Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Mugadziriro Yepamutemo yeAmerica

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, rakatenderwa muna 1788, rakatanga gadziriro yokutonga yakatsungirira kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri. Pamavambo paro, Bumbiro reMitemo rinorondedzera kuvakwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye rinoronga masimba apo rinenge richichengeta mamwe munyika. Zvisinei, iBill of Rights ̬ inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo; inodzorwa neyakaenzana nemitemo inodzivirira pasi pechinotangira.

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzina kusiana. Dzinochinja kupfurikidza negadziridzo dzinopfuudzwa neCongress uye dzinotenderwa nehurumende, kupfurikidza nomutemo wakaitwa neCongress, uye kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwedare redare rehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro, sedare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika, rine chiremera chikurusa chokududzira Bumbiro remitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvaro zvinogona kuchinja zvikurukuru mwero nerevo zvamaruramiro emitemo. Iri simba rokududzira rinoumbwa nemusiyano wemaziviro emitemo, kubatanidza chiito chapakuvamba, icho chinoedza kushandisa Bumbiro remitemo serinonzwisiswa panguva yokuitwa kwaro, uye kudavira pamutemo, izvo zvinorangarira Bumbiro remitemo sechinyorwa chine simba iro rinofanira kuchinja mipimo nemigariro.

Mhindumupindu yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo inopesvedzerwa nokupesana kwenhau, nhau dzakapoteredza, masangano enzanga, uye kuumbwa kweDare rimene. Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura akapupurira chinjo dzekudengenyeka kwapasi mumanzwisisirwe adzinoitwa, kubva pakuenzana kwekodzero dzeroorano nokuzvidzora kwokubereka kusvikira kukutaura kwakasununguka kubasa uye dziviriro pakusarurana. Kunzwisisa zviitiko izvi kunoda kusanonzvera zvisarudzo zveDare zvinoguma nemasimba anozviumba.

Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikagadziridza Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Chiteshi chedare repamusorosoro muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga chaisanganisira dzimwe nyaya dzinokosha zvikuru munhau yemitemo yeAmerica. Zvisarudzo zvinotevera zvinoratidza kuchinja kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo mumativi akawanda oupenyu hweAmerica.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuenzana kweroorano sechikodzero chehwaro

Muchisarudzo cha5-4, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti Dare reMitemo reMitemo rechi 14 rinoda kuti nyika dzose dzipedze rezenisi uye dzizive roorano pakati pavanhu vaviri vevatano imwe chete. Kunyorera voruzhinji, Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akataura kuti maruramiro okuroora irusununguko runokosha runodzivirirwa neCurvement Proces Clause uye kuti kurambidza vakwanyina vorudzi rumwe chetevo kuti vasvike pakuroorana. Chisarudzo chakaitwa pamberi pekutonga pamusoro peroorano, kubatanidza Loving v. Virginia[FLT: 1] [197], chakabvisa ganhuriro dzedzinza paroorano, uye United States.[FFFFF]

chisarudzo [[FLT]bergefell chakaratidzira chinjo inoshamisa mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Inopfuura makore gumi pamberi pezvi, mu LAWREnce v. Texas [[2003], Dare rakanga raparadza mitemo yesodoma asi risina kutaura nezveroorano. Nhanho yokukurumidza yechinjo yenzanga, inosundwa namasangano enzanga, mirangariro yavose, nhambo yavose, uye matare akaderera, yakaita mashoko akapoteredza umo Dare rakanga richidisa kuziva maruramiro matsva. Chisarudzo chinoramba chiri chikwa chenharo pamusoro pekurukurirano yedare pamusoro pekuita nemitemo, dare rinodzivirira kodzero huru.

Vose Vari Mutano v. Hellerstedt (2016): Kudzivirira Kubvisa mimba

Mu Women’s Health v. Hellersstedt, Dare Rapamusorosa rakaputsa gadziriro mbiri dzomutemo weTexas uyo wakaisa mitemo yorumano pamakiriniki anobvisa pamuviri. Gadziriro dzakadenha dzakada vanachiremba vaibvisa mimba kuti vave neropafadzo kuchipatara chaiva pedyo uye vaida nzvimbo dzokubvisa pamuviri kuti vasvitse mipimo yenzvimbo dzokuvhiya. Dare, zvakare muchisarudzo cha5-4 chakanyorwa naSahlulerite Stephen Brey, rakashandisa "mutoro mukuru" mupimo wakagadzwa mu . Caselve. [FLT]] [6] Dare rakaita izvi zvinodikanwa zvisina betsero yeutano uye zvakaisa chino chakabetsera zvikuru mukubvisa mimba.

Ichi chisarudzo chakanga chiri chinokosha nemhaka yokuti chakasimbisazve kuvambwa kukuru kwe Roe v. Wade uye Casey apo yaigovera gadziriro yokurangarira nayo mirau yemitemo yehurumende yokubvisa pamuviri. Dare rakasimbisa kuti matare anofanira kuyera mitoro inoiswa nomutemo unopesana nebetsero dzaanofungidzirwa kuva dzinobatira. Uku kudzikanisa kwakagovera chishandiso chemitemo inodenha yenyika munyika yose. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chaizofumurawo zvikamu zvikuru paDare, izvo zvaizotanga zvizere muzvinoitika zvapashure.

Janus v. AFSCME (2088): Free Speach and Public Secropotional Unions

JANUS v. AFSCME akatendeudzira chisarudzo cha 1977 cheDare mu Abood v. Detroit Board of Education[, iyo yakanga yabvumira kubatanidzwa kwavose kuti kuunganidze "kugoverana" mari inobva kuvasiri mitezo kupfurikidza kufukidza ndyiko dzekurukurirano. Mutengi, Markus, akataura kuti airaira kubhadhara mari yemitero yemubatanidzwa iye haana kutsigira maruramiro ake okutanga okutaura norusununguko nesonganiro. Muchisarudzo chakanyorwa naSamueri Alito, Dare rakabvumirana, kuita mari iyoyo inomanikidzirwa nokumanikidzwa nokubatanidzwa kwenhau yenhau dzepachena.

Chisarudzo chacho chakava nemigumisiro yekare neyaisvika kure nokuda kwebasa rakarongwa. Masangano ezvikamu zvavose munyika yose akatarisana nokuderera kwemitezo nemari yakaderedzwa, sezvo vasiri mitezo vaisagona kudikanwazve kubhadhara mitero. Chirango chakamutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment mumashoko emari inomanikidzirwa. Kurangarira kweDare kwakabva panhau dzePrementetion yokutanga, kubatanidza [[FLL:] National Institute of Family and Life Teaders v. Becerra[FLT] (2017]), uko kwakarova mutemo weCalifornia unoda kuva nemimba kuti ugove mashoko pamusoro pemibato yePrencest Confoundation, kubatanidza iyi zviitiko zvakawedzera murangariro wakasununguka, zvikurukuru mumashoko anobatanidza kana kuti atsigire mari.

Clayton County (2020): LGBTQ+ Kodzero Pasi PeTitle VII

Muchisarudzo chenhau chine revo huru nokuda kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, Dare Gurusa rakaitwa mu Bostock v. Clayton County kuti musoro VII weChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChivilinic Rights cha 1964 unorambidza rusaruro rwebasa rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano kana kuti chizivikanwo chemunhurume. Mutongi Neil Gorfoth akanyora murangariro wevoruzhinji 6-3, achishandisa nzverongedzo yokunyora mashoko kuti rusaruro rwemagwaro "nemhaka yevatano" runoreva harwo rune chokuita mirangariro yevatano nezivikano yevatano. Dare rakarangarira kuti hakubviri kusarura munhu nokuda kwevatano kana kuti kuva murume.

Chisarudzo hachina kutsanangura zvakananga Bumbiro remitemo, asi pesvedzero yacho pakodzero dzebumbiro remitemo ndeyechokwadi. Nokuvimbisa kuti mamiriyoni eLGBTQ adzivirirwa pakusarura, kutonga kunosimbisa nheyo yokuti kuenzana uye chiremera ndekwepakati pomutemo weAmerica. Chisarudzo chacho chinoratidzawo kuti kutsanangura kwemitemo kungafambisira mberi kodzero munzira dzinowirirana nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kutevera BHOSCT, matare akaderera anoshandisa kurangarira kwakafanana muzvinoitika zvoutano, dzimba, uye dzidzo, kutambanurirawo mufungo wechisarudzo kumamwe mashoko.

Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022): Kuguma kweRoe

Chisarudzo chapamberi pezvisarudzo cheDare guru remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi ndi Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, iyo yakatonga Roe v. Wade[[FLT]] [7773]) uye [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] P [aii v. Casey[[FLT] [[FLT]] [1992], kubvisa maruramiro emitemo yehurumende yehurumende pamutemo kubvisa mimba. Mhaka yaibatanidza mutemo weMissississippi uyo unorambidza kubvisa mimba pashure pamavhiki 15 okubata. Chirevorevo, chakakumbaniswa navamwe vatongi vana, vachiva nemitemo inodzorwa kubvisa kubvisa pamuviri uye chiremera chokubvisa mimba.

Chisarudzo chinomirira kukanganisa kukurusa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo munhau yeDare razvino uno. Voruzhinji vakashandisa mutoo wemavambo, vachiramba kuti kubvisa mimba hakuna kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau yorudzi kana kuti gamuchidzanwa uye naizvozvo hakukwanirisi sechinokosha mudanho reCENTIT Claus weGrandment ye145. Mukusabvumirana naMagweta, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, uye Elena Kagan akataura kuti chisarudzo chakabviswa mutsika yorudyi chakanga chavimba paanenge makore makumi mashanu uye hachishore kuva pamutemo kweDare.

Muuyo wa MaDobs ave ari akanyongana. Mitemo yakawanda inoiswa pedyo necherokubvisa pamuviri, nepo mimwe yakasundwa kudzivirira kusvika. Chisarudzo chacho chakaparirawo kuiswa kwemipimo yehurumende, mitemo yehurumende, uye kuvapo kwemishonga yokubvisa pamuviri muU.S. Postal Service. Chisarudzo cheDare chakaumbazve mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika, chichiva nhau huru mukuvhotaro nokupfuudzira gadziro pamusoro pesimba redare, rehurumende, uye basa remitemo mumutemo wemitemo yebumbiro remitemo.

Basa Remasangano Enzanga Mukuchinja Kunoita Bumbiro Remitemo

Mhindumupindu yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo haisundiswi bedzi nenharo dzapamutemo kana kuti uzivi hwedare. Masangano enzanga akaita basa rinochinja mukushatisa zvimiro zvendangariro zvavanhu, achipesvedzera mutemo, uye pakupedzisira achinyengetedza matare kugamuchira tsananguro itsva dzeBumbiro remitemo. Chivil Rights Movement yema1950 nama1960 muenzaniso wetsika, kubudisa mutemo wetsika nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro izvo zvakaparadza uye zvakadzivirira maruramiro okuvhota. Masangano akawanda achangobva kupfuura aya akapfuuridzira iri gamuchidzanwa.

LGBTQ+ maruramiro anopa mufananidzo une simba. Kuvamba nezvipikikiri zveMibato yaMatombo muna 1969 uye kupfuurira namakumi amakore okuvamba, dzidzo yavose, vashinganyi vakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma murangariro wavose pamusoro poukama hwevatano neroorano. Musangano wacho wakawana rukundo rukuru rwapamutemo mu LTALT v. Texas, United States v.[FLT] r.Munyuror, , [[FLT]]

Musangano wamaruramiro okubereka wakaumbawo mutemo webumbiro remitemo, kunyange zvazvo nenharo huru. Kuchinja kwekodzero dzavakadzi kwama 1960 nama 1970 kwakagovera mashoko akapoteredza nokuda Roe v. Wade[, uye kwakatevera kwakapesvedzera mavambo matsva ekodzero dzokubereka, uye kuronda mamiriro emitemo emitemo negadziriro dzamatare. [[FLT]] mu [FLT: 4.] Dobs [[[FLT: 5]] yakakusimbisa purofiti itsva yekodzero dzokubereka, nokuronda mutevedzero wemitemo yemitemo yetsika, inoita kuti igochengedze kubvisa kubvisa kubvisa mimba.

Ukama pakati pamasangano enzanga nematare hwakaoma. Masangano anogona kuchinja hwindo reOverton, kuita kuti pfungwa dzaichimbova dzechinjo dziratidzike sedzakakomba. Anogonawo kuumba nharo dzapamutemo dzinopiwa kumatare ndokupesvedzera kusarudzwa kwavatongi. Zvisinei, ukama hwacho hahusi hwokutungamirirwa nomunhu: zvisarudzo zvedare zvinogona kunyandura kana kuti kuderedza mufambiro, uye nhanho yechinjo yebumbiro remitemo kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira pakuumbwa kwedare remitemo nemhoteredzo huru yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinoreva Kutanga Nokusaparara Kwezvinhu Zvekare

Dzidziso ye stare decis ̬ nheyo yokuti matare anofanira kutevera muenzaniso ̬ inozivisa dzikamo nokudeya kutaurwa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa nguva dzose rakaziva kuti muenzaniso hausati uri wakakwana, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvebumbiro-mitemo umo ruramiso inogona bedzi kubva kuDare rimene kana kuti kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakaoma webumbiro remitemo. Dare rakatonga mipimo yaro imene nguva zhinji munhau yose, kazhinji kazhinji mumhaka dzinobatanidza maruramiro nerusununguko.

Dobts v. Jackson’s Health Organization yakamutsa nhau yemuenzaniso muchimiro chakakomba. Voruzhinji vakataura kuti Roe[ uye [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [yakanga] yave iri yakashata zvikuru" uye yakanga yakuvadza kuva nomutemo kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa murangariro wavose. Mukakavadzano wakadzivisa kuti muenzaniso wakagadziriswa waizozvikuvadza umene kururama kwekodzero dzedare remitemo. Uku kuratidzira kusabvumirana pamusoro pomusikirwo yematezo yemateorwa kwemitemo uye basa redare.

Sezvo nyanzvi dzemitemo navanachiremba vanopfuurira kunzvera zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, ivo nenzira inowedzera vanotendeukira ku Oyez nokuda kwenhau dzakapetwa nokurekodwa kwenhau, uye ku SCOUSBROg[ nokuda kwokunzvera kwounyanzvi zviitiko zvakamira uye zvakasarudzwa.

Kunetsa Kwomunguva Yemberi Kwomutemo Webumbiro reMitemo reAmerica

Chisarudzo chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi cheDare Gurusa chinokarakadza zvinoitika zvinoverengeka zvinobvira nokuda remangwana rekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Chokutanga, voruzhinji veDare vanoramba vachichinja vangapfuurira kuganhurira kana kuti kushandura kodzero dzisinganyatsonyorwa murugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo. Mutongi Clarence Thomas, somuenzaniso, akadana kurangarirazve bergefell v. Hodges [FLT]], [FLT] LY] Liance v. [FLT], uye griscold. Connecticut [[FFF:5] [5] [ivhit] [icholm] (inodzivirira rudyi kudzivirira kudzivirira kudzora). nepo Dare reSarseromes Roulms reromes rerolectionment]

Chechipiri, kusvika kweDare reFree Execroem Claus of the First Amendment kungapfuurira kukudza dziviriro nokuda kworusununguko rworudzidziso, sezvingabvira pandyiko dzedzimwe maruramiro. Macape akaita se Mastercentinghop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission[[FLL:1] [2018] ne [FLLD]303] Creation LLC v.ESTS[FL:3] [2023]) yakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pedzikamo pakati perusununguko rwechitendero nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inopesana. Dare rakazivisa kuwedzera tsitsi nokuda kwokuramba rudzidziso, zvikurukuru mumaidikamishoni.

Chechitatu, zvisarudzo zveDare pamusoro pomutemo wokutonga zvingadzoserazve mirau munzira dzinotapura maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokuganhurira simba ramasangano ehurumende rokududzira mirau isina kujeka, Dare ringagona kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kumanikidza dziviriro kuvatengi, vashandi, uye mhoteredzo. Zvisarudzo izvi zvegadziriro zvingava nemiuyo isina kunanga asi inokosha pakufarikanya kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Mabumbiro emitemo angava anokosha zvikuru senzvimbo dzokudzivirira kodzero idzo Bumbiro remitemo risati richigoverazve. Kutevera maDobs, matare makuru enyika anoverengeka akadudzira mabumbiro emitemo avo vamene okudzivirira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, uye nhamburiko dzakafanana dziri kudzikamiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Iyi mitemo yehurumende inopa muganhu wakaenzana nedziviriro dzehurumende, kunyange zvazvo ichimutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pokusaenzana kwenyika mukufarikanya kodzero.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa hwaro hwomutemo wemitemo weAmerica, zviwanikwa zvakafanana ne Constitution Center yeNational inogovera zvishandiso zvinokurukura netsinhiro dzenyanzvi. Kuwedzera, shoko reDare rapanguva ino [ rinovimbisa kukurukura nhevedzano yenhau dzichaumba kodzero dzeAmerica kwamakumi amakore anouya.

Mugumisiro: Kuchinja Kunoramba Kuchienderera Mberi Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Mhindumupindu yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo muUnited States muitiro unopfuurira, unoumbwa nokurondedzerwa kwerondedzero yedare, masangano enzanga, chinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mashoko akapoteredza. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zveDare Gurusa rakaongororwa munyaya ino zvinoratidzira dzose dziri mbiri dhamumm neshambiso dzekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Obergefell[[[FLT] na[FLT] [FLT]] zvinosimbiswa nekodzero dzakakudzwa nokuda kweLGBTQ, idzo dzinoratidzira makumi amakore akawanda nokuda kwechinjo nero yechaidzo. [FFFFF]

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo hadzisi dzokuzviparadza. Zvinoda kungwarira, kudzora, uye kuda kuita zvinhu zvepamutemo uye zvematongerwe enyika zvinoumba zvavanoda. Nhaka dzokunyora dzeDare, sezvinongoita zvibvumikiso zvinopiwa nevanoparirana navo uye masangano anovatsigira. Vagari vemo, vanonzwisisa muitiro uyo kodzero dzinochinja nawo unokosha kuti vabatanidzwe mubasa rinopfuurira rehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica.

Nguva yemberi yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo ichatsamira pazvinhu zvakawanda: muuyo wesarudzo, kugadzwa kwavatongi, zvirongwa zvemasangano okuronga nokuda vanhuwo zvavo kuronga nokuda chinjo. Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, seMutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes akambocherekedza, "inoitwa nokuda kwavanhu vemirangariro yakasiana zvikuru." Sezvo mirangariro iyoyo inopfuurira kushanduka, naizvozvowo revo noukombiso zvamaruramiro ayo anodzivirira.

Kumwe Kurava Nezviwanikwa

Kuvanhu vanoda kunyatsoongorora nyaya dziri munyaya ino, zvinhu zvinotevera zvinopa mazano anokosha: