uye kudzorwa kwemitezo yecheto yehurumende inodzo inodzo.

Vanhu Vane Urema Hwokudzidzisa (IDEA)

IDEA inovimbisa kuti vana vane urema vagamuchire dzidzo yapachena yapachena yapachena yapachena (FAPE) mumhoteredzo inoganhurirwa zvishoma. Iyi mirairo yehurumende iyo inoumba nanharaunda dzezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo inozivisa, iyera, uye inoshumira vadzidzi vakakodzera kubva pamazera 3 kusvikira ku 21. IDEA inodawo kuti zvikoro zvikudziridze Mutezo weDzidzo Wavanhu vose (IEP) nokuda kwomudzidzi mumwe nomumwe ane urema hwapachena. Mutemo unogovera mari yehurumende isina kutongosvika 40 muzana yemari yeavhareji paavhareji paavhareji paavhareji paimostal iyo Congression inotenderwa pakuvamba. Somuuyo uye nzvimbo dzinova negovera mutengo inokosha yendyiko. Iyi purofiti inoparira mabasa makuru: maruwa akakwirira anogona kupa mabasa akawanda, nepo nyika yehurumende haigoni kudzorongedzero dzinowirirana, asi kazhinji kudzodzo dzinodzorwa kutevedza kupfurikidza nokutevedza kurukurirano kwomubereki.

Massachusetts ave ari mutungamiriri mudzidzo chaiyo, achipa mapurogiramu anosimbisa kuva pamwe nokuchinja, uye kuwana mwero yakakwirira yokupedza kufunda nokuda kwavadzidzi vane urema. Mukupesana, Mississippi atarisana nokusanyanyofadza nokuperevedza kwavadzidzisi chaivo vakakwaniriswa, kuchitungamirira kudenho dzapamutemo nokutarisira kwehurumende. IDEA inoratidzira kuti murairo wehurumende unogona sei kugadza maruramiro anokosha asi unosiya kuitwa kwebasa (*) uye kunaka kwebasa romunzvimbomo uye basa.

Kushanda Kunoita Dhipatimendi Rokushandisa Mari Dzinobhadharwa Nevashandi

Kupfuura mirairo yakananga, chishandiso chimwe chine simba zvikurusa hurumende inofanira kuumba nyika nomufambiro womunzvimbomo isimba rechikwama. Gandariro inopa mari kuhurumende uye nzvimbo inokwana mazana amabhiriyoni amadhora gore negore, inofukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuvakwa kwemigwagwa mikuru nedzimba dzavose kusvikira kuutano hwavanhu. Izvozvi zvinopa mari inodokuva inovapo nemigariro. Somuenzaniso, zvinotaura kuti kugamuchira mari yomumugwagwa mukuru inofanira kugadza nguva inotengwa ne 21(a mamiriro ezvinhu anopesvedzera nyika yose kuwirirana nokupera kwama 1980. Nenzira yakafanana, pasi pekodzero dzemhuri dzedzidzo nedzero dzemhuri (FLT)[FLTPA [FLD] [FLDPA] [F:1], kuti zvikoro zvinogamuchira mari yomubatanidzwa zvinofanira kudzivirira kuva zvakavanzika kwavadzidzi. Chityisidzirose chemari chinoparira chirongwa chikuru kuti chiteshiviredzero chehurumende chitevedzero chemitemo yehurumende, kunyange mirairo yehurumende kana kuti mamiriro edzo dzomunzvimbomo dzomunzvimbomo.

Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwekushandisa mari inotsamira pamitemo kune miganhu. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare Gurusa rakaratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anofanira kuva akajeka, ane chokuita nechinangwa chemupi wezvipo, uye kwete kumanikidza hurumende kuti awane mitemo inopanikirika mumutemo. Chisarudzo cha 2012 Medicaid chakanga chiri muenzaniso mukuru: Dare rakatonga kuti tyisidziro yokubvisa mari yose iripo yeMedicaid kana nyika dzisati dzawedzera kuva dzisina kubatana nemitemo. Chisarudzo ichi chakachengetedzwa mumashoko iwayo asi hachina kuchinja zvikurukuru kuvakwa kwesimba remari renyika yose. Kutsigira mari nokudaro kunoramba kuri chinhu chikuru chinonyanya kupfurikidza nokuisa zvinhu zvazvinonyanya kuitwa munyika, kugadziriswa kwenjodzi, kana kuti kubatwa nechamupiodro yetsaona.

Fundo Dzezvinoitika muFederal Pysipe

Kuenzanisira simba chairoiro rekubatana kwenyika yehurumende, tinonzvera fundo dzakananga dzinoverengeka dzinosimbisa zvimiro zvakasiyana mumhinduro dzehurumende kugadziriro imwe cheteyo yomubatanidzwa.

Fundo Yokutanga: Zvisarudzo Zvokuwedzera Zvinokurudzira

Sezvacherekedzwa, kukura kweMEdicaid kwakaparira ganhuriro yakajeka. California yakabatanidza fambiro mberi nokukurumidza, ichinyoresa nokuderedza mwero wayo isina kutsarukana kubva pa 17 muzana muna 2013 kusvikira kuinenge 7 muzana pa2016. Hurumende yakashandisawo mari yehurumende kukudza nzvimbo dzeutano dzenzanga uye kuisa mari mukutarisira. Kukura kweCalifornia kwakabatanidzwa kuvandudzika mukudzora kwehosha dzisingaperi uye kusvikika kwepfungwa. Nokupesana, Texas, ine mwero mukurusasa unopfuurwa munyika, yakaramba yaramba yawedzera. Vatungamiriri veHurumende vanopikisazve kuti kukura kunodhura zvikuru uye kuti zvipikirwa zvemitengo zvemari inopfuudzana mari zvingachinja sei. Mugumisiro wacho ndiwo unofungidzirwa kuva 1. 1,5 miliyoni inowana mari shoma inogamuchirwa zvikuru nokuda kwemitengwa zvikuru nemimwe mimitengo yagarawowo yogaro.

Fundo Yenhau 2: Gadziriro Yakachena Yesimba Nemiuyo Yaro

Mukati megadziriro yeObama, EPA yakabudisa Group Power Plan (CPP), iyo yakanangidzira kuderedza kubudiswa kwecarbon dioxide kumiti yesimba iripo. Mutemo wakapa kuchinjika kwakafara: vangagona kusangana nezvinobudiswa nazvinopindwa nemhatsa yemazano, kubatanidza kubviswa mumarasha kumwoto yomusikirwo, kubatanidza kuwedzera simba rinomutsidzirwa, kana kuti kushandisa gadziriro dzesimba resimba rinogadzirwa namagetsi. United States yakaisa kupesana kuti mutemo wacho wakapfuura chiremera cheEPA pasi pechipo. Dare rapamusoro rakaramba mutemo wacho mu2016, uye harina kutongotongoiswa zvizere. Kutarisira kwaro kwakautsiviwa neAfford Ecrecurea Ener E, uko kwakanga kuri kusinganyanyi kupiwa simba rakawanda. Zviichino imitemo mirayiridzoke mitsva inoda kudzorwa nenzira youdzorero yesimba ramatongerwe, asi kupfurikidza nemhene yesimba renyika inodzodzodzo inodzodzodzose.

Fundo Yenhau 3: Kuzvidavirira Kwedzidzo Mune Essa

Kuchinja kubva kuNCLB kuenda ESSA kwakapiwa kududza mukana wokuchinja gadziriro dzavo dzokuzvidavirira. California akashandisa uku kuchinjika kuti aende kure nokuedza kwakakwirira uye panzvimbo pezvo kutevera mutoo wedanho wemitsetse unoyera mipimo yakawanda: edza nhamba, kupedza kupedza, kurovha, koreji uye kuzvipira kwebasa. Kumira panzvimbo pezvikamu zvinoyera kunosimbisa kupfurikidza nokuputsa mashoko nemapoka avadzidzi. Iyi Hurumende inopa mipimo yemipimo yetsika yetsika yechikoro yakarumbidzwa nokuda kwokupa mifananidzo yakawanda yokushanda kwechikoro, asi yakatarisanawo nokushorwa nokuda kwokuva kwakaoma zvikuru uye kusaisa migumisiro yakajeka nokuda kwokushanda pasi pokushanda. Musiano weFlorida, pasi peESA inosimbisa ngwariro yakasimba pamanzvero nedzidzo yechikoro, kunopfuurira kupfuukwamaidiro yetsika yetsikano yetsikano. Florida inotokukurudzira kupfuudzira kupfurikidza nokuedza kwehurumende kuti, kunyange kutokuna kutoorwa kutoorwa.

Kunetseka Kunoramba Kuchiitika Pakati Pechiutonomy Nokufanana Kwacho

Ukama pakati pemitemo yehurumende nehurumende nezviito zvomunzvimbomo zvakazadzwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Kune rumwe rutivi, mipimo yenyika inogona kudzivirira maruramiro makuru ndokuvimbisa muganhu wevara munyika yose. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1942, somuenzaniso, chinoshandisa chiremera chehurumende kubvisa muganhu nokudzivisa rusaruro, kukurira hurumende nokudzivisa kwomunzvimbomo. Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo yehurumende yemhoteredzo yakadzivisa mhepo yepasi neshatiso dzemvura izvo pasina nyika imwe inogona kupedza zvoga. Pane rumwe rutivi, migove yose inogona kufuratira migariro yomunzvimbomo, kubvisa shatiso, uye kuparira kuderera. Kukwira kwouchangamire hwehurumende [[FLT:].[FLT:] kwapasi] uye kushatiswa kwehurumende kunodenha uku.

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona kombamiro inokosha: mishumo iri kushandisa nenzira inowedzera masimba avo vamene kuti igadzirise miuyo yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, magweta ehurumende akabatanidza hurumende kuti ikwidze hurumende pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye mirau yezvoutano. Hurumende dzakapfuvura mitemo yokuparadza kuvhara mitemo yomunharaunda pakubhadharwa kwakaderera, kudzora pfuti, kana kuti mitemo yeguta tsvene, nepo dzichitsvakawo kuganhurira kudzorwa kwehurumende dzomubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvoutano zvomunzvimbomo. Pamwero yomunzvimbomo, guta nehurumende zvazova zvinotsigira nhau dzakafanana nechinjo yemamiriro okunze, mamiriro ezvinhu ezvoutano, uye utano hwavanhu, kazhinji mukupesana kwakananga kwehurumende kana kuti mirayiridzo yenyika. Iyi nzira inodzorwa yesimba renyika dzose dzinosaidzorwa pasi pano; uye kukwikwidza kudzoredzwazve.

mhedziso

Mitemo yehurumende inoumba hurumende nezviito zvomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemirairo, mari, uye kuisa miganhu. Mienzaniso yakakurukurwa(kuvambira pascreenties mediadendial projects) kukura kwemipimo yedzidzo nerakapoteredza(danho rokuwedzera kuti nzvimbo inovapo iri kure nokufanana. Dzimwe nyika dzinosvasvasvasvasvasvasvasvasvavirira zvinodikanwa zvehurumende, dzimwe dzinobvumirana nokusabvumirana. uye shomanene dzinodzivisa. Uku hakusi chiratidzo chokukundikana asi rutivi rwechibvumirano cheAmerica. Inobvumira kuyera, mipimo yakasiana, mipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye inoparira mikana yokudzidza kugura miganhu. Vadzidzi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa izvozvi zvinokosha nokuda kwenzira iyoyi chaizvoizvo inoshanda nayo mukuwirirana nomugariro wavose. Sezv miraukuru mukuru pakati pehurumende itsva, pasinei kana kuti pakuchinja kwemamiriro ezvo zvomugariro wenzvimbo, kana kuti ipfuro yenhau yenhau yenhau yeWashington icharamba kupfuurira kubudisa.

Nokuda kwokuravirwazve pamusoro pekushanda kwehurumende negadziriro, bvunza Hofisi yeHofisi yeHofisi yeKutarisirwa uye Dzvirobha nokuda kwemijeri yemari yemari yehurumende pa, Office yeMatareko eKuzvidavirira nokuda kwemishumo yeProgramuts yoruwa, uye [[FLT]] National Conference of State Legislaturess for system yehurumende .