Ireland yakazvishandura kubva muupfumi hwemari hune mwero kuva imba yamasimba makuru yenyika yose nokuda kwemitero yokumwe uye kutengeserana kwamarudzi ose. Mumakumi matatu amakore apfuura, nyika yakakwezva mugove wechienzi wemari yakananga yokumwe (FDI) kubva kumasangano makurusa enyika yose, zvikurukuru muruzivo rwemitengo, uye mabasa emari. Iyi nhambo hurusa inopiwa mitero yeIrland yemitero yemutero yeIreland, iyo yakaparira nzvimbo yakanakira mabhizimisi anotsvaka nzvimbo yakakwirira muEurope. Nepo musoro wemitero yebhizimisi iri chinhu chinooneka zvikurusa, mitero yeIreland inobatanidza sundo hurusa, kukwereta, uye mitero inodzo inochinja pamwe chete nzanga yose yemakwikwikwikwi okushanda munyika yose. Nyaya iyi inonzvera kuti bhizimisi iri muEurope uye kunzvera sei kushambadza nokunzvera upfumi hwedzimwe nyika dzenyika dzepasi penyika dzakawanda, uye kuongorora kunzvera kugadzirwa kwemitero munguva yemberi yeIreland, mitero inorangarira upfumi yepasi penyika yose.

Kupfuudzira Mutero weIreland

Gadziriro yemitero yeIreland yakagadzirwa kuva zvose zviri zviviri makwikwi uye yakatsiga. Nhamba yemitero yebhizimisi ye12,5% pamari inotambirwa, inoshanda kumabasa mazhinjisa ebhizimisi. Iyi mwero iri pakati peyakaderera zvikurusa muEurope Union uye iri pasi peOECD yeavhareji ye 23%. Nokupesana, dzimwe mari huru dzeEurope dzakadai seGermany (30% yabatanidzwa), France (25%, uye United Kingdom (25% sa2023) inoisa mitero yakakwirira zvikuru pamibayiro yebhizimisi. Mwero we12.5% yakaramba isingachinjiki chibviro chokusuma kwayo muma 1990, ichigovera kuzivisa kubetsera kwenguva refu uko masangano enyika dzakawanda anoita mutengo apo anoita zvisarudzo zvemari yakawanda.

Kupfuura mwero mukuru wemitero, Ireland inopa kurudziro dzemitero dzinoverengeka dzinowedzera kunaka kwayo. Kunzvera neDevelopment (R&D) Certification inobvumira makambani kuti awane chikwereti padzinokwanirisa R&D, inogona kudzorwa pamutero wesangano kana kuti, mune dzimwe zviitiko, dzinonzi mari inobviswa. Mutero uyu unoderedza nenzira inobudirira mutengo wemitengo yokuvandudza uye unokurudzira makambani kuwana mabasa awo okunzvera muIreland. Chimwe chikamu chinokosha iTswo chezivo Bhokisi rePHCH (KDB), iro rinogovera mwero wemitero webhizimisi wakaderera pamitengo inotorwa kubva kumitengo yepfuma yemari yedzidzo yemari – zvinonyorwa zvinoumbwa neR&D yakaendeswa muIreland. Mwero uyu unogadzirirwa mukuru unogadzirirwa kuti ive "KDERFF" yemitemubato wakakwirira.

Ireland inochengetawo gadziriro yemitero yenyika, kureva kuti mari inopa mitero yokumwe kazhinji kazhinji haisati iri pasi pomutero weIreland kana kambani inosimudzirwa mutero kunze kweIreland. Yakabatanidzwa nemubatanidzwa mukuru wezvibvumirano zvemitero zvakapetwa kaviri nenyika dzinopfuura 70, iyi gadziriro inobvumira mapoka amarudzi akawanda kutarisira mitero yawo yenyika yose zvakanaka. Kupfuurirazve, Ireland yave iri nharaunda yakakurumbira nokuda kwokutsvaka dzimbahwe rebhizimisi uye kuva namakambani ane mvuko dzayo dzapapuro dzaro dzakanaka dzemari, mubayiro, uye mari yebazu. Chiteshi chaMatutu cheFoaimais Taxi (CGT) che 33% chinoremuswo yomuraniso uripo nokuda kwokurasa zvimwe, kubatanidza mwero we10% wemabhizimisi nerongedzero yeboka ramaro. Izvi zvose zvinoumba pamwero pamwero mukuru wemitero unoparira kuti mutengo mukuru mukuru wezvipo.

Tapuro Pakuchengeta Mari Kune Imwe Nyika

Zvihombe Zvinoparadza Nyika Yose

Muuyo unoorora zvikurusa wemitero yeIreland idenderedzwa nokuiswa kwemitengo yakananga yokumwe. Nyika yazova nzvimbo inosarudzwa yeEurope nokuda kwamakambani mazhinjisa oruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu munyika. Apple, Google, Microsoft, Facebook (Matata), uye Qualcommm yose ine mabasa makuru muIreland, kazhinji kazhinji inoshanda sedzimbahwe ravo renyika reEurope, Middle East, neAfrica. Muchikamu chemitengidzo yemazamu namanyumuto wesayenzi, mazita akadai sePftize, Johnson & Johnson, Merson, uye Abbie akatanga mabasa okugadzira nokunzvera. Maererano neISCRwanda. Maererano nesangano okusimudzira mari yemari, Ireland, yakabatanidza makambani enyika dzakawanda dzenyika dzakawanda dze 2023, dzinopinza basa ravanhu 350 000. Apo basa rinopesvedzera basa rakananga kunzvimbo dzamabasa munyika dzakawanda, 25%.

Mutero unowanzodudzwa sechikonzero chikuru chekuisa pfungwa uku. Nzvero yakaitwa neNational Institute of Economic and Social Research (NICEF) yakawana kuti mwero wemitero yebhizimisi wakaderera weIreland wave uri muchairi wemitero mumwe wemitengo inokosha zvikurusa weFDI inoyerera, zvikurukuru mumaindasitiri ane ruzivo umo mitengo mirefu inoparira mitero kuva inokosha zvikuru. Kuvapo kwemitengo yeIDA inowana mari nguva dzose inotora mari ye12,5% uye hurumende yayo yemitero yakatsiga pakati pezvinhu zvitatu zvapamusoro, pamwe nokusvikirirwa kweEURO yeEUC, kukurukurirana kwechiNgezi. Muuyo wave mugumisiro uve mutengo wakanaka: kuvapo kwemitengo yemitengo inokwezva mari yamarudzi akawanda kubva kuvatengesi, mabasa, vakwidziri, vakwidziri, uye vakwidziridzi, varedziridziridzi, vanowedzera mibatsigiridzo.

Nhamba DZOUPENYU Nezvinokonzerwa Nemari

Nhamba dzacho dzinoshamisa. Mukuwirirana neUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Ireland nguva dzose inosvika pakati pavagamuchiri vane gumi veFDI munyika pahwaro hwemunhu uye hweGDP. Muna 2022, Ireland yakakwezva inenge mabhiriyoni 38 mu FDI muFD, nhamba yakapfupisa avo vemari huru zvikuru. Munhambo ya 2015-202222, ganda reFDI muIreland rakabva kumabhiriyoni 600 kusvika ku $51.2, 000 000 000 000 000, 000 000, kuratidzirwa kwezvose zviri zviviri mutengo muFDI uye ukoshi yemari inochengetwa nenyika dzakawanda munyika. FI inova yakanayiwa zvikuru muchikamu chikuru chemitengo chemitengo: mashoko nesayenzi yekurukurirano yemitengo yemari inorwisana nemari yakakwirira yemitengo, yemitengo yemari yemato ye 15%, yemiteo yokurapa yemari.

Kugadzira kwave kuchichinja. Pakati pa2010 na 2023, nhamba dzavashandirwi vamarudzi akawanda muIreland dzakakura neanopfuura 150 000, wedzero ye75%. Mabasa aya anowanzova akakwirira uye anopfuudzwa zvakanaka: avhareji yemari inobhadharwa muboka redzimwe nyika yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura avhareji yenyika. Uyezve, kurasika kwemitero kune revo. Mafekitari omunzvimbo dzinoshandira, mabasa, uye R&D anoshanda pamwe nemarudzi akawanda, zvinowedzera zvibereko ne zvitsva. Yunivhesiti uye masangano okunzvera zvakabudirirawo, zvakatsigirwa neR&D zvirongwa zvemitero zvenyika inobvumiranwa.

Zvikwereti ZveR&D Nezvinonyandura

Kupfuura mwero mukuru weFDI, mitemo yemutero yeIreland yakaumbawo uenzani hwemari yemari. R&D Taxis Crese yave ichishanda zvikuru mukutyaira mibato mitsva. Mari inobatanidza mari, mitaro, uye mari inotambira mari paR&D, zvinhu, uye midziyo. Masangano anogona kutaura 25% pavhoriyamu (haana kepisi iri pajisi), uye chibviro chave chabhadharwa muzvikamu zvitatu kuti chivanduke kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwemari duku. Mu2022, makambani anopfuura 1 500 akatokisi, uye mabhiriyoni. Zvitsana zvacho zvinobatanidza kukura kwe $61. Zvitsauko zve $61. Zvisingabatanipiri zvemari muRD (2021)

Bhokisi reZivo Development rakakwevawo kuisa mari yeIP inorema. Nokuderedza mwero wemitero inobudirira pakukwanirisa mari yeIP kusvika ku 6.25%, Ireland inokurudzira makambani kuwana kwete bedzi kugadzira kana kuti kutengesa, asiwo kuva nekodzero nekodzero dzokuita zvinhu nekodzero dzepamutemo mumiganhu yayo. Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvemakambani eIP zvakatamisirwa kana kuti kugadzira mitero mitsva yeIP inochinja kana kuti kugadzira mari yeIP, inoita kuti basa remari rakawanda kubatanidza mari yakakwirira, mari, uye mabasa okutarisira. Nepo mutengo wapamutemo weKDB ari wakavanzika nemhaka yokuripirwa kwomutero, fungidziro dzakazvitema dzinokarakadza kuti hurumende ine mutoro nokuda kwemabhiriyoni emaabhurorigi aneIP muIP muIP, inoita kuti ive mari yemari yakawanda ive yakakwirira zvikuru muIsh, mari, mari, mari, uye mabasa okubhadha.

Kubatsira Kwezvokutengeserana Nokuwedzera Kwemari

Kushanda Kune Dzimwe Nyika uye Kuwedzera Kwezvokutengeserana

Hurumende yeIreland yemitero yakabetsera zvakananga kuita kwayo yechienzi. Nyika yacho nguva dzose inotakura kumwe kuwanda kukurusa munyika maererano neGDP yayo. Mukuwirirana neCentral Statistics Office Ireland, hwerengedzo yezvinhu nemabasa inotengeswa mu 2023 yakakosheswa pamabhiriyoni anopfuura 0,550, nezvinhu zvinotengeswa munyika yose zvinopfuura mabhiriyoni ane mabhiriyoni. Ireland inzvimbo inotengeswa yakakwirira kupfuura mabhiriyoni ezvigadzirwa zvemishonga, makemikari, uye mibato yekombiyuta. Kuwanda kwezvokutengeserana nezvinhu neUnited States – Europe yokutengesa zvinhu zvakakurasarira , nokuwanda kwemitevedzo inoratidzira basa rinotengwa munyika dzakawanda mumitengo inotakura mitengo inokwira mabhiriyoni 200.

Musika mumwe weEU ibasa rakakomba. Senhengo yakazara yeEU chifo cha 1973, Ireland inofarikanya kusvika kwakasununguka kuvatengi 450 mamirioni uye inotora rutivi musangano rapachena rezvinhu, mabasa, dzimbahwe, uye basa. Uku kusvika kunonyanya kunokosha nokuda kwenyika dzakawanda dzeAmerica neAsia dzinoda nzvimbo mukati meEU pasina kutakura mutengo wemitengo misiri yeEU. Mubatanidzwa wemitero yakaderera nemhesano yebhizimisi yakasununguka unoita kukwendedze nesimba: makambani anogona kugadzira kana kuwana mibato muIreland, ipapo kutumira kundodzokero yasara yeEUSA neshata shoma. Haisi tsaona kuti makambani gumi okugadzira mishonga ane mitanhatu muIreland, kutumira zvipatarati nezvipatara zvokutengesa muEurope yose.

Wedzerai Kupinda Muchechi

Ireland yazova node inodenha mukugoverwa kwemitero yenyika yose, zvikurukuru muruzivo rwemitemo nesayenzi youpenyu. Somuenzaniso, nyika yacho inogovera mwero mukuru weinsulin yenyika, nhomba, uye microcss. Muna 2023, Ireland ine mutoro we 10% yemishonga inotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye 7% yegadziriro yezvokura kwemishonga yenyika yose inotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Uku kubatana kunoreva kuti kudzongonyedza kugadzirwa kweIrish – sokupararira kwechikarakacha cheCHOD. Musipo, ukoshi hukuru hwezvo, kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvinoshairwa munyika yose kunoreva kuti nyika inowana mari inokwira mari yakawanda, inoratidza kuti mari inobhadharwa mitero inorema. Kutaura idi, panosvika 2022, mitero yemasangano ehurumende yapamari inova nemabhiriyoni mabhiriyoni.[6]

Kukura Kwemari Nemipimo Yokurarama

Kubudirira kwebhizimisi nokuwedzera kwemari kwakasunda kukura kweIreland kumusoro kwematafura eEurope. Kukura chaiko kweGDP kwaidzorwa ne5% pagore pakati pa 2015 na 2022, mwero usingaenzaniswi nemimwe mitengo yemari yakakwirira. Mari yakawandisa yamarudzi ose yakwira ne 35% mu 2023. Mari inobviswa yakabva mumitauro mizhinji yemaIndia yakwira ne 35% munhambo imwe cheteyo. Nepo vatsorororororororo dzinova dzemari dzinopesana dzenyika dzakawanda, dzichiri dzichiri kukura pa 4% pagore, dzichiratidzira budiriro yemhuri yapachokwadi yeimba. Mwero wokushaindwa yaro wakaderera ne 15% muna 2012 kusvika kuh. Mari inobviswa ne 35% mu2023. Mari inobviswa nemari inodzorwa mumitengo yemari chaiyo munguva yedzidzo imwe chete. Kunyange zvazvo vatsoropotezoti GDP inopfumiswa neya kupfumiswa munguva inopfumisa kupfumisa dzidzo yezve yemari.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Kuchinja Mutero WeOECD Wepanyika Yose

Mitemo yemitero yeIreland haina kupukunyuka. Denho huru zvikurusa pajengachenga ikokuchinja mitero yenyika yose inotungamirirwa neOECD neG20, inozivikanwa sePillar II. Iyi nhano inotanga mwero wemakambani wenyika yose we12%, inoshanda kumabhizimisi ane mari inopfuura mamiriyoni 750. Nepo Ireland yasaina pabvumirano uye yakawedzera mwero wayo nguva pfupi yapfuura kusvika ku15% yemakambani makuru (anoita 2024), kuchinja kwacho kungaderedza makwikwikwi e12,5% emakambani makuru neanofamba - transport makambani makurusa. Mabhizimisi maduku, anomirira makambani makuru eIreland, anoramba ari pa12,5%, asi kukwezva kwose kwehurumende yeIrish yeFI.

Vamwe vaongorori vemitero vanotaura kuti Pillar II ichadzvinyirira mitero yakasiyana - siyana yakabudirira muIreland. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vegadziriro yeIreland vanocherechedza kuti nyika yacho ichiri kupa mubatanidzwa wakaisvonaka wemwero (15% nokuda kwemafemu makuru achiri pasi zvikuru pevezera ravo veOECD), chikwereti cheR&D, gadziriro yepamutemo yakasimba, vashandi vane unyanzvi, uye mutauro wechiNgezi. Uyezve, Pilla II inoshanda kumafemu ari pamusoro pechikumbaridzo; mazhinjisa emarudzi akawanda akatotanga kuvapo kwomuviri nokushanda muIreland uko kwaizova kunodhura kukwirira kutora nzvimbo.

Kudzivisa Kupomerwa Mutero uye Mhaka Dzokuyamura Hurumende yeEU

Ireland yakatarisanawo netsoropodzo huru nokuda kwokuita kuti mutero ushandiswe. Muna 2016, Dare reEurope reApple rakatonga kuti Apple yakanga yagamuchira yamuro yehurumende isiri yapamutemo kupfurikidza nemirau yeIrish yaiibvumira kuripira mwero unoshanda we $1.5% chete muna 2014. Komishoni yakarayira Apple kuti ibhadhare mitero mabhiriyoni 13 kuseri — chisarudzo chakakumbira Ireland neApple. Muna July 2020, Dare reSangano reEurope reUnion reEurope radzisaita kuti chisarumbidzo, iwawana kuti Komishoni yacho haina kubvumikisa kuva yebetsero yakakwana. Zvisinei, Dare reEurope reDare reSahlulero, uye nhau yacho inoramba isingagadziriswi. Pasinei zvapo nechino chemugumisiro chokupedzisira, gakavaro reIreland rakakuvadzwa se "chibhadharo" uye dzvinyiriro yemitero yenyika yose.

Mimwe migariro mikuru, yakadai se "Marish yeGuiter" uye "Dutch Sandwich" zvivako zvemitero, zvakashandisa zvisina kufanana pakati pemitero yenyika kuti zvichinjire mhindu kumitezo yakaderera. Ireland chifo chaivhara idzi mhosho: "Kuwedzera kweIrish" yakabviswa kuvambira muna 2015, uye "Hurumende yeIrish 110" nokuda kwemotokari dzesectutition yakavharwa. Muna 2020, Ireland akatanga mitemo inoraira makambani ane basa rebhizimisi rinokosha munyika kuratidzira mibato yemarikenyuko chaiyo, zvinhu, uye kuita zvisarudzo zvemitero – kuti ive nzvimbo yokugara. Bva vatsoropote kuti kukwe kweIrland kunoramba mukana wemari inopesana zvikuru nomutero, uye kuti OECD isati yataura purofiti yemhindu huru huru.

Kudzikamisa Kutenga Mari Nemitero Yakanaka

Mudzimba, mune gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokutsigirwa kwokuvimba zvikuru nemitero yekambani. Kusvikira muna 2023, mutero wekambani unopa mari yemari yehurumende inopfuura 27%, mugove wakakwirira zvikuru nemipimo yenyika dzakawanda uye wakasanoiswa pakati penhamba duku yamarudzi akawanda (makambani gumi apamusoro anopa mitero inopfuura hafu yemasangano ose anobhadhara mitero yebhizimisi). Uku kuisa ngwariro kunoparira ngozi: kuderera kwepasi rose, kuchinja kwemitemo yemitero yemakambani, kana kuti kurasikirwa kwamafemu makuru kugona kutapura zvikuru mari yavose. Hurumende yeIreland yakabvumira iyi Nhakanhenge iri mubato weZuvarakachato yeZukurusaro yebhizimisi, asi kurambira kuripo.

Kupfuurirazve, mitemo yemitero yakabetsera kumari mbiri, uko chikamu chinobereka zvikuru chevokumwe chinogara neboka reimba rakaderera remibereko. Chikamu chikuru cheFDI chakapinza mari, ndyiko dzedzimba, uye kudikanwa kwepfuma, kuparira dzvinyiriro pamabhizimisi nedzimba dzomunzvimbomo. Hurumende yapindura nokuwedzera kwemari mudzimba dzinobhadharwa, zvokufambisa, uye dzidzo, asi kusadzikama kwezvivako hakugadziriswi. Kunewo funga kuti hurumende yemitero ingadzivisa kuvandudzika nemhaka yokuti mafemu edzimba – kunyange ayo ane nzvimbo huru yokuzvikwidziridza mutengo kuti akwidze betsero dzemitero dzakafanana nedzinofarikanya nyika dzakawanda.

Kuremekedzwa Kwenyika Dzakawanda Nedzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mitemo yemitero yeIreland yakaiisawo mukurwisana nedzimwe nyika dzeEU, zvikurukuru France neGermany, idzo dzakasundira nokuda kwemwero yemitero yemakambani nemirau inodzivisa mitero yakakomba. Mukati menhambo ya 201919-2023, purezidhendi weFrance akaraira mugumo ku "kurasa muIURO, kuisa zita reIRwanda. Chikarakadzo cheEurope che "Unshell" chinodzivisa kushandiswa kwamakambani esheketi yemitero, kuvhozhozhokera hurumende dzakadai seIreland umo masangano mazhinji esangano anoshanda ane basa rapasi pemari. Nepo Ireland yakadzivirira nenzira inobudirira fariro dzayo mukurukurirano dzakapfuura nokuchengeta mwero wezve weIRCPU, 12.5% mukati mepublic naProlson - dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwo enyika kuti iwiredzere kureve.

mhedziso

Mitemo yemitero yeIreland yakabudirira nenzira isingarambiki mukuisa mari yokumwe nokutengesa, kuchishandura nyika duku yezvitsuwa kuva nzvimbo huru yemari. Mubatanidzwa wemitero yebhizimisi yakaderera, kushushwa kweR&D neIP, gadziriro yemitero yenyika, uye kuwanika kweEU kwave kuchikwezva nyika dzakawanda uye kwaita kuti mazana ezviuru emabasa anouraya zvikuru. Kuwedzera kunoguma kwaita kuwanda, kuwanda kwemitero, uye mitero yemakambani yakatsigira mipimo yokurarama inokwira uye yakabvumira nyika kuti ive nokubudirira kwemamiriro okunze ezvoupfumi kupfuura vaenzani vakawanda.

Bva muenzaniso unotarisana nemibayiro inokosha. chinjo dzenyika yose, dzinotungamirirwa neOECD’s Pillal II, dzichadzvinyirira mwero wemiuyo yekambani hurusa. Kuparadza mukurumbira nokusarega mitero kwakabvisa kuvadziko yeIreland sehurumende yakachena. Ngozi dzemhuri dzinobva mukutora mitero yakawanda uye kuoma kwezvemari kuzhinji. Kubudirira kwemitengo yemari kunoda kudzora nokungwarira. Kufamba mberi kunobatanidza kudzokera mberi kuroro kutokusiya - kusarega mitero yeIrland. Kuchengeta mitero yehomwero yemitero yeIrland inodzo, 12.5% kana kuti 15%, nemwero, nepo kukudza betsero isingatsigiri mifungo yemitero (mari, mitengo, migariro yemitengo yemitero, gadziriro yemari) inodzo inodzorwa mberi kwayo. Kubudirira kwechiito yokubudirira kupfurikidza namano makuru zvikuru kupfurikidza namano ayo makuru okupfuudzoro.