Masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo ezana ramakore rechi20 akagadziridzwazve zvikuru nzanga yeAmerica, kwete bedzi kupfurikidza nokudenha tsika dzenzanga dzakadzika zvikuru asiwo kupfurikidza nokumanikidza chinjo huru mukuvakwa kwemitemo kunodzora masangano. Nhevedzo yemitemo inosarudzwa inosarudza kuti masangano anoumbwa sei, anoshanda, uye anozvidavirira kukodzero dzakafanana. Activa varactist kubva kuChivil Rights Movement, maruramiro avakadzi, uye gare gare gare mufambiro weLGBTQ+ mitoo yepamutemo yokubvisa miganhuro imwe neimwe yetsika kubatanidzwa kwesangano, kuraira kuti kusava kusarura, uye kuchengetedzwa kwakaenzana mumutemo. Nhambudzo idzi dzakatungamirira kugadziridzo dzemitemo, dare, uye kuchinja kudzo dzomutemo unodzokororodza mutemo unoshandiswa kutongedze kutodza kutodza kutodza kutodza kutodza kukwa kwapamutemo wavagari vemo kuti vagove dzimwe kodzero dzaigona kushandiswa kupfuurira kupfuurira kukuita maruramiro avagari.

Nhoroondo: Mutemo Wokusabvumirana Pamberi Pekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa ukuru hweidzi chinjo, kuri madikanwa kunzvera mugariro wokubatanidza mutemo pamberi pezana ramakore rechi20. Munhau, kubatanidzwa kwakanga kuri ropafadzo yaipiwa navanopa mitemo, kwete maruramiro. Mutemo wapakuvamba weAmerica wakanga uchiganhurira zvikuru, uchida chiito chaicho chechibvumirano kuti chibvumirwe. Iyi tsika yakabvumira miitiro yokubatanidza kukura: mapoka mashoma, vakadzi, uye vapanduki vezvamatongerwe enyika vainyimwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kana kuti kutarisana netsoropoto duku dzapamutemo. Kunyange pashure pokubatanidza mitemo yakava yakakurumbira mukupera kwezana kwezana ramakore rechi 19, inotaura kuti kurambwa kunoda kuva kusingakodzeki. Somuenzaniso, National Association for Advation of Flanced of People (NACP) yakatarisana nesimba rayoronze remitemo yayo kana kuti izivikanwa kuva mitezo yemitemo yemitemo. [5]

Nenzira yakafanana, masangano avakadzi aiwanzosangana nemhinganidzo dzapamutemo dzokubatanidza. Vakadzi vakaroora, mumitemo yokuviga, vaisagona kuva nenzvimbo kana kuti kupinda mumasangano muzita ravo vamene, kuchikuita kuve kunenge kusingabviri kuti vabatanidze pasina vanovimba vechirume. Masangano asingapinduri purofiti nokuda kwechinjo dzenzanga aiwanzorangarirwa nenyumwiro, uye vadzori vehurumende pane dzimwe nguva vairamba mugariro wokubvisa mutero kumapoka airangarirwa seasingatongorina kurwisana nezvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo nokudaro aifanira kudenha kwete bedzi norusaruro rwapamusorosorosoro asi pamutemo rwaichinosimudzira.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nechisimba Chokuchinja Zvitendero Zvepamutemo

Chivil Rights Movement yezana ramakore rechi20. Nengwariro yayo pauenzani hwedzinza, yakatarisana zvakananga nemiitiro yokusarura. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadai saThur Good Marshall naCharles Hamilton Houston vakaziva kuti kubatana kwakanga kuchikosha nokuda kwokuvaka masangano ekodzero dzechibharo. Rubudiriro rwesangano mukuchengeta [FOL:0] Kodzero dzechiningo zvagara zviripo [[FOL:] Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chakaitwa neChizivikaro chaidzorwa zvikuru nokuda kwokugamuchira rusarura ganda kupfurikidza nepurogiramu ipi neipi inogamuchira betsero yemari, iyo inodzvinyirira hurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo kuvimbisa kuti ive yakabatanidzwa [mabhizimisi , kubatanidza mabhizimisi nezvinoshambariranwa zvisingapiwi.[5] Harti yechiI yechibvumirano chakananga kusarura basa rokushanda mumutemo unorambidzwa mumutemo wokusarira nokusarudzorwa kwemite, zvinobatanidza kutsigira zvitendero zverudzi, zvinobatanidza kusarura zvitendero zvedzinza ramarudzi akawanda, zvinobatanidza kutsigira zvitendero, zvinobatanidza zvitendero, zvinobatanidza zvitendero, zvinobatanidza zvitendero

Kurwisana naClaus MumaTchatarate

Chimwe chezvinjo dzapamutemo zvikuru chakanga chiri kubatanidzwa kwegadziriro dzapamutemo dzinorwisana neshambidziko dzamasangano. Pamberi penhambo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, mabhizimisi nemhindu zvingagona kuganhurira zvakajeka kuva mitezo kana kuti basa kumarudzi akati kana kuti dzinza. Pashure pechibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzemunhu nemunhu. Pashure pechikamu chekodzero dzechiKnomuganidzo, hurumende dzakatanga kuita mitemo yairambidza ganhuriro dzakadaro. Somuenzaniso, Kodhi reCalifornia Corporations yakarongwa kuti ide kuti ide kuti isanganidze mashoko okuti havazvitsigiri pahwarati yedzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Chinodikanwa ichi chakava muenzaniso wedzimwe nyika. Nema 1970, maruwa mazhinji akanga ane chimiro chokurambidza kusarura muhurumende, zvikurukuru ayo akarongeka nokuda kwezvipo kana kuti dzidzo. Izvi hazvina kusimbisa kuratidzira; magwetawo masangano anotonga kuti adzore kana kuti ashande mitongo yokurwisana nemirayiro yedare.

Kuzivikanwa Nokuitwa Kwamapoka Asingadi Mhindu

Chivil Rights Movement yakanyandurawo kugadzwa kwomutemo usingapinduri. Pamberi pama1960, mapoka akawanda okusasarura akashanda zvisina kurongwa kana kuti sesonganiro dzisina kubatanidzwa, achiganhurira mano awo okukwidza, kuchengeta zvinhu, kana kuti kugamuchira mipiro inopfuudzwa. [[FL:0]] Interial Revolution Code [[FL:1] yakajekeswa kubvumira masangano anopinda muchitsauko chakaganhurirwa chemitemo kuti achengete mugariro wemutero pasi pechikamu 501(c)(3), kana kuti asatora rutivi munhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Sangano dzeNaACC, reva kuti ruzhinji rweAmerican Libercial Union (ACU), uye chiNgero cheMajeka echiKristu cheMaoms ounionnions (CC) mumitemo iyi isingatsaumbirwi nokuda kwemiteshi yehurumende yavose.

Boka Ravakadzi Ramaruramiro Nekuenzana Kwavanhu Vane Urudzi Mumutemo Wesangano

Musangano wavakadzi wekodzero wa1960 na 1970 wakavakirwa panheyo dzakavakwa neCivil Rights Movement, ichimanikidza kuva akaenzana muvatano mukubatanidza nokudzora kwesangano. Sangano reNational nokuda kwaVakadzi [NOW] rakabatanidzwa muna 1966 sesangano remitezo yapachivako yakatsaurirwa kubvisa rusaruro rwevatano. Kubatanidzwa kwaro kunobudirira kwakabatira semutendi wepamutemo nokuda kwamapoka asingaverengeki avakadzi okubereka. Panguva ino, mitemo yaiwanzorangarira kuti vakadzi havagoni kuva nenzvimbo dzechiremera mumasangano, uye masangano mazhinji anoganhurirwa pachena mabasa outungamiriri kuvarume. Zvinetsoro zvapamutemo, zvakatungamirira kukuita kuti vashandurire kupfurikidza nokusasarura kwamapoka. Nokuda kwemitevero yapamutemo, mitemo inowanzorangarira kuti vakadzi vasagona kuva nemiraudzo yemitemo yapamutemo kupfurikidza kuzivisa pamutemo.

Imwe fambiro mberi huru yakanga iri kushandiswa kwe ITH IX yeFourcemesionss ya1972, iyo yakarambidza shatiswo yevatano mumasangano edzidzo anogamuchira mari yehurumende. Nepo Thit IX zvikurukuru yakapesvedzera zvitendero, nheyo dzayo dzakapesvedzera nhevedzano isati iri purofitistiki: masangano akatungamirira kana kuti kugamuchira zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvaifanira kuratidzira kusasarura mumitemo yazvo nemabasa. Pakasvika ma1980, wakanga uri muitiro wapamutemo wezvirongwa zvehurumende zvokubatanidza zvikamu zvehurumende zvisiri zvemari inopfuudzira vatano. Sangano dzavakadzi dzakarevewo dzakarevedzerwa nokuda kwokuzivikanwa kwemabhizimisi evakadzi, zvichitungamirira kupurogiramu dzinokurudzira kubatanidza mabhizimisi ebhizimisi anoitwa namabhizimisi ebhizimisi, ayo aida kuchinja mabhizimisi.

Kubva Pakubhadhara Kwakaenzana Kuenda Kuutongi Hwakaenzana

Kupfuura zvinyorwa, sangano ravakadzi raidzvinyirira maruramiro echikadzi mumasangano esangano navakuru vakuru. Nepo isiri rutivi rwakananga rwokubatanidza mutemo, nyika zhinji pakupedzisira dzakagamuchira mirau inokurudzira kana kuti inoda mhatsa muudzori hwemasangano. Somuenzaniso, California SB 826[[FLT] [2018]) yaida masangano akachengetwa pachena kubatanidza vakadzi pamapurazi avo (a mutemo wakatongerwa gare gare gare asi wakaparira zvikarakadzo zvakafanana. Iyi mhindumuko yazvino inovamba mukuita kwapakuvamba kwakabvisa mhinganidzo dzouvatana.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nefutunuko Yedziviriro Dzisiri Dzokupopotedzana

LGBTQ+ masangano ekodzero akapfuuridzira donzo rokushandisa mutemo wekodzero kufambisira mberi maruramiro avagari vemo. Mukupera kwamazana amakore 20 napamberi pa 21, savaroorani voutere naLGBTQ+ masangano akatsvaka kubatanidza, vakatarisana nemipingamupinyi yakafanana neyayaya yakasangana namavambo. Manyika pane dzimwe nguva akaramba mugariro wemitero kumasangano eshamwari kana kuti kuiraira kuti aibatanidze mirangariro inorwisana nengochani mumitemo yavo. Nyika inoratidzira zvinoitika zvedare zvakadai se [BY] Shookts] zveAmerica.[VFLT2] [FLT2] [5] [3] muganhu wekupesana nomutemo usingachinjiki.[FLT] yakaedza migati yemitemo inorwisana nomutemo.

Pashure pa .DATA, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru idzo dzakashanda zvakajeka kuzvinhu zvinobatanidzwa, dzichida kuti zvisarudze kuti mitezo youtungamiriri zvisasarura zvakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwemunhurume. Obergefell v. Hoddell chisarudzo (2011] chisarudzo, icho chinonyoresa roorano imwe cheteyo munyika yose, chakavawo nerevo nechero yezvirongwa zvemhuri zvemidyana, uye kusiya miitiro yemasangano akapinzwa kuti adzorwe kuti awirirane nomutemo wemubatanidzwa. Muteve, mahofisi ehurumende akavamba kugamuchira vamwe vakaroorana vatevene secoorpotortions. LTBQothDt amapoka avanhu vamapoka semapoka avanhu vapamutemo anoshandiswa mumitemo yapamutemo inopesana napamutemo kuti ishandurwezve, inopesana nemitemo inopesana nemitemo.

Kusapesana Nemitemo Netsika

Nhasi, masangano akawanda anoshandisa nokuzvidira mitemo isingasaruri inopfuura zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo, uye dzimwe nyika dzakaita miitiro yakadaro yakafanira nokuda kwamarudzi akati okubatanidza (mh., asingapinduri kugamuchira mari yehurumende). National Gay neLesbian Chamber of Commerce (NGLCC) vatsigiri nokuda kwokubatanidza dziviriro dzevatano nezivikanwo yevatano muzvinhu zvebhizimisi. Sangano iri rinoratidzira kuti kodzero dzevagari vemo dzinopfuurira sei kuita chinjo dzekuwedzera asi dzine revo muchinyorwa chakaisvonaka chomutemo weCompligion.

Mhindumupindu Yemazuva Ano: Kupindira Munzanga, Kubatsira Masangano, uye DEI

Nhaka yamasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo zvinova pachena mukumuka kwamasangano enzanga uye masangano anobetsera. Idzi zvimiro zvapamutemo zvinobatanidza zvakajeka mabasa enzanga nemhoteredzo muzvivako zvavo zvokutonga, zvichivakira pamienzaniso isingashandisi mari inonyandurwa munguva yekodzero dzavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, sangano rinowana mari yesangano kuti riitwe nomutemo kuti rirangarire simba rezvakasarudzwa nevanhu vari padanda, kusanganisira vashandi, nzanga, uye zvakapoteredza (* pane kuisa pfungwa yokugovera mari. Chivako ichi chakabuda mukuzivikanwa kuti masangano emasangano ezvirongwa zvemabhizimisi akanga asina musengwa kuti atsigire kodzero yepamutemo yokutsigira kodzero yevagari vemo kana kuti mhatsano. Chimiro chokutanga kupfumisa mamiriro ezvinhu esangano renyika yaMariya munyika yaMakatongwe muna 2010, uye chakatevetevedza pfungwa yomutemo womutemo. Chiteve chinofanira kuteve chitsa pamutemo chetsika chamagaro. Chino chetsika chinoitwa. Chino. Chino chetsika chinoitwa

Mukuwedzera, zvimiro zvizhinji zvinopa makambani anowana mibayiro yakaganhurirwa [L3Cs] namamwe masangano akaumbwa nokuda kwamasangano ane donzo guru romutsa. Aya masangano akapesvedzerwa nokudikanwa kwokuita kuti zvivako zvikuru zvamadzimbahwe zvakapfava nokuda kwemibato yenzanga. Masangano echikwata chehurumende, equiy, uye kubatanidzwa (DEI) zvakawanawo nzvimbo inodzorwa nomutemo: dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti dziwane pachena kuti dziwane mashoko okubatanidza kubatana kwemibatanidzwa pamabhodhi avo, uye varonze vemitengi vazvo yesangano rinodzorwa mari inosimudzira mari inodzorwa nokuda kwemiserongedzero yemitemo yenzanga.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenzvimbo Kwehurumende

Tora , mugariro wavose zvikurusa wokubatanidzwa kwamabhizimisi makuru: Mutemo wayo weSangano reSangano rakagadziriswa mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya kubvumira masangano kubatanidza gadziriro dzebetsero yenzanga pasina kuisa maruramiro enzanga. Masangano [[FLT]] , muganhu wePublic Beneficial Corporation [2013] unobatanidza vatungamiriri vadzori vadzori vanobvumira kuganhurira migove yemipimo yemigove nedzimwe mirangariro yenzanga, chinonanga kururamisiro yeruramisiro yenzanga pamusoro pamakumi amakore apakuvamba. Nenzira yakafanana, maFOLT]

mhedziso

Masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo ezana ramakore rechi20 akaita zvinopfuura kuchinja murangariro wavanhu; anowedzera zvikuru mitemo yapamutemo umo masangano anoberekwa ndokushanda. Kubva muhondo yeNAACP kuchengetedza dhipatimendi yawo mukudzorwa nedzosero yehurumende, kusvikira kusino kusiana kwesangano renyika yevarume nevakadzi, kuLGBT+ kurumbidzira kubatira nokuda kwekodzero dzinopesana nemitemo, fungu rimwe nerimwe rechiito rinosiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pamutemo wehurumende. Nhasi, mabhizimisi enzanga uye anobetsera masangano anoendesa kuzhenesera, kururama uye kusasarura muchimiro chapamutemo cheDNA yesangano. Kuwedzera kwacho kwakajeka kwakajeka kwakajeka, sokuchinjawo pamutemo, mitemo inodzora kupfurikidza nesangano ratinoshanda, uye zvinoumba nzanga dzenguva inovaka nzanga. Nhasi, sezvo kuvaka nzanga dzechirongwa mumugariro wezve mune upfumi mukuita basa mumitengo yapamutemo, kupfuurirazve kubuda kwemitemo. Chiteshinanwa mumugariro wehurumende. Chibvumirano chenyika inoenderera mberi. Chibvumirano chenyika chinoenderera mberi. Chite