Basa Remabhinya Mugadziriro Dzehurumende

Vamiririri vanoshanda savasarudzi vomukati mebato vanosarudza kuti vapi vachamirira mubato murusarudzo rwavose. Chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechokuva nechokwadi chokuti mumaninee anoratidzira zvisarudzo zvemitezo yenzvimbo nedare kana kuti, mugadziriro dzakajeka, zvivhozhokeri zvikuru. Kuvhura zvikamu zvakawanda mutevedzero, mativi ezvikamu zvinobatsira kudzivisa kukamu ndokugovera vavhoti nechisarudzo chakajeka mukuwa. Bva pesvedzero yavo inotambanurira kure kupfuura kusarudzwa kwomutevedzeri. Primshapes anogona kudzosazve zviteshi zvepadhipatika, kupfuudzira kana kuti kutsigira kusarura, uye anoisa mashoko echiteshina. Munyika umo mabhineti anogara mavakirwo, kazhinji vanova chiteshi chehurumende chehurumende, uye basa rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwezvisarudzo Zvokutanga

Murangariro wesarudzo yokutanga wakatanga mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19 nerechi20 serutivi rwesangano rinofambira mberi muUnited States, iro rakatsvaka kudzora simba rebato uye kudzokera kuvhotawo zvavo. Pamberi paizvozvo, vada kubhabhatidzwa vaisarudzwa mukokorodzano dzakavharwa kana kuti macoucute anodzorwa neboka duku. Nhevedzo inopfuudzwa yakapararira kune dzimwe nyika, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji yaichinja zvimiro. France yakagamuchirwa kuva yakazarukira nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi wayo muma1010, nepo masangano muGermany neUnited Kingdom akaedza namabhoti emitezo mitezo kana kuti “masangano mamwe echikamu chimwe chete”. Kushanduka chitarisiko kunowedzera kuda nokubatanidzwa kwezviito zvokuoneka nokubatanidzwa, sokupesvedzera kwemagariro ezvamatongerwe enyika munyika yose.

Marudzi Ezvitsinga Nezvazvakaita

Kunzwisisa magadzirirwo aya kunokosha chaizvo kana tikaongorora zvazvinoita mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Zvikwereti Zvakazaruka

Muzvigaro, muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa anogona kutora rutivi mubato ripi neripi guru, pasinei zvapo nesonganirano yavo vamene. Iyi gadziriro inokurudzira kutora rutivi kwakafara uye inogona kutungamirira kuvhota, uko vatsigiri vebato rimwe muvhoti ine nhevedzano mukuita kuti mumwe munhu ave muvengi asina simba. Vanoshandisawo simba rehurumende dzakafanana muU.S. saWisconsin naMichigan, uye vakashandiswa muvhotera purezidhendi weFrance.

Mari Dzakavharwa

Zvigaro zvakavharwa zvinoganhurira kutora rutivi kuvavhoti vari mitezo yakanyoreswa yebato iroro. Iyi tsika inochengeta perero yebato uye inovimbisa kuti vatsigiri bedzi vanosarudza vavhoti. Zvisinei, inogona kubvisa vavhoti voga ndokuderedza vose. Zvigaro zvakapararira munyika dzakawanda dzeU.S., zvakadai seNew York neFlorida, uye muitiro mumapoka akawanda eEurope anoshandisa mabhorati. Kutengesa - shambadza ndiko kunovhara kunokombamira kuparira vadaviri vakanyanyisa zvikuru, sezvo puroto huru inowanzova inova inova inova inova inova inotsiva zvikuru kupfuura vavhiyiworuzhinji.

Matura Akavharwa

Semi-primid primies inobvumira mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa nevokuvhota vasina kuvhota kutora rutivi, asi kwete mitezo yamamwe mapoka. Uku kurongeka kwakavhengana kunoedza kudzikamisa mamiriro ebato nouchangamire hwebato. Kunoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzakadai seNorth Carolina uye mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu eEurope. Mitezo yakavharwa inogona kuwedzera kutora rutivi pakati pezvizvimiringo nepo ichiri kuganhurira vhiringidziko yechikamu.

Matare Apamusoro - Paviri uye Asiri Apamutemo

Dzimwe hurumende dzinoshandisa “pamusoro-paviri” tsika huru, umo vose vanoda kubhapatidzwa vanobuda pavhoti imwe pasinei zvapo nepati, uye vavhoti vaviri vapamusoro vafambira mberi kurusarudzo. Iyi gadziriro, inoshandiswa muruwa rweCalifornia neWashington, yakagadzirirwa kuderedza nzanga ndokukurudzira vadaviri vane mwero. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inogona kutungamirira kuvada kuviri vanobva mubato rimwe chetero rakatarisana murusarudzo, kubvisa vatsigiri vemamwe mapoka.

Fundo Dzenhau: Utsotsi Munyika Yose

Kuongorora nyika dzakati kunoratidza kuti masangano makuru anochinja sei mararamiro avanhu uye masangano.

United States

U.S. igadziriro yokutanga yakaoma zvikurusa uye ine pesvedzero munyika. Primenteries dzinochengetwa muruwa rwuri rwose nenharaunda, nehurumende imwe neimwe ichigadza mitemo yayo imene pamusoro pozaruka, kuvhara, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvakavhengana. Iowa caucuuses neNew Hampshire zvikurukuru zvakabudisa ukoshi hwapamberi penzvimbo dzayo dzekarendasi, kazhinji kazhinji kupepeta munda pamberi pevhoti yavagari veAmerica vazhinjisa. Miuyo yeU.S. ine miuyo yakakwirira miuyo yayo inotapura miuyo iri kure: vanogona kukwidziridza vaparidzi, mapati epapatikaro, reshapei, uye kutema zvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvorudzi. 2016 Republican, somuenzaniso, yakakunda nzvimbo huru yakaitwa navezvo huru yevezvamatongerwe enyika yakatangwa nezvinokwezva uswa, simba rakadzokororoteverwa mu 2024. Makuru anobva muAmerica anopa rondedzero madokero makuru zvikuru.[5][3]

France

Gadziriro huru yeFrance itsva asi inowirirana zvikuru. Muna 2011, chikwata chaNakatasita chakava nenzvimbo dzakazaruka kutsaura mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi kwenguva yokutanga, kuchibvumira muvhoti upi noupi kutora rutivi kana vakasaina dhigita yemipimo yakare. Chikamu chikuru chakagadzirwa François Hollane, chakapfuurira kuwina kuva mutezo wapamutemo. Chikamu cheResport rekurudyi Rémarain chakatevera sututi muna 2016 nechinhu chikuru chakasarudzwa naFrançocleonton. Zvisinei, tsika yacho yakaparirawo miuyo isingakarirwiswa: Kukunda kwaFilton kwakaonekwa sokurambwa kwemidzirwo, asi rwisa kwake gare gare gare kwakaderera pakati pezvipopo. Varwi vamabhishopu vakatanhamara nokuda kwokutora kwavo kukuru: mamirioni 2 muRepubliccan. Vanokurudzirawo kukwezvawo kukwendero, kunyange zvazvo zvazvo vachiwana kuoneka kuva nezvinodzokororwa pakati pekuna. [Foperations]

Germany

Kusvika kweGermany kukusarudza kuvhota kwakakodzera zvikuru uye kwapakati pebato. Dare reChicherwa cheRevena ramadhimocratic Union (CDU) neSocial Democratic Party (SPD) zvamagamuchidzanwa kusarudza vadaviri kupfurikidza nemisangano yebato kana kuti kuvhota. Zvisinei, mukupindura kuderera kwemitezo yebato nechishuvo chekusarudza kuva nomutemo wedemokrati zvikuru, vamwe vapapati vanotanga masangano avarwi. Garland vakashandisa mitezo yokutanga yemasangano masangano anokosha anoshandiswa kuyera navakuru vakuru, apo die Die Conce Cone panhambo nenhambo nenhambo ye 20 yegore. Kusarudza kweGermany kwakavhenga kwakananga kusingareruki. [5]

United Kingdom

UK haina gadziriro yokutanga yakarongwa mupfungwa yeAmerica, asi mapati makuru akashandisa nenzira inowedzera miitiro yokusarudza. Labour Party, muutungamiriri hwaJeremy Corbyn, yakagamuchirwa “mutevedzeri mumwe wedanho” nokuda kwesarudzo dzoutungamiriri, achibvumira mitezo yose kuvhotera. Masangano ose anoshandisa maposita epaposita nokuda kwemitezo yokusarudza kuti ade kukunda kuti ade kukunda kwaMari, sezvinoonekwa mumakwikwikwi 20222 ayo akabudisa Liz Tros. Nokuda kwechisarudzo cheparamente, masangano emunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anovhotera pakati pemitezo, pane dzimwe nguva nokubatanidzwa kwebato. Sezvipoteko mune dzimwe nyika, aya anoparira kushamisika: Cornbyn, sokukunda kwakaonekwa mubato vezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatsoropoteshi vapa chibvumirano chehurumende chiUKne chokupa chiT. [5]

India

Gadziriro yokutanga yeIndia ichiri muucheche hwayo. Asi muna 2014, BJP yakatungamirira muitiro wayo mukuru woushumiri (BP) uye Indian National Congress yakaedza kusarudza. Gadziriro yokutanga yeIndiya yapashure-papostal inoreva kuti kusarudzwa kwomutengi kunodzorwa namapurisa eboka nemapoka. Kubvira ipapo, mapoka ehurumende akabvumira mitezo kuvhotera vapindi vomunzvimbomo. [FLT: 0] Nguva yeIndia, inopedzerwa mukusarudzwa kweNarendra Modi kupfurikidza neboka reparamendi nemhaka yokutya kudzorwa kweboka reparamendi.

Tapuro Yetsotsi Papfungwa Dzeboka Nenzira

Vaparidzi vanowanzosunda masangano kunyanyisa kwepfungwa nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanotora rutivi vanonyanyobatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika uye vanosundwa nendangariro kupfuura muvhotiwo zvake. Mumavhoti akavharwa, uyu muuyo unowedzerwa, sezvo mitezo yebato inotakura makadhi bedzi inotora rutivi. Iyi simba, inozivikanwa se “makwikwi okukwikwidza,” inogona kutungamirira kukusarudzwa kwavada kuwanda kana kuti kutsiga kupfuura vavhoti, kuvaita vanyajambwa mukusarudzo. Kuderedza ikoku, mamwe mapoka akagamuchira“ pamusoro-2” kana kuti “jungle” staryryry (somuCalifornia) inomanikidza kukwidza vateereri vakawanda vachibva pakutanga. Vapari vemhosva vanotapurawo zvirongwa: vaparidziro zvokutanga vapa chigaro muboka rehurumende. Vanofanira kuhwina vapamberipira dare nokuda kwezvisarudzo.

Kupinda Mumabasa Okutengesa Nokupinda Mumatare

Sarudzo huru dzinoita kuti vavhoti vasarudze vashoma zvikuru kupfuura vvuruti. muUnited States, vanoenda muavhareji huru yezvisarudzo munenge 20-30% yavavhoti vakakodzera, vane makore akakwirira kazhinji kazhinji vachinyura pasi pe 15%. Kuvhozhokera kunoreva kuti maprime anogona kudzorwa neboka duku, rakatsunga zvikuru, rinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro poumiririri. Zvisinei, makwikwikwi anovhotera zvikuru kana kuti ane denho dzakakwirira dzinoshandiswa mubato. MuFrance, maPrimitejiji avhuro anokweva anopfuura mamiriyoni 4 kudarika zvose zviri zviviri kuruboshwe nokurudyi, achiratidzira kuti makwikwikwikwi okukwikwikwi okutanga anogona kuunganidza vagari. Zvoruzivo rwezviito: paIndareteshineti, runoshandiswa mune mamwe maUProteshina uye kuwedzerwa kugona kuwanda pakati pekubudirira, kunyange zvazvo zvichiripo.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvegadziriro Huru

Pasinei zvapo nechipikirwa chavo chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vana vavana vanotarisana nenhau dzinoverengeka dzinopfuurira.

  • Low Voter Turnout: Sezvacherekedzwa, kutora rutivi kwakaderera muminamato kunogona kusekesa chiremera chawo ndokubvumira mapoka maduku kudzora. Ichochi zvikurukuru chinetso mumarongedzero akavharwa umo muvhoti anosarudza bedzi mushandisi wokupedzisira.
  • Kuparwa kwemari: Upamhi hunogona kuva hunodhura, navanoda kupedzera zvikuru pakushambadzira, kuvhota, uye kubuda munhamburiko. Vapfumi kana kuti avo vanotsigirwa nechapa-paC zvikuru kazhinji kazhinji vane betsero huru, kukwevera mutoo kufariro dzemari. U.S. Dare gurusa re CONCES] chisarudzo chaibatanidza iyi komba.
  • Kurwisana kukuru kungasiya mapati aparadzwa, navatsigiri vanorasikirwa vachiramba kudzorera mutongo murusarudzo. Uku kupesana kwomukati kunogona kuva kunouraya mumakwikwi akanyatsokwikwidzwa. Somuenzaniso, 2016 Democratic diomas pakati paHillary Clinton naBern Sanders yakaparira kusawirirana kunogara mukati mebato.
  • Stratic Votion: Mumaprimprim, vavhoti vomubato rinopikisana vanga “dzidzisa” zvikurukuru kuzivisa mudariro ane simba duku. Nepo fundo dzichiratidza ikoku kuva kusingawanzoitiki mukushandisa, mufambiro unobvira unoparira kuderera uye unobvisa chivimbo.
  • Rack of Flact: Munyika dzakafanana neUnited States, basa remitemo yakarongwa yehurumende rinoparira nyongano nekusaruramisira. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa maposi mubhorati, dzimwe dzinoda mukuvhota, uye misi inosiana zvikuru, inotapura vanogona kutora rutivi.

Nguva Yemberi Yemhosva Mumatongerwe Enyika Yose

Sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika anenge achichinja, zvinhu zvikuru zvinogona kuchinja zvichichinja zvichienderana nokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuwanda kwevanhu, uye kuoma kwezvinhu.

Kuvandudza Unyanzvi

Blockchain yakavakirwa paIndaneti, maapps akachengeteka, uye kutakura makombiyuta anobatsira pakutora mari kwaigona kuderedza mhinganidzo dzokutora rutivi uye kutsigira. Estonia inotoshandisa kuvhota pamichina nokuda kwokuvhota kwavose, uye dzimwe nyika dzeUnited States dzinobvumira kunyoresa paIndaneti. Zvisinei, tyisidziro dzeIndaneti uye kupatsanurwa kwemakombiyuta zvinoramba zviri zvipingamupinyi zvinokosha. Zvikamu zvezvikamu zvinofanira kuderedza kukwanisa kuwanika nokuperera.

Kuchinja Muitiro Wemazaya Emvura

Kumuka kwavavhoti vakazvimirira .Avo vasingawirirani nebato ripi neripi, idenho yetsika huru yakavharwa. MuUnited States, zvizvimiriri zvinoumba inenge 40% yavavhoti. Nyika zhinji dzakatamira kugadziriro dzakavharwa zvishoma kana kuti dzakazaruka kuti dzitore ava vavhoti. Nenzira yakafanana, vavhoti vaduku zvikuru vangabatanidza pasina vatendi, vachisarudza matongerwe enyika akavakirwa panhau pamusoro poruvimbiko rwechikamu. Kana chimiro ichi chikapfuurira, mapoka angamanikidzirwa kuzarura zvigaro zvavo kuti varambe vachikosha.

Kudiwa Kwokuona Zvakanaka

Nemhaka yezvisakafanira nokubatwa kwakatanhamara kunozivikanwa, vavhoti vari kuraira miitiro yokusarudza inooneswa zvakajeka zvikuru. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuchinja kwakadai sekurukurirano dzavadaviri vagara, kuziviswa kwapamutemo kwemipiro yenhimbe, uye kutarisirwa kwokuzvimirira kwetsoro. Mamwe mapoka akagamuchira “masangano ezvikamu zvemaprintaricrime” ayo anobatanidza kuvhota nemutengi wemakombiyuta nemunobvisa mashoko echibharo.

Kuchinja Kuri Kuitika

Zvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza gadziriro huru zvinobatanidza kutanga mipimo mikuru yenyika yose, kugamuchira kuvhota kwakarongwa kuti kukurudzire chivako chakabatana, uye kuva nenzvimbo dzapashure munhambo yokusarudza kuderedza pesvedzero yenyika dzapakuvamba. MuUnited Kingdom, Gutarian rakadana gadziriro yokutanga yakarongeka zvikuru yokuderedza simba reboka. MuGermany, mune kurukurirano pamusoro pokusuma zvibatiso zvemasangano ose makuru nomutemo. Iyi donzo rokuita kuti zvive zvinomiriridzwa zvikuru, zvishoma, zvinoparadzanisa, uye zvinoshanda zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Vapari vemhosva sechionioni choUtano Hwedemocratic

Vaparidzi havasati vari miitirowo zvayo younyanzvi yokusarudza vadaviri; ivo iratidzirwo yemipimo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nedenho. Apo symmeters dzinozarurwa, makwikwi, uye dzinosanorongwa, vanogona kunyandura vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika kutora rutivi rwadzo nekumanikidza kuteerera nzanga dzavo. Apo vanovharwa, kudzorwa, kana kuti kudzorwa nefariro dzemari, vanogona kubvisa tsvina yenzvimbo inosarudzwa navanhu uye kubvisa ruzhinji. Chimiro chenyika chapasi chose chose kukusarudza kwakananga mukuwirirana navabereki muchisarudzo chavanhu chingapfuurira, kuchisundwa namasimba mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anotevera: ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, kusaenzana, uye chishuvo chokuva nomugariro wehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinodaidzwa dzinodikanwa kunzwisiswa nomunhu upi noupi kuti dzinzwisise kuwanda. Sezvinoraira vagarisana vanomirira zvikuru, vanomirira gadziriro huru yehurumende youtongi hunoto.