Kuchinja Kwemitemo yeHurumende Panyaya Yokuranga Mapurisa uye Kuongorora Zvinhu Zvemunharaunda

Ukama pakati pemitemo yehurumende nechirango chamapurisa ishongwe huru yokuzvidavirira kwemitemo. Mhiri kweUnited States, masangano ehurumende anoratidza mitemo inoumba zvakananga nzira iyo mapato emapurisa anobata nayo pomero dzisina kururama, anoitisa nzvero dzomukati, uye anomanikidzira zviito zvokuranga. Iyi mitemo inorondedzera maruramiro ehurumende evakuru vakuru vakuru, zvinodikanwa zvokujeka nokuda kwamadhipatimendi, uye ukuru hwokutarisira kwehurumende. Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro yapamutemo inokosha mukunzwisisa dzikamo pakati pechiremera chamapurisa nechaunga chavanhu. Sezvo gakavadzano pamusoro pechinjo dzamapurisa dzinowedzera, basa romutemo mukugonesa kana kuti kuganhurira mutoro wavanhu mukuita kuti vagadziri vemiteo, vatsigiriri, vatsigiriri, uye vatungamiriri vemitemo.

Chikonzero Nei Mitemo yeHurumende Ichikosha Muchirango Chamapurisa

Kusafanana nokutarisira kwehurumende, uko kunoshanda kwakafara kupfurikidza neBato reRuramisiro nemitemo yemitemo, mitemo yehurumende inogovera mitemo yezuva nezuva nokuda kwemitemo yenhau dzomukati. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine mirau yayo imene, kazhinji kazhinji inoguma nemigumisiro yakasiana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inoraira kubudiswa kwezviwanwa zvedare kungakurudzira chinjo dzinokurumidza, nepo nyika iyo manyoro anorapisa anogona kuparira tsika yokuviga. Uku kunoreva kuti mukuru mukuru wemapurisa anopomerwa nezvetsika imwe chetedzo munyika mbiri dzakasiyana-dzo angatarisana nemigumisiro yakasiyana chose. Somugumisiro, kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kwehurumende kwazova chinjo huru yehondo nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kuzvidavirira.

Kupfuudzira Kuranga Kwamapurisa Nenhau Dzomukati

Madhipatimendi amapurisa munyika yose anotsamira panhau dzomukati (IA) kunzvera pomero dzomufambiro wakashata. Masangano aya ane mutoro wokutsvaka munyunyuto dzinovambira pasimba rakanyanyisa nerevo yokusatendeseka kuuori hwedzinza. Nhano dzokuranga dzinotevera kunzvera IA dzinogona kubatanidza nyevero dzamashoko, kutsiurwa kwakanyorwa, kubviswa pasina muripo, kuparadzwa, kana kuti kubviswa. Mumhaka dzakakomba zvikurusa, pomero dzoutsotsi dzingaunzwa nehofisi yeruwa. Zvisinei, kubudirira kweIA kunzvera kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pamhoteredzo yapamutemo yakagadzwa nomutemo. Dzimwe migariro, somuenzaniso, inoda kuti IA itevere nguva inodzorwa, nepo vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vanobvumira kunonoka kubvunzurudzwa kana kuti kuhwirudzura ufakazi husati hwabvunzwa kuti hunogona kudzorwa.

Muitiro Wenhau Dzomukati: Kusanonzvera

Nha. Nzvero inotanga pashure pokunge nyunyuto yatangwa nemugari wemo, mumwe mukuru mukuru, kana kuti mutarisiri. Dhipatimendi racho ipapo rinopa muongorori, kazhinji kazhinji mukuru mukuru akapika akarovedzwa muufakazi hwemipiro nemitoo yebvunzurudzo. Muongorori anounganidza mishumo yemapurisa, makamera anopa uchapupu, mashoko echapupu, uye ufakazi hupi nohupi hunoshanda. Kana kunzvera kwacho kwakakwana, mushumo unoiswa kumukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru webasa kana kuti dare rinotenderwa. Boka rinozosarudza kana pomero yacho ichitsigirwa, zvinoreva kuti kusatendeseka kwakaitika, kana kuti kusatenderwa nemhaka youfakazi husina kukwana. Mitengo inogona kuraira, kana muitiro wose uchigona kunyorwa, uye kana zviwanwa zvichiitwa pachena.

Zvinetso Zvinowanzoitika Mukuongorora Zvinhu Zvemukati

Mapoka enhau dzomukati kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana nemhinganidzo huru. Officey pamwe pacho inonzi “rusvingo rworunyararo,” inogona kuodza zvapupu kuti zvisabatirane. Mitemo yehurumende inoda kukurumidza kuzivikanwa kwenzvero kana kuti kuganhurira kushandiswa kwemiedzo yepolygraph inogona kuparira kumwe kuunganidzwa kwoufakazi. Kuwedzerazve, mutoro wechiratidzo muzvinoitika IA kazhinji kazhinji i “kuzivikanwa noufakazi” (zvinobvira zvikuru kupfuura kusadaro), asi mamwe masangano akaedza kukwidziridza mupimo iwoyo ku “ufakazi hwakajeka noufakazi hunopwisa, uhwo hwakaoma kusangana. Iyi mipimo inoenzanisira zvikuru sei kuti mirairo yetsika yapamhindiro yose.

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende Pakushandisa Chirango

Mitemo yehurumende inosimbisa gadziriro yapamutemo umo nzvero dzamapurisa dzokusazvibata dzinoitwa. Inorondedzera maruramiro avakuru vakuru, inogadza zvinodikanwa zvetsika nokuda kwavanzveri, uye inoraira kuoneka kana kuti kuvanza. Iyi mitemo inogona kupfavisa kuzvidavirira kana kuti, muzvimwe zvinoitika, kuganhurira utariri, kuchitsamira pagadziriro dzayo. Marudzi makuru anoverengeka omutemo wehurumende akabuda seanopesvedzera zvikuru: mitemo inodzivirira muitiro wakafanira, mitemo inodzora kuwanwa kwavanhu kuzvinyorwa, uye mitemo inodzora kudzivirira kwemirwi.

Mukuru Mukuru Wekodzero Dzemasangano uye Mumiririri Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Chimwe chezvinoitika zvikuru mumutemo wehurumende kugamuchirwa kwe kwaMasai eInforcement Sell of Rights (LEOBR). Kutanga kwakapfuudzwa muFlorida muma 1970, uyu muenzaniso wakagamuchirwa muzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana nehurumende dzakawanda, kubatanidza Rhode Island, Maryland, Illinois, naWisconsian. Revhigles inopa vakuru vakuru vakuru dziviriro dzakananga dzemitemo mukati menzvero dzomukati, dzakadai sekodzero yokuva nezano repamutemo rokuva naropo, kodzero yokuona ufakazi hwose hwadzoro padziri pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa, uye maruramiro okusununguka kusununguka pakubudisa kudzora maruramiro avo kuti varambe vakanyarara. Nepo zvichidiwa kuva zvinonzi vatsoropote, vakuru vakuru vakuru vanodzivisa kudzivirira, uye kudzorwa kwekudzorwa kwemhosva. Vanotsvakazve kubudirira nokubudirira, uye nokubudirira, nemhaka yomuenzaniso waMary 207, anoenderera mberi, zvichiitwa pashure pekudzivirira mamwe makore anoteve.

Mienzaniso Yedziviriro dzeREOBR

  • Kubvunza kuti vakuru vakuru vapiwe chiziviso chamazuva 10 pamberi pebvunzurudzo yokunzvera.
  • Kuzivisa kushandiswa kwenyunyuto dzisingazivikanwi kutanga kunzvera.
  • Kuganhurira nguva yokunzvera kusvikira kuchiverengero chakati chamazuva.
  • Vakuru vakuru vanobvumira kuona uchapupu hwose uye kugadzirira mhinduro yakanyorwa vasati vabvunzurudzwa.

Chimwe nechimwe chezvirongwa izvi chinogona kuparira matanda eIA masangano. Somuenzaniso, chiziviso chemazuva 10 chinopa mukuru mukuru wacho nenguva yokubatana kwavo kuti vawirirane, zvichigona kutungamirira kukutaura kunokanganisa kutendeka kwenzvero. Kana kuongorora kwacho kuine muganhu wenguva, nhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinobatanidza vanhu vakawanda kana zvapupu dzingamhanyiswa, zvichitungamirira kukuwana kusina kukwana.

Kutsigira Mutemo Kuona Mitauro

Dzimwe Hurumende dzakagadza mitemo inoda kuziviswa pachena kwezviito zvokuranga uye miuyo yokunzvera. Iyi mitemo yokuoneka inovavarira kuwedzera chivimbo chavose uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira mumasangano anotarisira mutemo. Muenzaniso mumwe wechiratidzo ndewokuti California Ketary Bill 1421 [[[FLL:1]] (2018]), yakaraira kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa zvine chokuita nokupfuradzira kwavakuru vakuru, kushandisa kwakakomba kwezvinoitika zvesimba, uye zviwanwa zvinotsigirwa zvekusatendeseka kana kuti kudenha kwevatano. Uyu mutemo wakagumisa nenzira inobudirira makumi amakore echivande chehurumende pasi pezvibvumirano zveHurumende zvekodzero dzapamutemo uye wakabvumira vatori venhau navose kuvhurasa. Kutevera zvinyorwa zvakavigwa zvakavanzika zvakavigwa zvakavigwa zvakavanzwa kare zvakavigwa [[FFFF]

Dzimwe Nyika Dzinotungamirira Nhamburiko Dzokuisa Mipimo

New York yakabudisazve mhinduro yakananga kukuvambwa kwaro kwakare kwakamira 50-a mutemo muna 2020, uyo wakanga wambodzivirira zvinyorwa zvokuranga naporuzhinji. Repeal yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kumifaro yapashure pekufa kwaGeorge Floyd. Colorado yakapfuvura [[FLT:]] Bill 20-217[[FLT] [20:] mu2020], iyo yaida masangano anochengeta mutemo kubudisa kamera muzvinoitika zvakakomba uye kuita kuti zvinyorwa zvive zvinowanika zvinosvikirika zvikuru. Connecticut yakapfuudzawo chiratiko cha 20 [[FLT:], ichida kugadzirwa kwechisaririra chavose, kubatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu okushambadza.

Kuganhurira Kudzidzisa Kunoita Mutemo

Mimwe mitemo yehurumende inoganhurira mano edhipatimendi rokuranga kana kuti kuganhurira mwero wenzvero dzomukati. Mutemo wakadaro unogona kumutsa nharo nemhaka yokuti ungadzivisa nhamburiko dzokutaura nokusazvibata. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo inoda kuranga [ kwezvirango zvinoitwa namakambani amapurisa, kazhinji kazhinji zvichitungamirira kukupesana apo vatarisiri vanoshaiwa unyanzvi hwokuchengeta mutemo. MuOhio, mutemo unorambidza mabhodhi ezvokutarisira kuti apedzisidze kunyunyuto dzakananga, uchivaisa kumabasa okuongorora. Dzimwe nyika dzinoisa miganhuro yorumano nguva panzvero dzemapurisa, kana mhaka yacho isati yapedzwa mukati maawa 180, mukuru mukuru wemapurisa haagoni kurangwa.

Tapuro Yezvibvumirano Zvokuunganidza

Mitemo yehurumende inodzora kodzero dzebasa uye kutaurirana kweboka rehurumende inogonawo kuganhura chirango. Masangano akawanda amapurisa anotaurirana zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza gadziriro dze kudzora kwe , kureva kuti mukuru mukuru anopfuudzwa nokuda kwezvakaipa anogona kukwidziridza chisarudzo. Mudzimwe nyika, vamiririri vanoramba kutsigira kudzorerwa, kunyange apo ufakazi hwechakaipa hwakanga hwakasimba. Somuenzaniso, muOregon, 2021 hwirudzudzo yakawana kuti vamiriri vanodokuva 50% vezviito zvokupeta. Nepo kukwidziridza kwakabatana kwakadzikiswa kwakadzikwa kwakarurama, vanoramba kuti kudzivirirwa uku, apo kubatanidzwa nemitemo, kuparira gadziriro umo isingawanzoguma.

Kutapura Kuzvidavirira Kwamapurisa Kune Mitemo yeHurumende

Muuyo unowedzerwa wemitemo yehurumende pachirango chamapurisa unotapura zvakananga kuzvidavirira. Mitemo inosimudzira kujeka, kudzivirira varidzi veriva, uye ganhuriro inowanzosimudzira tsika yokuzvidavirira. Nenzira inopesana, mitemo inoganhurira inoparira denho huru nokuda kwenhau dzomukati, ingabvumira kusazvibata kushata nokubvisa chivimbo chavose. Nzvero kubva ku Nhevedzo yaPapublic Poselce [ uye mamwe masangano enjanjiso dzakaratidza kupesana pakati pemitengo yakasimba nemwero yemitengo yehurumende yedecreging. Somuenzaniso, Texas, negadziriro yayo yapamhene yavose, inoparira vapurisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakawanda pamapepa echisino akavanzika seFlorida.

Mukaha Wokuzvidavirira Pakati PeUnited States

Misiano mumutemo wehurumende yakaita gadziriro inodzorwa nokuzvidavirira. Muzvinhu zvakafanana ne California uye New York, umo chinjo dzakaitwa, vatori venhau vanogona zvino kuronga mapepa evakuru vakuru vane zvinyorwa zvetsika dzisina kururama. Izvi zvinobvumira madhipatimendi emapurisa kudzivisa kubhadharwa vakuru vakuru venhau vane nhau inonyorwa yezviito zvokubatwa zvisina kufanira nenhau dzinozivikanwa se “chinetso chevakuru vakuru vakuru vebasa. Musiano, se [[FLT:] North , mutemo (“Masangano ekodzero echipoti) anodzivisa kubudiswa pachena kubuda muzvinyorwa kunze kwokunge anenge atadza kupfumba mhosva. Musimuwe mumwe mukuru mukuru wemapurisa anoto anoramba kuendesa kunzira kukusashanda.

Kutapura Kushanda Kwenhau Dzacho

Masangano enhau omukati anofanira kunzvera aya masangano emitemo zuva nezuva. Mumitemo yakasimba yokuona zviri pachena, vaongorori vanoziva kuti zviwanwa zvavo zvinganzverwa nezvinobudiswa nevanobudisa nhau, izvo zvinogona kukurudzira kusanonyorwa. Muzvinhu umo zvinyorwa zvinonamirwa, vaongorori vangatarisana nedzvinyiriro shomanene yokunze, asi vanorasikirwawo netsigiro yevimbiko iyo kuzivisa pachena kunogovera. Uyezve, mitemo inoganhurira inogona kuodza IA inoona vakuru vakuru vadzivisa miuyo nemhaka yokudzivisa kuisa pachena. Nenzira yenjivara dzakapesana, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinogona kusimbisa vapa vapanguri vabvunzi kupfurikidza nokugovera chiremera chakajeka nenguva yakakwana kuvaka zviitiko.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Nemienzaniso

Kuenzanisira simba chairo remitemo yenyika, kunobetsera kunzvera mienzaniso chaiyo inobva mumasimba akasiyana - siyana.

California: Muenzaniso Wokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

.BB 142 uye mutemo wakatevera wakachinja nzira iyo chirango chamapurisa chinoitwa nayo. Pasati pa 2019, zvinyorwa zvokuranga zvakava zvinenge zvakavanzika chose chose. Pashure peSB 1421, masangano enhau akavamba kukumbira zviuru zvezvinyorwa, mitoo yokuratidza kusazvibata yakanga yave yakavanzwa kwenguva refu. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kwakaitwa na [[FLT:] Lios Angeles Times [[FLT:]] akawana kuti vakuru vazhinji vemapurisa mutsika dzehurumende vaibatanidzwa mutsika dzinodzokororwa, kubatanidza kushandiswa kwokuputsa mutemo kwaidzokororwa. Uku kuzivisa kwakatungamirira kukuwasha nokupfura kungave kusina kuitika pasina dzvinyiriro yapachena. California yakapfuudzawo mitemo [FLT] inodzivisa kuidzwa kwechibvumirano chamapurisa kuti adzore kutsika kutsika kutsika kutsika [FFFF]

New York: Kudzoka kwe50-a uye Mugumisiro Wako

Kwamakumi amakore, mutemo weNew York wa50-a wakachengeta manyoro echirango chamapurisa pakusunungurwa kunyange muchimiro chokupeta. Pashure perepeal muna 2020, Covil Liberties Union (NYCLU) uye zvinobudisa nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakabudisa mapepa evakuru vakuru venhau dzinoranga. Mugumisiro mumwe mukuru wakanga uri kuratidzirwa kwavakuru vakuru vakanga vabviswa mune rimwe dhipatimendi asi vakahayiwa nomumwe munhu asina zivo yavo yekare. New York yakapfuudzawo Garner Anti-Chooke Act uye kushandiswa kwemiitiro yokuchinja, kuratidzira kuti chiito chibvumirano chishamiso chapangidzo chinogona kudzorera mufambiro.

Florida: LEOBR, Kuona maziso Kusina Kusimba

Florida ndiyo yakanga iri nyika yokutanga kugadza mutemo weMasarudzo weSangano reMarudzi (Gavhura mapurisa). Kunyange zvazvo mutemo uchigovera dziviriro dzakafanira, unoisawo musi wakakomba wezuva 180 nokuda kwokunzvera kwomukati. Kana kunzvera kwacho kusati kwapedzwa munguva iyoyo, mukuru mukuru wacho haagoni kurangwa (musaita kuti dare riwanzwe kuti riwanzwe kuwedzerwa nemutongi, uko kusingawanzopiwi. Gadziriro iyi yakapomerwawo kuvhara kupfurikidza nemitemo yavose inodzivirira kazhinji kazhinji zvinyorwa zvehurumende kutoti mukuru mukuru mukuru wemhosva. Somuuyo unobvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vashomanene vemo gore rimwe nerimwe kukura kwevatsigiriki vanoshanda mumutemo. Mapoka akadanazve kuti kugadziridzwa, asi kugadziriswa kwemitemo.

Oregon neWashington: Misiyano muPacific Northwest

Oregon Senate Bill (1603 muna 2021, iyo yakatanga gadziriro itsva yamapurisa yokuratidza ushingi nokushuma kwokusazvibata kwakakomba. Zvisinei, boka rakasimba rehurumende rinobvumirana kubvumira mitemo inobvumira kuwiriraniswa kukuru. MuWashington, vavhoti vakapfuudza yeIntititice 940 (2017), uko kwakakuita kuti kuve nyore kutambudza vakuru vakuru vakuru vanobatanidzwa murufu dzinoregeredzerwa ndokuita basa rokupindira. Washington inodawo kunzvera kwokushandisa mishumo yemishumo yemishumo yemitengo netsoka yomuviri. Iyi misiyano iri munharaunda imwe cheteyo inoratidzira sei kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aita miuyo yokunyuko yokunyuko yokwende.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu Nemitemo Yemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura

Mukupera kwokuramba 2020 nokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd, nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga ndokupfuudza mutemo weReformation yamapurisa. Nepo mabhii akawanda akanangidzira ngwariro pakushandiswa kwemipimo yesimba, makamera, uye kuratidzira kwedzinza, chirango nokuoneka zvakaonawo chinjo dzinokosha. National Conference of State Legislatures inonangidzira mazana ezvikwereti zvamapurisa purogiramu imwe neimwe.

  • [ Kugadziridza kana kuti kugadziridzwa kweREOBR[FLT] – Maryland, Rhode Island, uye Connecticut kwakahwirudzura mutemo wavo wekodzero kuganhurira kunonoka uye kuwedzera kujeka.
  • Tsigiro dzokubvisa mufambiro wakaipa wakati - Uniteds seNew Jersey neColorado zvino dzinoda kuti vakuru vakuru vanoita mhaka dzakakomba varambidzwe zvechigarire pabasa rokuchengeta mutemo romunguva yemberi.
  • Kuisa kupesana[ - Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaganhurira mano avagadziri kuputsa zvisarudzo zvechirango, zvikurukuru kana pane zvinoitika zvesimba rakanyanyisa kana kuti kusatendeseka.
  • Kuparadzira utariri husiri hwavanhu - Mitemo muCalifornia neWashington yakapa mabhodhi ehwirudzuro ehurumende simba repupena uye chiremera chakananga chokunzvera, kuchideredza rutsamiro pamaIA mapoka oga.

Kupindira Kwehurumende Nokuchinja

Nepo mitemo yehurumende iri yokutanga, hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoitawo basa. Department of Justice kana kuti nzvero dzinogona kumanikidza chinjo mumadhipatimendi omunzvimbomo emapurisa, asi idzodzi dzakaganhurirwa kuhurumende mukunzvera. Zvikarakadzo zvemari zvechikaro zvehurumende, zvakadai sebumbiro regadziriro ye Byrne JAG , pane dzimwe nguva ine migariro yakabatanidzwa nejeko. Zvikarakadzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nokuda kwechirongwa chamapurisa enyika nemishumo yapamutemo zvakatarisana nechishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika, zvichisiya mamiriro ezvinhu enzvimbo anoshanda zvikurusa.

mhedziso

Mitemo inhau dzinoshandiswa namapurisa kunzvera nhau dzomukati. Vanotema kana kusazvibata kuchinzverwa nenzira inobudirira, kana zviwanwa zvichiitwa pachena, uye kana vakuru vakuru vachitarisana nemigumisiro ine revo. Nzvimbo dzazvino uno ibasa rakamanikana, nedzimwe nyika dzichigamuchira kujeka nemutsidziro apo dzimwe dzinonamatira kuchivanza uye dziviriro dzechipoto. Ufakazi hwakajeka: hunoona kuti kujeka nokuzvidavirira zvinoonekwa napaneinwa zvinovangana napashanwa. [[F3][11][F:][10]