Chitanga Kubudiswa: Zvinorehwa Nemashandiro Emayoral

Sarudzo dzeMayoral muUnited Kingdom dzakabva mukuedza kutsva mukutonga kwomunzvimbomo kusvikira kurutivi runorondedzera rwenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kubvira pakutanga kwomumiririri wokutanga akasarudzwa zvakananga muna 2000, aya makwikwi akapa vavhoti mukana wokuumba mitemo pamusoro pezvokufambisa, pokugara, budiriro yemari, uye mabasa avose munzvimbo. Kusafanana nesarudzo yavose, inodzorwa nemifananidzo yebato renyika nenhau dzeWestminster, madzinza emoneral kazhinji kazhinji anotsamira panhau dzomunzvimbomo, hunhu hwechiteshi, uye chinyorwa chinorangarirwa chezvakanwa chemuCumbantry. Ikoku kunovaita varamhemheswo inokosha yemite yemifungo yavose yenzvimbo yehurumende nenzvimbo yakapfuma yenzwisiso yenzwisiso yezvokuti vatsinhinhirevo, mufambiro wehurumende, uye miitiro yenyika yezvourongwa yemibato.

Namamoreya zvino atangwa mumaguta makuru nezviremera zvakabatanidzwa, kubatanidza London, Manchester, West Midlands, Doroba reLiverpool, uye Tees Valley, izvi sarudzo zvinokwezva ngwariro huru yezvinobudisa nhau nenhimbe. Iyo inobatirawo semibhedha yokuedza gadziriro itsva dzokuvhota, zvakadai seSnodence Vote (zvinozotsiviwa neFirst Pris muProst muEcomments Act 2022), uye nokuda kwomuitiro mutsva uyo unogona kupesvedzera gare gare gare gare zviteshi zvebato rebato renyika. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika eUK Meyaral sarutation, kunzvera zvibvumirano zvebato, zvirongwa zvechikwata, uye kudzorwa kwechikwata pakati pemauto omunzvimbomo norudzi.

Kupfuudzira UK Mayoral Ecostations: Evolution and Programme

Nhau Pfupi

Sarudzo yokutanga yakaitwa muna 2000, yakaguma nokukunda kwaKen Livingstone somumiririri anozvimirira. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, muenzaniso wacho wave uchigamuchirwa nemamwe maguta uye zviremera zvakabatanidzwa kupfurikidza nemabasa ehurumende eko. Nhamba dzinobatanidza kutangwa kwemameya eguta eguta muna 2017, nharaunda dzakavakwa neCommunity Manchester, West Midlands, uye Liverpool City.

Mashandiro Anoitwa Basa reMayoral

Sarudzo zhinjisa UK meyaral dzinoitwa makore mana ari ose, nokusiiwa kukuru kweLondon (makore mana ari ose chifo cha 2000, uye anotevera achidikanwa muna 2024). Kusvikira misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, gadziriro yeSPrevention Vote yakashandiswa nokuda kwameya vakasarudzwa zvakananga muEngland, umo vavhoti vanoratidzira chisarudzo chokutanga nechipiri. Kana pasina mutengi anosvika 50% yavavhoti vokutanga, zvisarudzo zvechinjo yechipiri zvinoparadzirwa. Zvisinei, Ecostations Act 20222 iraira chinjo kuFirst Pst yeSarutiota itsva dzose dzemoral, uye mameyagara aripo aripo ari kudzosera kutsika iyi. Ichinjo inokarirwa kuderedza kuvhotera kwemazano ndokupa masangano maduku.

Vagari vemunzvimbo iyi vanobva kumasangano ezvematongerwo enyika, masangano anozvitonga, uye dzimwe nguva vanopinda munzanga dzavo.

Simba Nemabasa

Mayator anosiana mumasimba avo kutsamira pahofisi. Mayor weLondon ane chiremera chikuru pamusoro pezvokufambisa (Transport yeLondon), policial (Metropolitan Police Gue), pokugara, kuronga, uye kukura kwezvemari. Mameya ezviremera zvakabatanidzwa anodzora bhajeti rezvokufambisa, unyanzvi uye mari yemari inobhadharwa, uye kukurazve basa, asi kwete mabasa emapurisa kana kuti omoto kutoti abvumira. Masimba aya anoita sarudzo dzemota nokuda kwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemamiriyoni, kubva kumishavo inobhazirwa kuenda kumisha inobhadhaka.

Boka Rinochinja Munhangemutange Dzemayoral muUK Mayoral: Vatambi Vane Dominant uye Mauto Anoumba

Boka Revaeni

Labour rinoramba riri boka rinobudirira zvikurusa mukusarudza kweUK Meyal, richiita mameya aro eLondon (Sadiq Khan), Greater Manchester (Andy Burnham), Liverpool City Regiate (Steve Rotheram), uye West Yorkshire (Trabin), pakati pavamwe. Basa rakasimba reboka munharaunda dzomuguta uye batano dzaro dzenhau nehurumende yomunzvimbomo namasangano ezvokutengeserana rinopa iro dzimbahwe rakasimba rakasimba. Vanameya veguta kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kacho panzvimbo dzedzimba dzinobhadharwa, bhizimisi, purofiti yebhizimisi, uye ruramisiro. Zvisinei, mukati mamiriro ezvinhu akadai sesimba reruwa neukama nehurumende yepakati panhambo nenhambo nenhambo nenhambo.

Boka Rinochinja

Meya dzechimurenga hadzina kuwanda asi dzine mahofisi anokosha, kubatanidza Tees Weade (Ben Houchen) neWest Midlands (Andy Street). Rubudiriro rwebato muidzi nzvimbo runoratidzira mubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvomunzvimbomo, zvakadai sengwariro yaHouchen pamutero weTeesside Freeport uye kuvhurazve nzvimbo yeSS simbi dzesimbi, uye mugariro wemugwagwa somutengi semukuru webhizimisi. Conservativers anokombamira kusimbisa kukura kwezve mune zvemari, miitiro yebhizimisi yeshamwari, uye kushora Labour mutero nerongedzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Mumugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika wazvino uno uno uno, vakaitawo misoro yenhau kupfurikidza nokushandisa nzvimbo yeruwa kuti vapikire zvakananga hurumende yeHS2 nemitemo yeSangano.

Vadzivisi Verusununguko

VaLiberal Democrates vane kuvapo kwakaganhurirwa asi kunocherekedzwa musarudzo. Vakasvika kechipiri murusarudzo rwokutanga rweLondon muSusan Kramer, uye misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, vave vachikwikwidzana munharaunda dzakadai seSouth Yorkshire neNorth East. Chipo chavo chinobatanidza muvhenganiswa wetsika dzomunzvimbomo, chiito chemhoteredzo, uye chishoro kuvose vari vaviri Labour neConservative. Muminkwidzano yemo yemone, ivo vakawana zvakananga, saMayor of Cambridgeshire ne Peterbornoughed Adquative Authority muna 2017 (kutorwa naConservative muna 20171).

Boka Regirini

Green Party haisati yahwina mukurumbira unosarudzwa zvakananga muUK, asi vaisarudza vakaita zvakasimba, zvikurukuru muLondon (Siân Berry nguva dzose inochengeta nzvimbo yechitatu) uye muMadokero eEngland. Nhimbe dzavo dzinonangidzira ngwariro pachinoitika chomugariro wokunze, nharaunda dzakaderera, uye kukura kwezvemari. Sezvo mamiriro okunze anokwira, vaGreens vari kuwedzera kuisa sarudzo mudare senzvimbo huru yehondo nokuda kwomuitiro wemhoteredzo.

Mapati Akasununguka Nemaruwa

Vanozvimirira vakaratidzirwa mumijaho yemeya, yakakurumbira zvikurusa Ken Livingstone muna 2000 misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, vada kufunda vakawana zvigaro munzvimbo yechiremera yakabatanidzwa (muchinei, Mayori weBristol City Regiant – kunyange zvazvo basa iroro rakazoparadzwa gare gare). Masangano eruwa akaita seScottic National Party (SNP) naPymru akakurumbira zvikurusa paPymru haatsigiri vhotauro dzeEngland asi anopesvedzera gakavarange mumavhenganiso anopesana. Hurumende yeWalesland yakasuma vanameya vakasarudzwa zvakananga nokuda kwaCardiffian nedzimwe nharaunda, apo Pym Cyru anokwirira.

Zvimiro Zvendangariro Netsika: Turnout, Demographics, uye Kuchinja Kuvimbika

Mipimo Yokuzvidzora

Voter avhota musarudzo dzameya nguva dzose dzakaderera kupfuura muzvisarudzo zvinowanzowa pakati pe 30% na 45%. Zvitsaru zvakaderera zvikurusa zvinowanzova musarudzo dzendege kana kuti nokuda kwavanameya vane masimba vakabatanidzwa vane masimba mashoma. London, nemhesano yakakwirira nevhota huru, inowanzoona kukwirira kwakakwirira (42% muna 2021, 53% muna 2000). Turmout inopesverwa noukoshi hunorangarirwa hwegweta, makwikwikwi enhangemu, uye kunaka kwechirongwa.

Kugara Uine Mwero Yokurarama Nevanhu

Vavhoti vaduku (18934) vakaratidza kuvimbisana kunowedzera musarudzo dzameya, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzine mitemo inonangidzirwa nepwere dzinooneka dzakadai sokufamba mabhazi kwapachena nokuda kwavane vari pasi pe25 muManchester kana kuti nhimbe dzokuwana mari dzedzimba. Mukupesana, vavhoti vakura vanoramba vane bviro huru yokuvhota uye vanoda vairangarirwa kuva vane mwero panhau dzechishava. Nzanga dzedzinza duku, zvikurukuru muLondon neBirmingham, dzazova masangano makuru, naLabour agara achiwana mari yakawanda pakati pavo. Zvisinei, pane zviratidzo zveConservativeritives pakati pedzimwe dzeSouth Asia neAfyo-Caribhian, zvikurukuru panhau dzomutemo nerongedzemari.

Nhau Dzokuvimbika Paboka

Sarudzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakaona kombamiro inokura kukuvhota kworudzi, uko nhau dzomunzvimbomo – zvokufambisa, dzimba, kunaka kwemhepo kunopfuura kuvimbika kwebato rorudzi. Somuenzaniso, muna 2021 Tees Valley, Conservative Ben Houchen yakaratidza kuti nzanga yeConservative Ben Houchen yakahwina nyika zhinji pasinei zvapo nokutungamirira kwechirongwa chenyika, nemhaka yokuti iye akaonekwa seanopa nzvimbo yazvo. Nenzira yakafanana, kukunda kweAndrard muWest Midlands muna 2021 yakaratidza kuti Conservative muCult inogona kuwina munharaunda yeLabour kupfurikidza nokunangidzira pakuvhaya kwezverwa kwemari. Iyi komba inogona kutungamirira kukuvhotera kwapa nhevedzano yezvokuvhotera.

Kugadzira Makwara Nemuchina Wokuwedzera

Mugadziriro yeSnodentive Vote, kuvhota kwamano kwakanga kwakapararira, nezvisarudzo zvechipiri zvichiita basa guru mumakwikwi akapoteredza. Muna 2024, chinjo kuFist Prest Post ingaderedza uyu muitiro asi ingagonawo kumanikidzira vanhu vadukusa sorutyo rwekuvhota. Chinjo inokarirwa kubetsera mapoka makuru maviri, kunyange zvazvo vazvimiririri vane rondedzero dzakasimba dzomunzvimbomo vangava vachiri kubudirira.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika: Kuisa Kumwe Kunoita Westminster Chifananidzo

Nepo sarudzo dzameya dzichiratidzika kuva dzomunzvimbomo, dzinopesvedzerwa zvikuru nenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukurumbira webato rinodzora unogona kusimudzira kana kuti kudzivisa vadariro varo vomunzvimbomo, nepo vanameya veprofile vakakwirira vanogona kuva nhamba dzorudzi uye kunyange vashori veboka reboka. Somuenzaniso, Andy Burham anoona vanhu nesimba mukati medenda reCOVID-19 uye kurwisana kwake nehurumende yeConservation pamusoro pemiteko neganhuriro zvinokwidziridzwa zvamatongerwe enyika zvehurumende yemo yehurumende yenyika yose yeChi2019. Nenzira yakapesana, chitsauko 2021 – chinotumidzwa kuti “Siper Chinayati yeChina” – yakaonekwa sechisarudzo chapakati pechisarudzo chehurumende yaBoris Johnson, uye migumisiro yakadudzirwa sechikamu chakabatana chekusarudzwa kwe 2019 chamarusarusaru kana kuti kunyevera.

Brexit akaita basa rinokosha, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzine nzvimbo huru dzine Magwenya makuru dzakadai seTees Valley neWest Midlands, umo vanameya veConservative vakatsigira pachena kusiya EU ndokukwidziridza “kudzora” kwemutengi womunzvimbomo. Mamongi emota ari munzvimbo dzinoramba dziripo seLondon neGreater Manchester aifanira kunzvera purofiti dzezvisakiso zvakaoma zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vachinangidzira panjodzi dzemari dzeBrexit. Kurasikirwa kwedzvinyiriro dzebasa ravose, uye kushairwa kwedzimba dzose kwazova misoro mikuru mikuru mumishandiramo ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kazhinji yakava kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yomunzvimbomo asi nenjo dzomunzvimbomo.

Ukama pakati pehurumende huru nameya vakasarudzwa ndihwo hunogara huchimutsa kusagadzikana. Hurumende yeLabour yazvino yatsvaka kusimbisa kubviswa kwechinjo, asi kusabvumirana pamusoro pemiitiro yokutsigira mari, muitiro wezvokufambisa, uye zvipfuro zvedzimba zvasara. Meya dzinobudirira dzakadai saSadiq Khan naAndy Burnham vakava manzwi makuru mukupesana nemitemo yehurumende, vachishandisa zvikuva zvavo kutsigira masimba akawanda nezviwanikwa.

Kuongorora Mavara: Mayoral Eustations muDhession

London: Mambo Wematongerwe Enyika eMayoral

Mayor weSarudzo yeLondon inhau yakakwirira zvikurusa, inokweva ngwariro yenyika nenhimbe dzamanyuko akawanda enhau. Muna 2024, Sadiq Khan (Labour) yakawina shoko rechitatu renhau, kukunda Conservative Susan Hall pakati pemagakava pamusoro pekukura kweULEZ noutsotsi. Rukundo rwaKhan rwakasimbisawo kudzora kwaLabour mudzimbahwe, apo boka rakawina sarudza rehurumende riri rose remongi kubva muna 2008. Turnout muLondon inogara yakakwirira kupfuura kune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi kuvimbika kwevota kuLabour kwakasimba, neanenge 30% bedzi yavavhotera pakati pemapati paruwa. Kuvhotera kweLondon kunokurumbirawo nokuda kwenzvimbo yedzinza dukusaro: 2024, yakakarakadzwa kukwira 60%, kukwira kweKhan, kuvhotera kuchena.

Manchester Mukuru: Chisakiso cheBurham

Andy Burnham akabatira seMayor weGreater Manchester chifo cha 2017 uye akasarudzwazve muna 2024 nevoruzhinji vakawedzerwa. Mukurumbira wake, wakavakirwa pangwariro isingachinji pakutakura Bee Network, kushaya pokugara, zvakamuita mudaviriri wetungamiriri wenyika. Chirongwa chaManchester Mukuru chakawana Burnham ne 67% yevhoti, pasinei zvapo neLabour inorasika nyika iri kune imwe nzvimbo. Iyi chiitiko chinoratidzira kuti jasi renyika yemo inogona sei kukunda magariro enyika.

Madokero: Nzvimbo Yakasimba Inodzvinyirirwa

Ander Street (Commonwealth Game) akawana rukundo rwakatetepa muna 2024 mukurwisana naRichard Parker weLabour, achihwinwa namavhoti anopfuura 5 000. Rubudiriro rwomugwagwa rwakavakirwa pamukurumbira wake semumiriri akanangidzirwa nebhizimisi uyo akapa pamabasa negadziriro, kubatanidza nhaka yeCommonwealth Games. Zvisinei, micheto yacho yakanga yakatetepa, inoratidzira kumuka kweLabour munharaunda pasi peKeir Starmer. West Middlands inoratidza bvices yebviro yeConservativerative mameyars yokuvara magaro okugara kunyange apo mufananidzo wenyika unoda Labour, wakagoverwa zvakarurama pamberi pokubereka.

Mupata Weti: Mupata Wechidhori

Ben Houchen (Consorsedve) akasarudzwazve muna 2024 nedocke 73% yevhoti, pasinei zvapo nokuratidza kwakasimba kwerudzi kwaLabour. Rubudiriro rwaHouchen runonzi rwekuronda kwake kwoutsikinyinyi hwezvemari, kubatanidza Teesside Freeport, kuvhurwazve kwenzvimbo yeRedcar siltimendics, uye chishoro chakasimba kuHS2. Iye akasakurirawo chikumbiro chechipingamupinyi, kuwina tsigiro yakabva kuvose vari vaviri vaConservative naLabour Revourv Revotion. Tees Valles inoratidzira kuti kusarudza kunogona sei muuyo wemuuyo unodzivisa kunzvera kwamarudzi.

Basa Rezviremera Nevamhanyi VeMetro Vakabatanidzwa

Kutanga kwameya dzemetro dzehurumende dzakabatanidzwa muna 2017 kwakamirira kurongwazve kukuru kwehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Ava vanameya ndivo vari voga vakuru vakuru vakabatana, vanounganidza vatungamiriri vedare kuti vatungamirire kufambirana kwezvemari, zvokufambisa, dzimba, uye unyanzvi. Kunyange zvazvo masimba avo akaganhurirwa zvikuru kupfuura Mayari weLondon, vane udzori hwakakura paUniversity Drication yeDzinesi naUK Bareat Producement Fund (Regated Resting Tracment Fund). Vagadziri veUniversity vakaumba ava vakuru vemo vakaumba zviremera zvemo neUK, kazhinji kacho neSangano reUS.

Zviremera zvakabatanidzwa hazvina kufanana nedare reboka; iko uko kudzora kwakarongwa kuri pamusoro pemakurukota omunzvimbomo. Ikoku kwakaparira kusawirirana, navatungamiriri vedare vachinzwa vaiswa parutivi. Zvisinei, vanameya vemetro vakabvumikisa kuva nyanzvi mukusimudzira mativi avo enyika, kukwezva bhizimisi, uye kutsigira hurumende yepakati. Rubudiriro rwavameya vemetro rwatungamirira kukumbira imwe devokinoloji, kubatanidza kudzora njari, tsigiro yebasa, uye dzimba dzinochinjika zvikuru dzinopa.

Zvimiro Zvenguva Yemberi: Zvakamirira UK Mayoral Evolution

Modhekai wemongi angangowedzera. Hurumende yeLabour yakazvipira kukudza kubvisa shanduka-shanduka, nezvikarakadzo zvenzvimbo itsva munharaunda dzakadai seDevon, Cornwall, uye East Midlands. Kutamira kuFist Pre the Post kungaderedza pesvedzero yemapoka maduku asi kungatungamirirawo kumiuyo inofungwa, sezvinobvira kuderedza muvhoti. Nenzira inopesana, kuoneka kwakawedzerwa kwemameya mukati menjodzi – kubva kuCHOVID kusvikira kumutengo wokurarama – kungakurudzira kuvimbisana kukuru.

Kuvhota kwemadhigirii uye kuvhota kunoitirwa zvirongwa zvichapfuurira kuwedzera, zvikurukuru pakati pevaduku vanoshandisa manyuko enzanga nokuda kwemashoko ezvematongerwe enyika. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kumuka kwe “zvamatongerwe enyika” kwakadai semhepo yakachena, zvokufambisa zvavose, uye kunaka kwedzimba kungagona kutoita kuti kuve kudererazve. Kunewo gakava riri kukura pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwamedurameya: vamwe vanotaura kuti vane simba rakanyanya risingadzorerwi, nepo vamwe vanodavira kuti vanoda kutoshanda zvikuru.

Gadziriro dzezvokusarudza dzinokarakadza kuti chero bedzi sarudzo yameya ichiri yakananga pazvinoitika zvomunzvimbomo zvinooneka, ichakwezva sarudza rakasiana iro rinodzora mapoka ebato rorudzi.

mhedziso

Sarudzo dzeMayoral muUK dzakakura kuva chinoitika chinokosha zvikuru chechisarudzo, icho chinobatanidza nhau dzomunzvimbomo nedzinosarira zvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano anoramba ari nhungamiro yakasimba kuzvisarudzo zvinosarudzwa, asi kukura kwevhoti, vanoda kuzvimirira vakasimba, uye mufambiro wenhau unotsigirwa wakawedzera kuoma. Voter inochinja, nepo mukusarudzo, inoratidza zviratidzo zvokuwedzera pakati penzanga duku neshoma, zvikurukuru apo vanameya vakatsigira mitemo inonzwika zvakananga. Kutamba pakati pezvamatongerwe enyika dzenyika nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuchapfuurira kuumba, sokutsvaka kwomunhu aripo. Munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa nguva yemberi yeBritain, uku kubatanidzwa kwehurumende yehurumende yomunzvimbomo neyoruzhinji kunoitwa nehurumende yenyika inopfumisa kunoitwa nehurumende yeruwa.

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