Simba Risingaperi Rokuunganidza

Munhau yose yakanyorwa, masangano enzanga akabatira semitemo yechinjo yemitemo. Uku kuedza kwakabatana kunomuka apo mapoka avanhu, akabatanidzwa nepfungwa imwe chete yokunyunyuta kana kuti chishuvo, anoronga kuraira chinjo. Kupfurikidza nokupinza murangariro wavose, kudzongonyedza kusava nehanya, uye kushandisa dzvinyiriro inopfuuridzirwa pasimba resangano, masangano enzanga akamanikidza vaiti vemitemo kunyorazve mitemo yenzanga. Kubva pakubviswa kwouranda kukuzivikanwa kwokuenzana kweroorano, kufambira mberi kwapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji kunodzokera kunhamburiko dzakasarudzwa dzavagari vemowo zvavo vanoshanda mukonzati. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti masangano anoumba sei mitemo yenzanga, anonyora mienzaniso yenhau neyazvinovapo panguva imwe chete, uye kuongorora miitiro, zvinetso, uye maitiro anorondedzera pesvedzero yavo.

Kunzwisisa Masangano Enzanga

Sangano renzanga rinopfuura kungoramba kupfupi; inhamburiko inotsigirwa, yakarongwa neboka ravanhu kusimudzira kana kuti kudzivisa chinjo yenzanga kana kuti yezvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano anobva mukusangana kwakaoma kwezvichemo, zviwanikwa, uye mikana. Haasati ari amo mumwe chete anosiana muukuru, unyanzvi, uye pfungwa. Vamwe vanotsvaka chinjo dzemutedzero mukati memiitiro iripo, nepo vamwe vachivavarira kuchinja kukuru. Kufunda kwamasangano amagariro kwakawana mavara makuru akati kuti ayo anoparira mano avo okupesvedzera mutemo.

Masangano Enzanga

  • Chiito: Simba resangano riri muzviverengero. Apo zviuru kana kuti mamirioni avanhu anoronga nhamburiko dzavo] kupfurikidza nokuramba, kushora, zvikumbiro, kana kuti nhimbe dzepaIndaneti (inzwi ravo rinova rakaoma kuti vaiti vemiitiro ishanje vafuratirwe.)
  • Kuzivikanwa nokubatanidzwa: kazhinji kazhinji vanogoverana kuzivikanwa kwavose kwakavakirwa padzinza, dzinza, boka, kana kuti chitendero. Masangano anobudirira anoisa zvinodikanwa zvavo mumashoko etsika kana kuti etsika anonzwika zvikuru, achishandura chigumbu kuva chikumbiro chakati chechisiko chose nokuda kweruramisiro.
  • tsaura zvinangwa: Kufamba kunobudirira kwakananga, kunoraira kwakadai sokupfuura kwegweta, kudzorwa kwomutemo usina kururama, kana kuti kuitwa kwegadziriro. Vague zvishuvo zvinowanzoshandura kuva rukundo rwemitemo.
  • [FLT]UNGANISATS: Misangano ingava yakarongwa (nevashandi nemabhodhi anobhadharwa) kana kuti zvisina kurongwa (Mibatanidzwa yematsimba yezvokurwira). Masangano anobudirira anogovera kushandira pamwe, zvishandiso, mikoto yekurukurirano, uye gadziriro yemiitiro.
  • Tsvakaro: Kufamba kunogara zvikurusa pakati pokuramba nekurukurirano, pakati pokudzongonyedza bhizimisi nekupinda mukati megadziriro. Vanogadziridza mano avo akavakirwa pamabanza ezvamatongerwe enyika nemhinganidzo.

Masangano enzanga anowanzomuka mukati menhambo dzekuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti njodzi, apo masangano aripo anoratidzika kuva asingagamuchiriki kana kuti asiri epamutemo. kutevera masangano enzanga [ anozivisa kuti tapuro yemitemo haiwanzovi yapakarepo; inowanzoda makore (panhambo nenhambo makumi amakore).

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yakachinjwa Nomutemo

Zvakaitika kare zvinoratidza kuti masangano evanhu anogona kunyorazve mitemo.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo (United States)

Kurwisa nokuda kwokuenzana kwedzinza muUnited States kwakasvika pakakwirira pakwakatangira pakati pama1950 na1960, asi kwakabva kwapera. Kutungamirirwa nezviverengero zvakadai saMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, naJohn Lewis, uye masangano akadai seNAACP, SCLC, uye SNCC, sangano racho rakabatanidzwa zvinetso zvepamutemo, chiito chakananga chisina masimba masimba, uye kuungana. Zviitiko zvikuru zveMontgomery Bus Boycott, March paWashington, Selma-to-Montmery tray shake ngwariro yenyika nemhostrde zvakafukufunura utsinye hweBlaunion.

  • Mutemo weNyika: Murayiro weChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu wa1946 unorambidzwa norusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Chibvumirano cheVoting Rights cha1965 chakabvisa mhinganidzo dzokuvhota nokuda kwevaAmerica veAfrica. Iyi mitemo haina kumuka kubva pamutsara woga; yakabviswa paDare raizengurira namakore okupa nekusateerera kwavagari vemo.
  • Michina yeHuriro: Sangano rinoshandiswa (Brown Board of Education), matsotsi ezvemari, uye zvinobudisa nhau kuti zvivake tsigiro. Mifananidzo yapamukurumbira yamasimba masimba amapurisa mukurwisana nemhizha dzine rugare dzinodzorwa nemurangariro wavose uye dzinoparira kupindira kwehurumende.

Kufamba Kwavakadzi Kwourombo

Kurwira kodzero yavakadzi yokuvhota kwakabatanidza anopfuura makumi manomwe amakore muUnited States, kuchiguma neMfutunuko yechi 19 (1920). Mapepa apakuvamba akafanana naSusan B. Anthony naElizabeth Cady Stanton vakashorwa, kusungwa, uye masimba masimba. Gare gare vatungamiriri, kubatanidza Alice Paul naCarrie Chapman Catt, vakanatsiridza zvirongwa zvavo zvokubatanidza nhimbe dzehurumende nokukwidziridza kwavose uye chiono chavose (hwufananidzo nemhemberero nenhare).

  • Key Tracs:[[FLT: 1] Mabhuku okunyoresa akarongwa kokorodzano dzegore negore, akaparadzira mikumbiro, akabatanidzwa mukusateerera kwavagari vemo, uye akashandisa simba rezvinobudisa nhau. Vakaitawo zvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa yetsika negadziriro dzekudzora uye kupedza.
  • Regitagement Out: Gadziro yechi 19 yakapfuudzwa neCongress muna 1919 ndokusimbiswa nehurumende muna 1920. Rubudiriro rwesangano racho rwakabvumikisa kuti vakadzi vanopfuurira, vakarongwa vaigona kumanikidza gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakavadzivisa kuvapa mutongo.

Sangano Ravashandi Namaruramiro Avashandi

Mubato wavashandi womugumo wezana ramakore rechi 19 napakuvamba kwama 20 wakashandura chikamari yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kupfurikidza nokuwana dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwavashandi. Sangano rakadai seAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) uye Vashandi vemaindasitiri veNyika (IW) vakatungamirira kurovanya, kutsenga, uye nhimbe nokuda kwezuva rezuva rezuva ramabasa masere, migariro yakakotsekana, uye maruramiro okubatanidza. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (1911), iyo yakauraya vashandi vezvipfeko 146, yakanyandura kushata kwavose uye mutemo unonyandura.

  • Zviitwa zvinobvumirwa: The Fair Labor Standard Act (1938) yakatanga mari yakaderera yehurumende, mari yokushanda nguva yakawandisa, uye dziviriro dzavashandi. National Labor Relations Act (1935) yakavimbisa kodzero yavashandi yokuronga nokuringanisa.
  • Pepatsi Isingachinji: Nhaka yebasa inobatanidza kwete bedzi iyi mitemo asiwo gadziriro dzokudzosera zvinhu (zvakadai seOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)) inopfuurira kudzivirira vashandi nhasi.

Sangano Rinorwisana Nehosha

Nhimbe yamarudzi ose yokugumisa rusaruraganda muSouth Africa inoratidzira kuti masangano enzanga amarudzi ose anogona sei kupesvedzera muitiro wokumwe ndokumanikidza chiito chomutemo. Kuvambira muma 1950, vashinganyi mukati nokunze kweSouth Africa vakaronga kupesana, nhimbe dzokudzikira, uye zvirango. Vadzidzi vanodzivisa vaAmerica naEurope nzvimbo dzokudzidzira dzakamanikidzira mayunivhesiti namasangano kuti vabve muSouth Africa. MuU.S., Congress yakapfuunds yakapfuudza Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act ya 1986 pamusoro pePriciellant Reaunt's devicerto·a kashoma kachoka yemist Reconsticelvices yakadzo inodzorwa kudzorwa nedzvinyiriro yesangano.

  • Chechi: Sangano rakabatana ramapoka orudzidziso, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, masangano avadzidzi, uye vatsigiri vekodzero dzavanhu.
  • Miuyo yakakomba: Chiito chakaisa zvirango zvemari ndokugadza migariro yokuzvisimudza (zviwirirano) izvo pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kukusunungurwa kwaNelson Mandela nokubviswa kworusaruraganda.

Michina Yesimba

Masangano enzanga anoshandura chaizvoizvo sei simba reuswa kuva mitemo mitsva?

Makwaya Anokonzera Kuvhiringidzika uye Kushaya Ropa

Marasroots anobatanidza kunyandura kuraira vagariwo zvavo kuti vachinjike. Zvirongwa, nzvero, magaro, uye kurova zvinodzongonyedza kushanda kwenguva dzose kwenzanga uye kukwevera ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau. Kushayisa simba kazhinji kazhinji inzira iri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti avo vane simba havawanzobvuma pasina dzvinyiriro. Somuenzaniso, Civil Rights Movement's inogara pasi pezvigaro zvezvokudya zvakavhiringidzwa kutengeserana uye mabhizimisi nehurumende zvokumanikidzirwa kupindura.

Kuedza Kungwarira Vanhu Nenzira Yokubudisa Nayo Zvinobudisa Nhau

Masangano anoumba murangariro wavose kupfurikidza nokudzora nhauro yacho panhau. Anoshandisa zviteshi zvenhau zvegamuchidzanwa (mapepa enhau, terevhizheni) uye zviteshi zvemitemo (zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, zvigaro zvemapepanhau) kuti zviite vanhu kuti varatidzire chisakiso chavo nokufumura kusaruramisira. Saffge Movement yevakadzi [ inoshandisa nounyanzvi mapepa; masangano azvino uno anoshandisa vhairasi. Kupfurikidza nokuchinja murangariro wavose, masangano anokuita kuti kuve kunodhura mune zvezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vashore chinjo.

Kuveura uye Mabhakitiriya Ari Mukati

Masangano akawanda anobatanidza kunyunyuta (panze) nokuvimbisana zvakananga navagadziri vemitemo (panze penzira). Vanopinza vagamuchiri, vanopupurira pamberi pamatare, uye mutemo wokuedzesera. Somuenzaniso, nhimbe yeRofauty Eyerety muU.S. inoshandiswa kutsinhiranisa, zvirongwa zvehurumende zvenhare, uye kukurudzira kwehurumende kuti vasvitse chisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro reObergefell v. Hodgess. mukati-nze kunovimbisa kuti apo sangano rinochengeta dzvinyiriro yavose, rinewo chigaro patafura apo mitemo yakanyorwa.

Kurambana uye Kuomerwa Nemitemo

Masangano anowanzotendeukira kumatare apo masangano echibvumirano anorwisana. NaACP Legal Defense Fund's ratisignant mukurwisana norusaruraganda muenzaniso wakakurumbira. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, sangano rezvemamiriro okunze rakashandisa matare kumanikidza hurumende kuita chiito pakubudisa tsvina. Rukundo rwapamutemo runogona kugadza zvitendo izvo zvinomanikidzira mitumbi yemitemo kuita kana kuti kusimbisa maruramiro.

Zvivako Zvokunamatira Nemagariro

Hapana sangano riri chiwi. Masangano anobudirira anovaka mabhuroko namamwe mapoka , masangano ebasa, masangano ezvemabhizimisi, uye vezvamatongerwe enyika vanonzwira tsitsi. Kokorodzano dzinokudza zviteshi ndokukudza mavambo etsigiro. Kurwira Pai reSangano reMasarira, somuenzaniso, kwakabatanidza mapoka avakadzi, masangano echibharo, uye masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Kushandisa Zvemadhiragi uye Zvombo Zvazvino Uno

Intanevhi yaderedza mhinganidzo kuronga. Zvikumbiro, kutsigira zvikuva, uye masangano anoshandira masangano anobvumira masangano kuparadzira nokukurumidza mashoko, zviitiko, uye vagadziri vedzvinyiriro. Mubato wemamiriro okunze epasi pose [ (kubatanidza maChishanu enguva yemberi) anoshandisa zvishandiso zvemichina kubatanidza vatsigiri vepwere kugura miganho, kuronga kurova kwapanguva imwe kwakaguma nokuramba kukuru zvikuru munhau. Zvisinei, zviito zvemichina yogadziro yoga yoga hazviwanzokwana; zvinofanira kubatanidzwa nechiito chepamberi pasiri pevhu uye kuvimbisana kunopfuurira.

Matambudziko Achasangana Nawo Nemasangano Enzanga

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rawo, masangano anosangana nemhinganidzo dzinotyisa dzinogona kumisa kana kuti kudzokera shure fambiro mberi.

Kushorwa Nezvinhu Zvakaoma uye Zvakaodza Mwoyo

Avo vanobetserwa nemamiriro ezvinhu .(masvomhu), vapi vemichina yakapfuma, michina yezvamatongerwe enyika (8kazhinji kazhinji inogadzirira kupesana nemasangano. Vangatanga mabudire echitsi, mari inotsigirwa kuti vaseke zvinangwa zvokufamba. Kudzivisa kweindasitiri yepeturu kutsikano yemhepo, uye kushora kweNational Rifle Association kudzoresa kudzorwa kwepfuti, zvinoratidza kuti vashori vemitemo vanogona sei kumisa mitemo kunyange apo murangariro wavose unoibvumira.

Kupesana Kwomukati Nokusagutsikana

Makambani haawanzobatanidzwa. Nharo pamusoro penzira (kuchinja mavs. kumukira; kusarwisana kwamasimba masimba.) Kupesana pamusoro pezivikanwo, utungamiriri, uye zvinokosha zvinogona kupedza simba ndokuvhiringidza vanhu. ACLU nemamwe mapoka echibvumirano anyora kuti kukamu chomukati kunogona sei kunonotsa kukunda windi.

Kushandiswa Kwavose Nokugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Zvenhau

Masangano anofanira kushanda nesimba kuti adzore maitiro avo. Semuenzaniso, sangano reOccupe Wall Street, rakarwisa nenyaya dzakakamukana, nepo Civil Rights Movement yakabatsirwa nokutsiura mashoko asina masimba masimba.

Kuvhiringika uye kuvhara

Dzimwe nguva masangano anoratidzika kuva anowina(kungoona zvinodikanwa zvawo zvichidzorwa munzira dzinoderedza kugona kwawo kuchinja. Mutemo ungaderedzwa, rukundo rwokufananidzira rungatsiva chinjo inodzorwa, uye vatungamiriri vanofamba vangapinzwa mukuvakwa. Kurwira ungwaru hwezvoutano hwechisiko chose muU.S. kwakaona kubvumirana kwakawanda kwakasiya gadziriro huru yemhindu isina kukuvara.

Kuneta Kwokushanda Nezvipingamupinyi Zvomumanyuko

Kutsigira kufamba kwenguva refu kunonetesa. Vazvipiri vanoneta; mari inopera; kuchinja kweutungamiriri kunogona kuparira tsvina. Masangano anofanira kuisa mari mugadziriro dzesangano uye kuzvitarisira kuti ararame. Sangano remamiriro okunze, iro rinoda makumi emakore okugona kudzora, rinotarisana nezvinetso zvikuru mukuchengeta simba.

Nzvero Dzakaitika Dzemasangano Enzanga Enguva Ichangobva Kupfuura

Masangano enguva ino anoratidza kuti mitoo yomunguva yakapfuura inopfuurira sei kuumba miuyo yemitemo nhasi.

LGBTQ+ Vashandi Vamaruramiro

LGBTQ yazvino uno, inodzorwa ne Stonewall Riots ya1969, yakawana purofiti dzemitemo dzechienzi nedzepamutemo munyika dzakawanda. MuUnited States, sangano rakawana maruramiro okuroora (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015), kudzorwa kwa "Musabvunza, Don’Tell" (2010), uye dziviriro dzehurumende pakusarura basa (Boschock v. County, 2020). Uku kukunda kwakauya nomuvhenganiswa wechiito chakananga, dzidzo yavose, uye kukwidziridza kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Bon't Teach" (20) sangano racho rakatarisanawo nomutezonga mubatanidzwa mumitemo inorwisana navavengi (20) munyika dzakawanda dzinoratidzira kuti fambiro mberi.

  • Key Strategies: Kuratidzira kudada, nhimbe dzinouya, denho dzapamutemo (Lambda pamutemo, ACLU), uye chibvumirano chemitemo (Nhimbe yekodzero dzavanhu).
  • Zvinoreva: Kuchinja murangariro wavose(zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokurondedzera nokubatana kwenhau) kwakakomba. Sangano rakaratidzira kuti rukundo rwokuwedzera runogona kuvakirwa kukuchinja.

Boka Revatema Rine Mhaka

Yakavambwa muna 2013 pashure pokurevererwa kwaGeorge Zimmerman muTaivon Fan, Black Lives Matter (BLM) yakawedzera kuva sangano renyika yose mukurwisana namasimba masimba emapurisa uye urudzi. Kuurawa kwa2020 kwaGeorge Floyd kwakamutsa kutsutsumwa kukuru munhau yeU.S., nevanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 15 kusvika ku26. Kurayira kweBLM kwaibatanidza kuchinja mapurisa, kubvisa chikwata kana kuti kubvisa chikwata munzanga, uye kuisa mari munzanga dzinenge dziripo.

  • .Ipact yeIpatsi: Sangano rakanyandura George Floyd Justice muPolicist Act (2021, kunyange zvazvo rakakundikana kupfuura Dare), pamwe chete nechinjo dzenzvimbo dzehurumende pakushandiswa kwesimba, pasina kuraira kwokuroverera, uye kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa. Maguta akadai seMinneapolis neLos Angeles anodzosera mari kubva kumasangano enzanga.
  • Calmentes:[[FLM:1] BLM yakatarisana necherokudzosa kwakabva ku "Blue Lives Confect" kurukurirano dzinodzorwa nenhamburiko dzemitemo dzokudzivisa maruramiro. Nharo dzomukati pamusoro poutungamiriri nemazano dzakamukawo.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze

Vachisundwa nekurumidziro yesayenzi negadziriro yepwere yakarongwa (Greta Thunberg, Chishanu chenguva yemberi), sangano remamiriro okunze rakasunda hurumende kugamuchira zvinoshatiswa zvikuru zvinoda kuparadzwa. Pesvedzero yesangano inooneka muParestice yaParis (2015), European Green Deal, uye `nethiro") yakasiana-mbiso. Mapoka anokwevawo akakunda rukundo rwomunzvimbomo / kunyungurusa, kunyunguruka mumafuta ezvicherwa zvevhu, uye kukura simba.

  • Key Mechanism:[ Kuramba kweMisa, kurova kwechikoro, nhimbe dzezvicherwa zvemafuta zvinonyudza mumvura, uye mamiriro okunze (umh., Copyra Foundation v. Netherlands).
  • Kurwisana kunopfuurira: Mukaha uri pakati pomutauro nechiito unoramba wakakura. Sangano zvino rinonangidzira ngwariro pakuva nechokwadi chokuti zvibvumirano zvemitemo zvinoshandura kuva mitemo inomanikidzirwa.

# Boka reMetoo

Sangano reMeToo rakaputika muna 2017 pashure pokupomera Harvey Weinstein, asi mavambo aro adzokera shure makumi amakore echiito chekurwisa vakadzi. Sangano racho rakashandisa zvinobudisa nhau kuti rifumure kunetswa mune zvevatano uye kudenha, kumutsa kuzvidavirira mumaindasitiri ose. Migumisiro yemitemo inobatanidza kuguma kwokumanikidzirwa kwemhosva dzevatano dzakashatiswa (kupfurikidza neEnding Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assabuse Act ya2021), dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzebasa, uye mutemo wokugadzirisa zvinetso munyika dzakawanda.

  • Mirangariro: Sangano racho raitsamira zvikuru pauchapupu hwomunhu oga uye nhau dzinotaurwa nemirau yetsika dzinochinja. Rakapfuura miganhu yenyika, richipesvedzera mutemo munyika kubva kuJapan kuenda kuFrance.
  • Zvirango: Kudzorwa navanhu vanopomerwa uye kutsoropodza pamusoro pomuitiro wakafanira kwakamutsa mibvunzo yakaoma. Sangano racho rakatarisanawo nenharo dzomukati pamusoro pokuvanzarika nokupinda kwapamheno.

mhedziso

Masangano enzanga haasati ari mashokowo zvawo okupesana; iwo magadzirirwo echinjo yomutemo. Kuvambira panzvimbo dzinonyorwa pamutemo kusvikira kuvarwi vemamiriro okunze, masangano akaratidzira kuti vanhuwo zvavo, apo vakarongwa uye vanopfuurira, vanogona kunyorazve mitemo inodzora upenyu hwavo. Mitemo yepesvedzero yepesvedzero nenziyo dzechisarudzo, nzira dzenhau, kupesvedzera, kuisa zvisarudzo, uye kuvaka mativi ose mubatanidzwa nemitemo zvinowanika. Sezvinoratidza nhau, ukama pakati pemasangano enzanga nemitemo hazvisati zviri nyore kutongova nyore kutarisana nechishoro chakasimba, kusawirirana kwomukati, uye ngozi yenguva dzose yeko. Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera vagari vemo vagari vemo vanobetsera uye vatsigiriri kubetsera zvisarudzo zvekufambira mberi ruramisiro ruramisiro. Sezvinoita nhau, ukama pakati pezviito zvenzanga uye mutemo unooma; kutamba, kunotsamira pakuronga, uye kuronga kufambidzana kwoutano hwevanhu.