Ukama pakati pemigariro yemari yenyika yose neyamuro dzinofamba munyika dzakawanda hwakaoma kunzwisisa uye hwakakura. Sezvo upfumi hwenyika hunowedzera kana kuti zvibvumirano, pfuma iyo nyika dzakapfuma dzinoita kuti iwanike kunyika dzichiri kubudirira nokuda kwekubudirira, ruyamuro rwomutsa, uye kuderera kwourombo nokuderera kwemibato yemari. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye nyanzvi dzemiitiro, kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti nei mavhoriyamu okuyamura achichinja, izvo zvirongwa zvinowana mari zvinotsigirwa, uye kuti betsero inobudirira inosvika sei varidzinoshandira.

yamuro yokunze inozivikanwa seOfficial Development Alters (ODA)() [1] Mitezo yeOncolasses inopa zvikwereti, zvikwereti zvinobvumirwa, uye betsero younyanzvi zvinogoverwa nehurumende, masangano akasiana---- siyana, uye vapi vemunhu oga. Mukuwirirana neOn Organization for Economic Coproperoperation and Development (OECD), mitezo yose ODA kubva kuDevelopment Application Committee (DAC) inosvika kunenge mabhiriyoni 20222. Bva iyi nhamba inofukidza gore rakati revone remari inodzosairwa noutano hwemari yenyika yose.

Nyaya ino inoongorora zvinhu zvikuru zvinobatsira pakugadzira zvinhu, inoona kuongorora zvakaitika kare uye zvichangobva kuitika, uye inotaura kuti kuvaka zvivako zveramangwana kunobatsira sei.

Kunzwisisa Yamuro Yokumwe: Marudzi, Zvisundo, uye Nhoroondo

Marudzi Eyamuro

Pamberi pokuongorora, zvinobatsira kujekesa kuti ndeipi inobatsira kunze kwenyika. Maonero anowanzoitwa ndeaya:

  • yamuro yeBHAYIDA - - kuendesa kwakananga kubva kune imwe hurumende kuenda kune imwe, kazhinji kazhinji yakabatanidzwa namabasa akati kana kuti migariro yemiitiro.
  • yamuro yeMultialidal - mipiro kumasangano akadai seWorld Bank, masangano eSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose, kana kuti mabhangi ebudiriro enharaunda, ayo ipapo anogovera mari kunyika dzinogamuchira.
  • yamuro yeHumanita - yamuro yekurumidziro nokuda kwengwavaira dzomusikirwo, rwisano, kana kuti kutanga kwehosha.
  • [ yamuro yokuwedzera [[[FT:1] - Tsigiro refu yegadziriro dzemarongerwo enzvimbo, utano, dzidzo, uye kukura kwemari.
  • [[[NHAU: 0] Yamuro yePrivate[[FT:1] – kupa kwemutsa nenheyo, masangano, kana kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe (mue., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation).

Zvinosunda Kupa

Nyika dzinopa yamuro nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemubatanidzwa zvezvokushandira, zvemari, uye zvomutsa. Mukati meHondo Yemashoko, yamuro yakashandiswa zvikuru kuwina vatsigiri. Nhasi, sundo dzinobatanidza kusimudzira dzikamo, kukura kwamabanza okushambadza, kupedza misengwa yetsika yenyika yose, yakadai se .7% ODA/GNI chipfuro chinoramba chisina kutsiviwa navapi vazhinjisa.

Vapi Vakuru Navagamuchiri

Vapi vemipiro mikurusa iUnited States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, uye France. Mikoto mizhinji, kubatanidza maEuropean Union, inoitawo basa guru. Nharaunda dzinogamuchira dzinozara muSub88saharan Africa, South Asia, Middle East, uye mativi eLatin America. Apo zvibvumirano zvemari yenyika yose, bhajeti yemari munyika dzinopa inowanzova nedzvinyiriro, ichitapura zvakananga mapurogiramu ayo mamiriyoni avanhu anotsamira paari.

Miitiro Yenyika Yose Yezvemari Netapuro Dzayo Paaid Inoyerera

Kukura Kwemari Munyika Yose

Kana upfumi hwenyika hukawedzera, mari yemitero inowedzera munyika dzinopa, uye hurumende dzinoda kuwedzera mipiro yokuyamura inobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Zvisinei, yamuro haiwanzova, kana ichitongobatanidzwa zvakananga nechikamu chakatemwa cheGDP. Panzvimbo pezvo, inopesvedzerwa nechido chezvamatongerwe enyika nezvinokosha zvinokwikwidza. Mukati mamakore okuwedzera, yamuro yose ingakwira, asi aid [asgayashoreaprotrak resvom] restion à proces [[[FLT]] kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji] nokuti kukura kwemarikero yemari yemari yemarike kunowedzera. Kungova bedzi chiverengero chiduku chenyika (g., Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Denmark) chipfuro chakananga nguva dzose 0.7%.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu uye Kuderera Kweupfumi

Kudzosera kuve pakati pevatyairi vane simba zvikurusa vekuderedzwa kweyamuro. Apo upfumi hwevapi hunoderera, hurumende dzinoderedza kushandiswa kusingashandisi mari, uye bhajeti dzeyamuro dzokunze kazhinji kazhinji dziri pakati pedzokutanga kucheka. Muuyo wacho hauwanzova wekareve; kazhinji kazhinji pane kuderera kwegore rimwe kusvikira kumaviri sezvo mabhajeti anopedzwa. Asi muuyo unowedzerwa unogona kuva wakakomba.

  • [2008 Global Financial Disaster Crisis:[ Chaiwoiwo ODA yakabva kunyika dzeDAC yakaderera ne 2% muna 2009, nedzimwezve mtezo mumakore akatevera.] Dzimwe nyika (sokubva muIreland neGreece) dzinoderedza bhajeti dzadzo dzeyamuro ne 30%.
  • COVID 76 PANDEMIC (2021): Kunyange zvazvo vapi vazhinji vakawedzera yamuro youtano ine chokuita, ODA yose kunyika dzine urombo zvikurusa yakawira pasi sezvo upfumi hwakawana. World Bank yakafungidzira kuti yamuro yenyika yose nokuda kwezvirongwa zvekubudirira (utano hwechimurenga) yakaderera ne5% mu2020.
  • Kukwira kukuru neChishuvo (2022-2024): Ndyiko dzinokwira dzokukwereta dzakakandira nzvimbo yemari muzvose zviri zviviri nyika dzinopa nomugamuchiri, dzichiisa dzvinyiriro pazvibvumirano zveyamuro yomunguva yemberi.

Mibayiro Yokuita Zvinoda Kuda Kuitwa

Kuchinja mutengo weyamuro kunotapura kukwira munzira mbiri dzinopesana:

  • NYIKA dzinozvimirira: Nyika dzakafanana neNorway, Canada, uye Australia dzinobetserwa apo oiri, michero, kana kuti kutengeswa kwezvokurima zvinodzorwa nemitengo yakakwirira. Mitengo inowedzerwa inowedzerwa kunze kwenyika inopfuudzirwa, pane dzimwe nguva inotungamirira kukuwedzerwa kweyamuro. Nenzira inopesana, kuparara kwemitengo kunosunda ava vapi kubhajeti yakaganhurirwa.
  • Vagamuchiri vanotsamira pa( Marudzi mazhinji eyamuro anenge (jere, Nigeria, Angola, Zambia) anotsamira pazvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika nokuda kwokuchinjana nokubhadhara mari kwehurumende. Apo mitengo inoderera, mari yavo inoderera, inoparira kudikanwa kukuru kweyamuro iripo (sezvo ukoshi hweyamuro ingashandwa nemari (ona pasi). Iyi “miuyo yakapetwa kaviri yemifungo yemari inoipira njodzi.

Mwero Yokuchinja Mari

Sezvo yamuro zhinjisa dzokumwe dzichibviswa muma US $, Euro, kana kuti mamwe mari huru, kuderera kwemitengo yokuchinjana kunogona kuchinja zvikuru simba [[FLT: 0] chairoiro rokutenga [ reyamuro munyika dzinogamuchira. Apo mari yemugamuchiri inobviswa pamadhora, ukoshi hwemari yeyamuro hwenzvimbo inokwira neyamuro yomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, kana kukwira kwemari yakatengwa nenjodzi (g., , shefu inopfumbanurwa zvikuru muZimbabwe kana kuti Lebanon), yamuro yakawedzerwa nenzira yezita ingava isingakwani kukwira mari yomunzvimbomo.

Nokuda kwavapi, mari yakasimba yomumba inoderedza ndyiko yokugovera yamuro (sezvo mari yavo yomutero inopfuurira), nepo mari isina kusimba ichiita yamuro inodhura zvikuru uye inogona kutungamirira kukuderedza mari. Chisimba cha2014 -20 cheUS, somuenzaniso, chakaita kuti kuve kwakachidhura kuti United States ichengete misengwa yayo yeyamuro, asi vapi vanoverengeka veEurope vapi vapiwe dzvinyiriro nemhaka yokuti euro yakaneta panguva imwe cheteyo.

Kutambura Kwemari

Kupfuura kuderera kukuru kwemari, zvinetso zvemari zvinodzongonyedza yamuro nokukurumidza zvikuru. Nyika dzeAsian Financial Crisis dza1997 dzakatungamirira kukuderera kukuru kweyamuro inobva kuJapan neSouth Korea. Dambudziko ra2008 rakaparira kuderera kwemakore akawanda sezvo mabhangi akakundikana uye hurumende dzakaita kuti pave nokuderera kwechinetso chemari. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, njodzi yezvikwereti 2022 muSri Lanka uye nhamo yechikwereti inopfuurira munyika dzakawanda dzinowana mari yakamanikidzira vagamuchiri kutsausa yamuro kubva kukukura kuenda kubasa chikwereti, nepo dzimwe hurumende dzakapa dzakaita kuti dzidzorerezve kuyamura kumhinduro yenjodzi panzvimbo pekushanda kwenguva refu.

Mari Yemamiriro Okunze: Kuderera Kutsva

Mumakore gumi apfuura, mari ine chokuita ne yabuda sechinhu chikuru chinoyamura. MuPasi peChibvumirano cheParis, nyika dzakabudirira dzakavimbisa kuvhundutsa mabhiriyoni US $100 pagore panosvika 2020. Nepo nyajambwa iyeye akapotsa, yamuro yemamiriro okunze yakanga ichiri kuwedzera zvikuru, ichisvika mabhiriyoni $83,3 muna 2020 mukuwirirana neOECD.

Zvisinei, kuderera kwemari kunotyisidzira misengwa iyi. Vapi vazhinji vakachinja rutivi rwemari yavo yeODA kumibato yemamiriro okunze, pane dzimwe nguva “kuwanazve purofiti” iripo semari yezvemamiriro okunze (jename) muitiro uyo vatsoropodzi vanopokanidza nhamba dzakashumwa. Kukwira kwemitengo yenyika yose uye mwero yezvibereko zvinowedzera zvinoitawo kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti vapi vachengete zvipikirwa zvemamiriro okunze, sezvo mutengo chaiwoiwo wekuwedzera kwemari uye kuderera kwemari.

Nzvero Dzakaitika: Kuchinja Kunoita Kufunga Chaiko Kweaid Kuchinjazve

Dambudziko Remari Munyika Yose ra2008

Njodzi ya2008 muenzaniso unoshandiswa mubhuku unoratidza kuti nyika dzakawanda dzinoderera sei nokuderera kwemari munyika yose. Muna 2009, DAC ODA yakaderera ne2%, uye yakazoderera mugumi remakore.

  • land:[ yakadzongonyedza bhajeti yayo yeyamuro ne 30% pakati pa 2008 na 2011.
  • Spaini: yakaderedzwa ne 60% kubva muna 2009 kusvikira muna 2012.
  • Italy:[ Cheka yamuro neinopfuura 50% mukati menjodzi yeeuro ozoni.

Nenzira inofadza, havasi vose vaipa mari vakatevera muitiro. United Kingdom yakadzivirira bhajeti yayo yeyamuro (uye gare gare yakabatanidza donzo rayo re 0,7% mumutemo), nepo Germany yakachengeta mwero yakatsiga. Muuyo wose wakanga uri nzvimbo yeyamuro yakashatiswa [, ine mapurogiramu akabviswa kana kuti akanonotswa, uye nyika dzinogamuchira dzakamanikidzirwa kudzokera shure kuutano hwakanaka, dzidzo, uye zvirongwa zvezvirongwa. Dambudzi racho rakafumurawo kushatiswa kweyamuro yeyamuro . Malawi, somuenzaniso, akaona mari yayo ichishaidzwa zvikuru pashure pokuva neyamuro dzinoverengeka dzakanyimwarira mutengo mutengo kuderera kwemari inodzo.

COVOID 76C PANDEMIC (2016-2021)

Denda racho rakaparira mugariro unopesana nokuda kweyamuro. Kune rumwe rutivi, hwerengedzo yeODA inobva kunyika dzeDAC yakakwira zvomenemene kusvikira kumabhiriyoni $204 muna 2022, murutivi nemhaka yokuwedzerwa kwendyiko dzoutano uye kubatanidzwa kwemipiro yechepfu yeCOVID . Kune rumwe rutivi, yamuro kunyika dzine urombo zvikuru (zvikurukuru muSubsaharan Africa) sevapiresi vakazvinyima zvokuda uye mari yakadzoserwa kumhinduro yakapararira.

The World Bank reported that net ODA to low‑income countries (excluding COVID‑related flows) fell by 7% in 2020. At the same time, remittances—a lifeline for many developing nations—also dropped by an estimated 20%. The pandemic demonstrated that even in a global crisis, the most vulnerable nations often receive less assistance precisely when they need it most, because donor budgets are compressed and humanitarian demands multiply simultaneously. OECD data provides detailed annual breakdowns that illustrate this shift.

Hondo muUkraine uye Chinetso Chesimba (2022 - 2023)

Kuvhozhokera kweRussia kweUkraine muna 2022 kwakamutsa kubviswa chaikoiko kunoshamisa kweyamuro yokuMadokero. EU, US, uye UK yakatendera makumi emabhiriyoni mubetsero kuUkraine/mauto, mutsa, uye mari. Nepo zvizhinji zveizvi zvakarongwa seODA, zvakatsvikinyidzirana zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Mukuwirirana ne[FLD:0] World Bank [[[FLD]] [1], goverano yeODA yapasi rose yakatungamirirwa kuSubruta sharan Africa, inovakisa kukwira kubva pa 32% mu 2019 kusvikira ku 28%, kunyange mavhozhizha ose. Panguva ino. Mitengo yesimba yakakwirira (chikamu chikuru) yakasimudzira mari nokuda kwezvisharo zvehondo sechinyakare Norway neQatartar, inoanoita kuti vapfuure mari yavo yokubetsera kupfuutsa mari yazvo.

Nhamo Dzenguva Yemberi Yeyamuro

Kurwisa Michina Inobatsira

Nemhaka yokuti yamuro ipuroblacyclics —it inoderera apo nyika dzinogamuchira dzinoida zvikurusa — nyanzvi dzezvokushandisa mishonga dzakakarakadza mitoo inoverengeka inodzivisa kubatwa kweropa:

  • shoot inovimbisa: Vapi vemari vaigona kuzvipira kuchengeta mwero yeyamuro kunyange mukati mekuderera kwemari, zvichida kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvamakore akawanda zvisingagoni kubviswa pakupedzisira.
  • DEbtûtosiaids kuchinjana: Panzvimbo pokucheka yamuro mukati menjodzi, vapi vanogona kukanganwira mibhadharo yechikwereti pazvikwereti zvokubvumira, vachisunungura zvishandiso nokuda kwokubudirira.
  • Mazai ezvirongwa: Vamwe vakakarakadza kuti kugovera yamuro kwakabatanidzwa nechiratidziro chenyika yose chemari, zvakadai seWorld Economic Propectives Challenges neprospects index, naizvozvo yamuro inowedzera yoga mukati mekuderera kwemitengo.

Kuparadzanisa Kwamanyuko Okushandisa Mari

Kuvimba kukuru nehurumende dzakapfuma dzinoita ruyamuro rushoma. Kukwira kwamarudzi anopa anowedzera [[FLT]] [1] `CECINA, India, Brazil, Turkey, uye Gulf nyika dzakaderedza zvishoma izvi. Kukura kweChina neMugwagwa woga kwakagovera mabhiriyoni emari yemari. Zvisinei, uku kuyerera kunowanzobatanidzwa nefariro dzezvokutengeserana uye hakutevedzeri mipimo yokuoneka kweOECD. Uyezve, vapi vanobuda vamene havadzivisirwi kudzoro pasi mune zvemari: Chinesechikwikwi chapapumemideresi chakatungamirira kukuderera kwemari yaro.

Kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti gadziriro yeyamuro inoshivirira zvikuru ichada kubatanidza vanhu DA] nedzimbahwe rakavanzika kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakafanana nemibatanidzwa yokukura, kuvimbisa, uye nzvimbo dzemari. Kunyange zvakadaro bhizimisi ravanhu rinovawo rakaoma mukati menjodzi dzenyika yose, richiita kuti rive mutsivi asina kukwana.

Magariro Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Neyamuro Zvinotangira

Nyika dzepasi dzinowedzera kusawirirana kwematongerwe enyika nenzvimbo dzinonzi nyika dzepasi nenzvimbo dzinoda kukwira neyamuro dzinoyererazve. Vapi veyamuro vokuMadokero vari kushandisazve yamuro kutusa vatsigiri, kuchengetedza usungwa, uye kudzivirira pesvedzero yeChina. Uku “kubetsera” kunogona kutsausa zvinhu kubva kunyika dzine urombo zvikuru kuenda kunyika dzinenge dziri pakati penzvimbo inochengeteka (mhite-nkulu, Afghanistan, Ukraine, zvitsuwa zvePacific). Somuuyo, nheyo dzinobudirira CD dzinoshanda dzinobva kunyika, kuunganidzirwa, uye kukuvadzwa dzinoedzwa.

Mari Yemamiriro Okunze Nezvikwereti Zvinochengetedza

Zvichida denho yakakomba zvikurusa mumishumo yechinjo yemamiriro okunze. Nyika dzinowana mari dzinotarisana nechikwereti chinokwira . Mitero yose yechikwereti nokuda kwamarudzi ari kubudirira yakasvika $1,4 mabhiriyoni muna 2022, mukuwirirana ne UN Finansurgement for Development[ mushumo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vanoda mari yakawanda kuti vachinjire kumiuyo yemamiriro okunze. Zvemari nemhindu yakakwirira zvikuru yakasvika [Z $1] inokuita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwenyika idzi kukwereta mari inokwana, nepo mwero yeyamuro inoramba isingasviki kuzadza mukamuka.

Zvigadzikiso zvemari zvitsva, zvakadai sezvikwereti 93for̆climate (uko vakweretesi vanokanganwira chikwereti mukutsinhana nokuda kwechiito chomugariro wokunze), zvakadzorwa munyika dzakadai seBarbados neBelize.

mhedziso

Miitiro yenyika yose yemari haisati iri chisakiso chechipiri muyamuro dzokumwe", kazhinji kazhinji isimba guru rinosarudza mavhoriyamu eyamuro, migove, uye simba. Apo upfumi hwenyika hunokura, yamuro hunokwira; apo hunobvumirana, hunobetsera hunotambura. Mitengo yemitengo yemari, uye njodzi dzemari dzinokwira mugadziriro inopfuudzira kukuvandika kwaavo vanotsamira pabetsero yokunze.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vefambiro mberi yenyika dzakawanda, kuvandudza iyi mitoo kunokosha. Nguva yemberi yeyamuro iri kwete bedzi mumari inodzorwa norupo asi mumiitiro yakachenjera, inoramba ichibvisa betsero kubva kunhambo dzakaipisisa dzemari. Sezvo chinjo yemamiriro okunze nerwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvinowedzera, kuvaka kuvakwa kweyamuro yakatsiga uye inofanoziviswa kuchava chimwe chedenho dzinooneka dzezana ramakore rechi 21. Nokunzwisisa masimba ezve zvoupfumi ari kutamba kunogona kuvimbisa kugadzira gadziriro inobudirira zvirokwazvo pachipikirwa chokubudirira.