Mhiko Tsvene: Rwendo rwaPrezidhendi kuMamedhia Nematongerwe Enyika

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa inopfuura kusimbwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Iziviso yapachena yokuvimbika kukutonga kwomutemo, muitiro unoratidzira kuchinjwa kune rugare kwesimba, uye nguva inobatanidza mutungamiriri mutsva kupfungwa dzakakwirira zvikuru dzorudzi. Kwemazana amakore, iyi rondedzero pfupi yave ine zvimiro zvikuru. MuAmerica yapanguva ino, zvisinei, mhiko yakaitwa muupenyu hwepiri (apose apo chishandiso chebhukwana muHollywood, mutambo weterevhizheni, uye chombo chisina redivi renhau mukurukurirano dzamatongerwe enyika. Kuratidzira nokukurukura kunzwika kwapamhemhesano kwapamhene kwakakurumbira kwechiremera choukuru, pamutemo, uye chimiro chavanhu chapamutemo. Nyaya iyi inonzvera basa rakawanda mutsika dzapurezidhendi wehurumende, inotevedzerwa mibatanidzwa, uye mukurukurirano yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo yePurezidhendi Oath

Mashoko Nengwariro

Mhiko yacho yakanyorwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.: “Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichapedza nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichashandisa zvakanakisisa zvemano angu, kuchengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States.” Kupfupika kworugwaro kunoramba chinangwa charwo chikuru. Vavambi vacho, vachangobva kurwisana nechinjo mukurwisana namambo, vakatsvaka mutoo wokusunga mukuru mukuru kumutemo panzvimbo pezviro zvechishuvo chomunhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokuraira purezidhendi kupika mhiko asati aita simba, vakasika chipikirwa chapachena chinochengetwa kupfurikidza nokusateererwa kwapachena norutongeso rwapachena.

Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanocherechedza kuti mutauro wacho wakasarudzwa nokungwarira. Shoko rokuti “nekutendeseka” rinoratidzira basa remutemo wavose wemurwi, nepo“ uchidzivirira, dzivirira uye dzivirira” rinoisa musengwa wakananga wokurinda nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo. Seizvo nyanzvi yebumbiro remitemo Michael Gerhardt yakatsanangura[, mhiko yacho haisati iriwo zvayo yomuitiro, ichiita kuti nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu, kunyange achine simba zvakadini, inomira pamusoro pomutemo.

Mhindumupindu Yeshoko Romukoko

Nepo rugwaro rwacho rwakaramba rusingachinjiki, mutambo wakapoteredza mhiko wave uchiitika zvinoshamisa. George Washington akawedzera mashoko okuti “ndibetserei zvikuru Mwari” pashure pokudzokorora mhiko yacho, tsika iyo purezidhendi gare gare vakatevera asi isingadiwi nemitemo. Nzvimbo yakabva pamutambo wokutanga paFederal Hall kuenda kuWest Front of the Capitol, uye misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kubatanidza zvinhu zvinooneka kana kuti zvenzanga. Kusiyana kumwe nokumwe kunoratidza mipimo yenhambo nedenho. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barrack Obama’s wa2009 akatumirwazve nemhaka yemhoko yemhuza yePronogment papraneti, inoisa ukoshi hwetsika dzinoiswa pakudzokorora chaiko. Mitambo iyi inowanzoratidzirwa munhetembo, kusimbisa chimiro chetsika.

Chiratidzo Mumashoko Akakurumbira: Chiratidzo Nokurondedzera

Mafirimu Anofamba Mafirimu: Kubva ku “Purezidhendi weAmerica” Kuenda ku “Mupukunyuki Akasarudzirwa”

Hollywood yakanguve ichiziva bviro huru yemhiko yapurezidhendi. Mumufungo wezverudo wa1995 weRob Reiner Purezidhendi weAmerica , mubati wepikiti anodzokorora mhiko panzvimbo yepaburiro, asi bhaisikopo rinovaka rondedzero yaro pakati petsika dzomunhu oga nebasa ravose .A kudzokorora zvakananga kwechipikirwa chemhiko ku “kuputsa nokutendeka” hofisi. Nhevedzero huru, nhevedzano yeterevhizheni [FLD] inoisa chiratidzo chadzorwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende kupfuurira kupfuurira. [FLT:]

Mimwe mienzaniso inokosha inobatanidza bhaisikopo ra2013 [[FLT: 0] Captain Phillips, uko mhiko isingaonekwi asi murangariro wechiremera chapurezidhendi unokumbirwa kupfurikidza neredhiyo nemutungamiriri, uye bhaisikopo ra2018 Post, iyo inonangidzira pabopotedzano pakati peropafadzo yechiremera nebasa rebumbiro-mitemo. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, mhiko inobatira sechipfupikiso chemipo youtungamiriri. Chiono choruoko paBhaibheri (kana kuti bhuku romutemo) uye mashoko anotaurwa anoita nguva yegiramupiyusa kana kuti munyengeri.

Terevhizheni Nezvinoshambadzira

Terevhizheni yakagadzirwa kwenguva refu ine ukama hwakapfuvura zvikurusa nemhiko. Mu Wing [FLT], mhiko inokumbirwa yapiwazve , kubva kuna Purezidhendi Josia Barteles Bartelet kudzokororwa kwokutanga kusvikira kunguva apo anoshanda purezidhendi Glenallen Walkeren anoshandisa mhiko mumigariro yechienzi. MuSarrun Aaron Sorkin akashandisa mhiko kutsigira kurondedzera kwake kwemitemo yenheyo. Chiono apo Bartelet anodzokorora mhiko yacho pashure pokuzivisa murwiyo rwake rwePrezicletission kuMutengi weHouse idiyo yemitemo idiro yakakurumbira mukushandisa mutauro wemitemo kuisa kukuvaradzikiso yomunhu oga mukati mamiriro ezvinhu okuzvidavirira.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru, Imba yeMakadhi [[FLT: 1] yakashatisa utsvene hwemhiko. Frank Underwood, mufananidzo weMachiavellian, anodzokorora mhiko yacho zvizere achivavarira kuitengesa. Chiso cheratidziro chacho chakasunda vaoni kupanikira kana mhiko yoga inogona kumanikidza wiro yakasarudzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Netflix nhevedzano [[FLT:] Diplomat inonzvera mhiko mumashoko enjodzi yamarudzi ose, inoratidzira kuti musengwa wapurezidhendi woku “kuchengeta, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira kunogona sei kurwisana nemisengwa.

Mabhuku uye Mabhuku Anoiswa Panzvimbo Yeimwe

Mabhuku engano namabhuku asina kunyorwa anobatanawo nemhiko. Sa Philip Roth’s Murongi wokurwisana neAmerica fungidzira chiitiko apo mhiko yapurezidhendi inomonyaniswa kuti ibatire zvinangwa zvehurumende. Roth anoshandisa chinyorwa chenhau cheLindbergh kuratidzira kuti mutungamiriri anogona sei kukudza tsamba yemhiko apo anenge achiputsa mudzimu wake, (a musoro unonzwika munharo dzenguva ino pamusoro pomukuru mukuru mukuru anonyengera. Munzvimbo yenhau yakasiyana, Harry Turtutleve’s yenhau, [FLTB:]] Gun yeSouth[FLT]]] kuratidzira kuti mupikidzani unopika sei mudzimu wakasiana, kusimbisa sei mumiitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mabhuku anowanzonzvera nguva yapachivande pamberi pemhiko yavose. Mabhuku akafanana ne Jeffrey Shapiro’s Oath anonzvera uremu hwendangariro papurezidhendi sezvavanogadzirira kutaura mashoko. Mabasa akadaro anosimbisa kuti mhiko haisati iri muitirowo zvawo asi musengwa womunhu oga wakaumba zvikuru chisarudzo chapurezidhendi munhau yose.

Mutambo Wokushambadza Muhurukuro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kururamisira Nokutendeka

Muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, mhiko yapurezidhendi inowanzodudzwa kutanga kana kuti kudenha kuva pamutemo kwomutungamiriri. Mukati mechinongedzero cha 2020 chapashure pesarudzo, somuenzaniso, mitezo yeDare yakakumbira mhiko apo yaiitirana nharo kana kugona kubvumikisa vhoti dzevoti. Mumiririri Liz Cheney akataura pauriri kuti vvutani hwake kuMutungamiriri Trump akatorwa “kutsigira mhiko yandakapika kuBumbiro reMitemo.” Mhiko yacho yakava chitsigo: kupfurikidza nokuibatanidza, vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoisa zviito zvavo kwete sezvisarudzo zvechivhotiso zvinodzodzodzodzosa asi semirayiro yemitemo.

Nenzira yakafanana, vanopikirwa kuva purezidhendi vanowanzopikira ku “dzorera mhiko” kana kuti“ kurarama mukuwirirana nemhiko,” vachikarakadza kuti vashori vavo varasika. Uku kuisa mhiko mukariro yavose yokuti mhiko ibvumirano yetsika inosungirwa. Apo purezidhendi anorangarirwa kuva anoputsa mhiko (kokuenzanisira, kupfurikidza nokuraira gadziriro yokunzvera isiri yapamutemo kana kuti kuramba kuisa mitemo .) Vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoshandisa mhiko sezvikonzero zvepomero. Dare reHouse Judiciary renhau rokusatendisa mukurwisana naPrezidhendi Trump muna 2021 rakanongedzera zvakajeka kukundikana kwake ku “kuita hofisi nenzira yokutendeka, nyora zvakananga pamashoko orumbiso.

Mutambo Wehondo Nenharo

Panharo dzenhimbe, vada kufunda vangadenhanazve kutendeka kwemhiko. Nharo dza1960 Kennedy-Nixon dzakasimbisa nongedzero dzakajeka kumhiko apo Kennedy akataura kuti purezidhendi anofanira kuva “muranda akatendeka webumbiro remitemo.” Munguva pfupi yapfuura, nharo 2020 dzakaona Joe Biden achiramba mhiko kakawanda semupimo uyo mabasa aTrump anofanira kuyerwa nawo. Mhiko yacho inoshanda sechidhinha chinokurira mitsetse yebato; hapana wezvematongerwe enyika anoiramba pachena. Iri simba rinoita kuti mhiko ive chishandiso chakasimba chokurwisa nacho muvengi pasina kusvetuka ichipinda mumapfundo okutaura.

Zvirongwa zvenhau zvinowanzoshandisa vhidhiyo yapurezidhendi vakapfuura vachipika munhau pamusoro pezvikwaniriso zvomubhadhari, zvichisimbisa kubatana kuri pakati pemhiko nougwinyi hwapurezidhendi.

Kupindira Mune Zvemato uye Kubirwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Mhiko yacho inova yakatanhamara zvikuru mukati menjodzi dzebumbiro remitemo. Mhosva yeWatergate yama 1970 yakatanga gakava guru pamusoro pokuti Purezidhendi Nixon akanga aputsa mhiko yake kupfurikidza nokufukidza muganhu. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakataura kuti mhiko yacho yakamuraira kubatira pamwe nenzvero. Njodzi yacho yakaguma muchisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosaidzo (United States v. Nixon) icho chakasimbisa nenzira isina kunanga ukurudzo kupfurikidza nokuramba kutaura kweropafadzo yapamutemo.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kudenha kwaJanuary 6 Capitol kwakatungamirira kukuwandisa kwemhiko. Vaiti vemitemo vakanga vatiza mukamuri racho vakadzokera kuzosimbisa sarudzo, vachitaura zvakajeka kuti vakanga vachiita saizvozvo “nokuda kwokutendeka kumhiko.” Mutauri panzvimbo dzakaita seJuly Security At Lects akapikisana nemhiko kakawanda, uye dare rakatevera rairatidza uchapupu hwairatidza zviitiko zvezuva racho sedenho parumano. [[FLT: 0] .Legal nyanzvi panzvimbo dzakaita seJuly Security kuti mhiko yaigona kushandiswa sehwaro yehwaro yezvokunyorwa pasi pechi14, kunyange zvazvo uku kutsanangura kuchiramba.

Mamwe magakava, akadai semuitiro wokuparadzana kwemhuri weTrump pamuganhu, akaparirawo nharo dzomutauro wemhiko. Vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti muitiro wacho wakaputsa mhiko yapurezidhendi yoku “ngwarira kuti mitemo ipedziswe nokutendeka,” anonongedzera kumirau inoda kubatwa kwohunhu kwavatami. Gurukuro rakapesana kuti mhiko yacho yairaira kuti mitemo yokutama itsigire sezvakanyorwa. Uku kupesana kunoratidzira kuti mhiko inogona kukumbirwa sei namativi ose kuti itsigire nzvimbo dzinopesana, kuzivisa kuchinjika kwayo sechishandiso chokubetsera.

Kuratidza Vanhu Vose uye Dzidzo Yemichero

Muhara uye Kuzivikanwa Kwerudzi

Nokuda kwavaAmerica vazhinji, mhiko yapurezidhendi haisati iri bedzi muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika asi chiratidzo chezivikanwo yenyika. A 2017 Nzvero yePew Research Center[ yakawana kuti 84% yavapindu vakarangarira kuchinjwa kworugare kwesimba (81) chiito chakasimbiswa nemhiko (jenis) sechinokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Mitambo yavose, yakadai sokudzokororwa kwemhiko mukati mekutsauriro, kukwezva mamirioni avaoni. Mashoko emhiko anowanzorangarirwa mumabhuku, miyuziyamu, zviratidziro, uye zvishandiso zvedzidzo yehurumende.

Zvisinei, kunzwisisa pachena mifungo yemitemo. Vagari vemo vazhinji vanodavira kuti mhiko inobatanidza “ndibetserei Mwari” sechinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo, uye vashomanene vanogona kuyeuka rugwaro chairwo. Musiyano uyu pakati poruremekedzo rwokufananidzira nezivo yechokwadi unogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira nevezvematongerwe enyika avo vanokumbira mhiko yacho vasingatsananguri revo dzayo dzapamutemo. Mapurogiramu edzidzo eCUB anosimbisa nenzira inowedzera revo chaiyoiyo yemhiko yacho. Masangano akafanana ne [[FLT: 0] Constitution Society yeAmerican inogovera zviwiro zvezvipo zvokubetsera vadzidzi uye kunzvera mhiko sechibvumirano chapamutemo.

Pesvedzero Yezvinobudisa Nhau Pakunzwisisa

Zvinobudisa nhau zvakakurumbira zvinoumba zvakananga nzira iyo vanhu vanonzwisisa nayo mhiko. Apo firimu rinoshamisa rinoratidza purezidhendi achidzokorora mhiko yacho noruoko paBhaibheri, rinosimbisa rutivi rworudzidziso, kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo richibvumidza kusimbisa pasina Bhaibheri. Nenzira yakapesana, ratidziro yeterevhizheni inoratidzira purezidhendi anoputsa mhiko inogona kumutsa kuziva kwemiitiro yokuzvidavirira yakadai sokusabvuma. Netflix nhevedzano [[FLT: 0] HERARY inobatanidza chirevo chemhesva chemheswo nebvunzurudzo zvinokurukura tsidzo paSClinn’s Cennetic, kubatanidza chinyorwa nenhauro yokudzidzisa.

Nhepfenyuro dzenzanga dzinoitawo rutivi runowedzera. Kutora mhiko kunogoveranwa zvikuru mukati menjodzi, kazhinji kazhinji netsinhiro idzo dzinorumbidza kana kuti zvimwe kushora kunamatira kwapurezidhendi kumashoko. Tsamba dzinonzvera kana muitiro uchiumba kuputswa kwemhiko uchigona kuva wevhairasi, kuchiratidzira mamiriyoni avanoshandisa kunharo dzebumbiro remitemo. Uku kushandurwa kwetsananguro kune betsero dzose (kubatanidza nzanga) nenjodzi (kubatanidza pamusoro pomugariro wemhiko).

mhedziso

Mhiko yapurezidhendi inoramba iri chinhu chinokosha chetsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzeAmerica, mashoko ayo ari nyore kutakura mazana amakore etsika dzapamutemo, uremu hwemirangariro, uye nhauro. Muzvinobudisa nhau zvakakurumbira, mhiko inobatira sechinhu chinoshamisa icho chiratidzo, njodzi, kana kuti kupfuurira. Muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, inoshanda seyemipimo inoita kuti ive yepamutemo, inoderedza, kana kuti inonyandura. Sezvo nyika inonzvera nhambo yetsika huru yedemokramendi nedenho kumipimo yedemokrame, basa remhiko sechipikirwa chavose, `kakavanwa munhau dzenhau, uye kunzvera mashoko ekirasi anotova noukoshi hukuru zvikuru. Kunzwisisa kuti mhiko yacho inoratidzirwa sei nokukumbirwa kunobetsera vagari vemo apo vanokudza uye apo vanongoridzira bedzi mashoko outano.