Kudzosera kudzokororwa kwomuitiro waichimbova wekukwevazve miganhu yamaruwa akasarudzwa kuti aratidzire chinjo dzechiverengero chavagari vemo dzakanyorwa neU.S. Chiverengero. Kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho uchiitirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuva nechokwadi chemireza yakaenzana, kuitwa kwawo kwakaumbwa zvikuru nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, muvhoti, pesvedzero, uye utano hwose hwemakwikwi edemo yedemocracy. Mitsetse inodzo inodzorwa inogona kusarudza kuti ipi ine mibato mikuru yemitemo, inonzwiwa, uye kana Sarudzo ichingoitwa yakaisvonaka kana kuti yakangorongerwa zvayo.

Kudiwa Kunoitwa Maruwa

Makore gumi ari ose, matauriro anofanira kudzokororazve maruwa avo esangano nehurumende. Chinodikanwa chikuru ndechokuti maruwa ane zvinenge zviverengero zvavanhu zvakaenzana(8) nheyo inozivikanwa se munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe [. Kupfuura uyu mutezo werock, anotaura zvinonamatira kumipimo inosiana nedzosero: kubatana, kuremekedza mativi apasi, ruremekedzo nokuda kwemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika (maruwa, maguta, mataundi), uye mune zvimwe zviitiko, nzanga dzinochengeta fariro.

Hurumende zhinjisa dzinosiyira vadzori kudzimba dzavo dzehurumende, uko kunoreva kuti boka resimba rinodzora muitiro wacho. Nemhaka yokuti vaiti vemitemo vane danda rakananga mumugumisiro, gadziriro inoparira rwisano yomuzvarirwo yefariro. Nyika shomanene dzinoshandisa zvirongwa zvamagariro kana kuti bipartiss kuti dzibvise chinyorwa chacho mumaoko evezvematongerwe enyika, asi vazhinjisa vachiri kuvimba nomuitiro wenguva dzose wemitemo.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu uye Kuverengwa Kwevanhu

Kuverenga kwacho kunogovera mashoko akasvibira anoparira kukura kwechiverengero chavagari vemo . Kungava kubva kuwedzero yemaguta, ndege dzomumusha, kana kuti kutama kwenharaunda . "maruwa anomanikidza kudzorwa.". Nyika dzinowana chiverengero chavagari vemo dzinowana zvigaro zvokuwedzera zvemibatanidzwa, nepo avo vanorasikirwa navagari vemo vanorasikirwa nezvigaro. Iyi nhamba inogona kuchinja nzvimbo yamakwikwi, sezvo nyika dzinokura dzingaona kuumbwa kwamaruwa matsva, asingadeyi kujekerwa.

Mitemo Yomuraudzo Yapamutemo

Kupfuura kuenzana kwavagari vemo, kuyera kunofanira kuwirirana neVoting Rights Act, inorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mumitsetse. Chikamu 2 chechiito chinoda kuti mapoka mashoma ave nebanza rakaenzana rokusarudza vadaviri vawo vaanoda, ayo pane dzimwe nguva anoda kuti pave namaruwa maduku. Zvisinei, matare akatongawo kuti dzinza harigoni kuva mutengi wezvokunyora [ chisakiso chokunyora mitsetse yeruwa, kuchitungamirira kumabasa akaoma.

Kuvhima: Chishandiso Chokushandisa

Mashoko aya akanyorwa kare muna 1812 apo Gavhuna Elbridge Gerry akabvumira kuti nharaunda yakafanana nemutambo wesalamander, asi muitiro wacho wakakura zvikuru uye uchiripo.

Kuturika Nokuruka

Unyanzvi huviri hunozivikanwa zvikuru hwokurongedza nokutsemuka. Kuisa pfungwa pakuvhota kwebato rimwe mumaruwa mashomanene sezvinobvira, kuvimbisa kuti mutambo wacho unokunda maruwa iwayo zvikuru asi unorasa akapoteredza. Kuparadzira vavhozhooti yebato muruwa rwakawanda zvokuti ivo vashomanene kwose kwose, havagoni kutsaura mumiriri upi noupi.

Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ine 40% yavavhoti veDemocratic uye 60% vavhoti veRepublican, mepu isingatori rutivi yaizopa Democrates inenge 40% yezvigaro. Asi kupfurikidza nokutsemuka, Democrat inogona kudimburwa kuti vachengete 25% bedzi yezvigaro; kupfurikidza nokurongedza, vangaganhurirwa kusvikira ku 20% yezvigaro namaruwa makurusa. Muuyo imepu inoderedza nenzira yakarongwa simba rokuvhotera rebato rimwe.

Mazano Asingaoneki Zvikuru

  • Kuba: Kukwevazve ruwa rwechikafu kuti rubatanidze nhamba huru yavavhoti vebato rinoshora, kuvamanikidzira kumhanya mumhoteredzo ine utsinye.
  • .Kuisa: Kuisa zviviri muboka rimwe chetero muruwa rumwe cheterwo, kuchivamanikidzira kutarisana muchinhu chikuru, uko kunonetesa nzvimbo yose yebato.
  • Kubatanidza kwakafanira kwamaruwa kubvisa vavengi vachidzivirira vasonganiri.

Tapuro Yakananga Pakukwikwidzana Kwoukuru

Apo kugadzirisa kunoshatiswa, makwikwi akasarudzwa ndiwo makuvadziko yokutanga. Sarudzo dzisingakwikwidzi dzine tapuro dzinotapura mumiriri, mufambiro womuvhoti, uye hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzivirirwa Nemasero Akachengeteka

Mepu dzinodhonzwa zvakanaka dzinoita nhamba yakadzika-dzika yezvigaro zvinochengeteka nejeneukono apo muuyo unodokuvimbiswa. Matunhu ari mumaruwa akakotsekana nengozi yavose, inoderedza sundo yavo yokuva nomwero kana kuti kubatanidzwa nevoruzhinji kunze kwechivako chavo. Ikoku kunoparira mutumbi wewirogional unogamuchira zvishoma kuvhotaroro.

Zvigaro zvakakotsekana zvinoitawo sarudzo huru kuva dzinokosha zvikuru kupfuura sarudzo dzavose, nemhaka yokuti makwikwi chaiwoiwo anoitika mukati mebato guru. Uku kuchinja kunopesvedzera zvikuru kunyanyisa kwepfungwa kuti vadzivise varongi vakuru, kuderedza kuputsika kwemapoka.

Kushatiswa Kwezvinzvimbo Nechinovhariridza Zvishoma

Apo vavhoti vanodavira kuti vhoti yavo haisati ichizochinja muuyo, havawanzotori rutivi. Nzvero nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti kubuda kwakaderera mumaruwa akatsikwa kupfuura mumakwikwi. Uku kurambwa kwakakomba zvikuru nokuda kwavavhoti vakarongedzwa mumaruwa umo boka ravo rinodzora.

Uyezve, kudzosera muromo kunogona kudzvinyirira kuratidzwa kwevashoma nokuderedza simba rokuvhota renzanga dzine ruvara, kunyange apo mepu inowirirana neVoting Rights Act pachiso chayo.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Maruwa asingakwikwidzi anokurudzira vakwikwidzi kuisa vakwikwidza mumusasa panzvimbo pokuronga kuvhota zvine mwero. Muruwa rweRepublic, murongi mukuru ari kurudyi ndiye tyisidziro huru; muruwa rweDemocratic, ngozi inobva kuruboshwe. Nokufamba kwenguva, iyi simba rinosiya mativi ose ari maviri, richiita kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kudzora kwechipartiso kunodokuva kusingabviri mudzimba dzemitemo.

Imba yavamiriri veUnited States yazova muenzaniso unorwadza: chiverengero chinokura chemitezo chinobva mumaruwa umo vatsauki vanoregeredzwa zvikuru zvokuti mwero unorangwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Muuyo wacho itsika dzinodzorwa nehurumende uye kuderera kwechivimbo chavanhu mumasangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nhoroondo Yenhau Nezvemitemo

Kuderedza kwave kuri pakati penhau dzeDare Gurusa idzo dzakaumba nzira iyo mitsetse inokweviwa nayo uye icho matare anogona kuhwirudzura.

Baker Carr (1962) naReynolds v. Sims (1964)

Pamberi penhau idzi, nyika dzakawanda dzakanga dzisina kunyorazve maruwa emitemo kwamakumi amakore, kuchitungamirira kukusashanda kwakakomba kwamaruwa omumaruwa ane vavhoti vashomanene kwakanga kune mufananidzo mumwe chetewo samaruwa omumaguta ane vakawanda. Dare reWarren rakatonga kuti matare ehurumende aigona kunzwa denho dzinowedzera pasi peExcial Protection Classias, achitanga munhu mumwe, mupimo wevhoti. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakanga zvinokosha mukumanikidzira kuyera nguva dzose uye kukwirira kuuenzanidzani hwevanhu.

Reno (1993)

Iyi nhau yakakurukura tsinhirano yedzinza. North Carolina yakaita ruwa rwakaumbwa nenzira yechienzi rwezvisakiso zvezvikamu zviduku, uye Dare rakataura kuti dzinza raisagona kuva [[FLT: 0] preminform [ nhindi mukunyora mitsetse yoruwa kutoti nzanga inogombedzera yavapo. Chirevo chakazarura suo kudenho mukurwisana nemepu dzinoshandisa mepu sechisarudzo nokuda kwaDrudzo.

Jubeler (2004)

Murangariro wakawanda wakataura kuti hakuna mupimo unodzorwa uripo, uchisiya zvinobudirira kudzora kusingadzorwi kwamakore. Mutongi Kennedy, mukubvumirana, akasiya bviro yokuti muedzo unoshanda ungavapo munguva yemberi.

Rucho v. Common Creast (209)

Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti dare rinotsiva rinodaro mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika haidzokororwi nematare ehurumende. Voruzhinji vakarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa simba rokugadza mitemo yeSarudzo uye kuti matare haana basa mukuyera ruramisiro. Iyi chisarudzo nenzira inobudirira chakavhara suo redare redare rehurumende kudenho dzegerrymerning, kuendesa nhandare yehondo kumatare ehurumende uye zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvehurumende.

Nokuda kwezviri kunze paidzi fambiro mberi dzapamutemo, ona [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center nokuda kwokunzvera Ruramisiro yegerrymaning litigation[[FLT: 1].

Zvidzidzo Zvenhau Zvehurumende

Migumisiro yokuchinja - chinja - chinja - chinja - chinja - chinja - chinja - chinja zvinhu (nehondo pamusoro pokururamisira kwayo).Mienzaniso inoverengeka inoratidza kuti mapango acho aifamba sei.

North Carolina: Makore Gumi Okunyengedzwa

Muitiro wokubatanidza wokuchamhembe kwaCarolina wave uri mumwe wemagakava makuru munyika. Pashure pokuverengwa kwema103, mubatanidzwa weRepublica unodzora wakaita mepu dzakabudisa chiverengero che 10-3 chevamiririri vehurumende, kunyange zvazvo hurumende yakanga yakakamukana pakati pemapato maviri. Matare akarova mepu idzodzo sedzisina kurongwa, asi mepu dzakatevera dzakapfuudzwawo. Muna 2019, matare ehurumende akatonga kuti mepu dzakanga dziri dzechimbichimbi - pamutemo pasi pechibvumirano chehurumende, achitungamirira kumapu itsva dzakadzorwa nenyanzvi yedare yakarongwa. Magariro ehurumende anoratidza kuti mepu dzakadzikano yerudzi rwerudzi rwechitsvuku, idigia, uye zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuona kuti maruwa eNorth Carolina akashanduka sei, shanyira [[FLT: 0] National Conference of State Legislatures papeji yeNorth Carolina rediforming.

California: Mufananidzo weIndependent Commission

Muna 2008, vavhoti veCalifornia vakapfuudza projekiti 11, vachiumba dare reCitizens Redicifelling Commission, nhengo 14 dzevavhoti vasingabatanidzi vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kana kuti vamiririri vebato. Komishoni yacho inonyora mitsetse yoruwa ichishandisa mipimo yakaenzana zvikuru: chiverengero chavagari vemo, kuwirirana kwenzvimbo, kubatana, uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzanga dzefariro. Kunyoresa kweboka nemhiko hakuchaviki muganhu. Muuyo wave wewewewe muruwa rwamakwikwikwi uye chivakwa chinomiririra zvikuru. Mutevero weCalifornia wazova chiratidzo chevatsigiriri vemumugadziriridzi munyika yose.

Pennsylvania: Kubva kuGerrymander kusvikira kuDare Rakarurama

Pennsylvania mepu yedare rePennsylvania ya1920 yairangarirwa zvikuru seimwe yemitemo inonyanya kudzorwa munyika, ichibudisa betsero ye13-5 Republic muhurumende yakakamuraniswa. Muna 2018, Dare Gurusa rePennsylvania rakaputsa mepu sechikanganiso chebumbiro remitemo rehurumende rakasununguka uye rakaenzana. dare rakarayira kuti mapu itsva yakadhindwa nenyanzvi isingatori rutivi. Mepu yacho yakaita kuti zvikamu zvakaparadzaniswa zvinenge 9-9 muzvivhoti muna 2018, pedyo zvikuru nechikamu chehurumende. Mhaka iyi yakaratidzira simba rematare ehurumende sechirongwa chinodenha chivhoti. Ruchoman.

Michigan: Mutambo Wokutanga Wakaipa

Muna 2018, vaMachigan vavhota vakapfuudza chivhoti chekugadzira dare rokuzvimirira rakaita saCalifornia. Kuchinja kwakanga kuri mhinduro kubhirobhurobhu inonyanyisa yemari inosarudzwa neRepublicans pashure pa2018. Commission, yakaumbwa neDemocrats, mana, uye zvishanu zvinozvimirira, yakadhirowa mepu nokuda kwezvisarudzo 2022. Kunzvera kwapakuvamba kunoratidza kuti mepu itsva dzinoratidzira zviri nani kupudziko yenyika. Michigan inoratidza kuti madhiropu euswa anogona kumisa kugadziridza mawindirwa emitemo.

Basa Rezvoruzivo Nezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Redituriation yazvino uno inotsamira zvikuru pa purogiramu yesoftware yakagadzirwa namashoko omuvhoti[[FL:1]. Mapati anogona zvino kutevedzera mamirioni emiganhu yoruwa inobvira, inoita kuti ive yakanakisisa nokuda kwebetsero yenziyo, dziviriro yemitengo, kana kuti zvimwe zvinangwa zvipi nezvipi. Ikoku kwaita kuti gerrymanitetetetetetetete nerenete zvikuru.

Kushandiswa Kwemitemo

Computational reddicualical inoshandisa maarugilamu kunyora mepu dzinoita zvinangwa zvakati. Papati imwe inowana mavhotera enzvimbo inochengeterwa vanhu, mashoko okugara munyika, uye zvishandiso zvokuenzanisira zvinogona kugadzira mepu dzinokiya zvinhu zvakanaka kwegumi remakore. Misiyano ye yokusakwanisa mitaro inoyera nhamba yemavhoti akapambadzwa ebato rimwe nerimwe] yave yave yave yatangwa kugadzira mepu dzinowirirana nezvikumbariso zvapamutemo apo ichiri kubvisa chishoro.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogonesawo [[FLT: 0] kutakura [ kwavavhoti: maruwa anogona kukweverwa kubatanidza kana kuti kubvisa nzvimbo dzakati kana kuti kunyange zvitina zvakati. Uku mwero wokufara wakanga usingafungidzirwi kuti unowanikwa sei gadziriro dzeGIS dzine simba uye mashoko makuru asati avapo.

Kuvhura Mapupe uye Kuona Zvakajeka

Kupindura, vatsigiri vekuchinja vakasunda kuti mepu dzemapu dzese dzese dzese dzese dzese dzese dzese dzese, purogiramu dzinoratidza zviri pachena, uye dzinogadzira mapu. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti vanhu vaone mamepu achidhirowa, uye mepu dzose dzinodiwa dzinobudiswa paIndaneti. Zvisinei, kubatsira kunowanzotungamirira kupurogiramu dzinovharwa dzinonzi mepu padzisinganzverwi nevanhu.

Nokuda kwenzvero yakadzika kumativi ose yemichina inoumba sei kugadzirwa kwamashoko, verenga Pew Trusts mushumo pamusoro poruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye kugadziridza kujeka kwekuoneka .

Kuedza Kuchinja: Masangano Okuzvimirira Nokunyepera

Nemhaka yokuti matare ehurumende zvikurukuru haasati achizonzwa kutaura kwokutora pashure paRucho, chinjo yaenda pamwero wenyika. Kutanga kwemitemo nezviito zvemitemo zvakaparira zvirongwa zvakazvimirira kana kuti zvebiparta mudzimwe nyika. Kubvira muna 2024, dzinenge nyika 14 dzinoshandisa chimiro chakati chebasa nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwesangano, nemisiano mukuzvimirira nechiremera.

Mhosva Nekupesana Nebasa

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti vamiriri vanoderedza rwisano yefariro inovapo apo vaiti vemitemo vanokweva maruwa avo vamene, vachitungamirira kukusarudza kwamakwikwi kukuru uye kwokururamisira.Vashori vanotaura kuti vamiriri vasina kusarudzwa havana kuzvidavirira uye vangasaratidzira dzikamo yehurumende yokutsigira. Zvisinei, ufakazi hunobva California, Arizona, uye dzimwe nyika dzinoshanda dzinoratidza kuti mepu dzinobudiswa nemitumbi yakazvimirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinokwikwikwidza zvikuru uye sezvingabvira zvishomanene kuti dzinoguma nemigumisiro inokwezvwa.

Dare reHurumende Rinopomera

Pashure paRucho, matare ehurumende azova nzvimbo huru nokuda kwokudenha kuvhozhokera. Mabumbiro emitemo anoverengeka ane vimbiso dzakajeka dzapachena nedzakaenzana, kana kuti dziviriro pakushandiswa kwemasangano anopesana. Magweta akabudirira muFlorida, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, uye Ohio, achimanikidzira kunyorazve mepu. Zvisinei, idzi hondo dzinobatanidza zvisakiso zvezvisarudzo zvapamutemo uye dzinogona kutungamirira kukubvisa rwisano dzapamutemo, sezvinoonwa mugumi ramakore reNorth Carolina reLigation.

Vachinji vanosundawo chinjo dzemipimo dzakadai se mipimo inobatira mumutemo wehurumende: zvinodikanwa zvokubatana, kubatana, uye zvirambidzo pakushandisa madata exPUR. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira maruwa akawanda kana kuti kuvhota kwakarongwa kuti dzideredze simba rokukwevera mitsetse.

Mugumisiro: Nguva Yemberi Yokuchinja

Kudzosera kusatora rutivi hakusati kuri muitiro wounyanzvi hwokusatora rutivi chaikoiko kwezvamatongerwe enyika inoumba nzvimbo yedemocracy kwegumi ramakore. Painoita zvakanaka, kunovimbisa kuti chiverengero chavagari vemo chinoratidzirwa uye kuti vhoti yoga yoga inotakura uremu hwakaenzana. Painoshandiswa, inodzikamisa mutambo wacho mukuda boka rimwe kana kuti vatsigiri, inoderedza makwikwi akasarudzwa, kutora rutivi, uye kuvimba nehurumende.

Nguva yemberi yokuchinja ingangova ichaona hondo inopfuuridzirwa pakati pavachinji vari kusundira nokuda kwebasa rokuzvimirira nokujeka, uye fariro dzavatsigiri vanotsvaka kuchengeta mugariro wacho. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchapfuurira kugovera maturusi ane simba okushandisa asiwo utariri hutsva kufanana nomukaha wokubudirira uye matanho okusarura anoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuvanza kunyanyovanzwa. Nhamburiko dzechitunha mumichigan, Colorado, uye Utah dzinoratidza kuti voruzhinji vanogona kusunungura udzori kubva kuvapi navagadzirisi vanoitira mirangariro.

Pakupedzisira, utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica hunotsamira pakuva nechokwadi chokuti sarudzo dzinokwikwidzana zvirokwazvo uye kuti vavhoti vanosarudza vamiriri vavo (hwusati huri imwe nzira. Kunzwisisa revo huru dzokuyera ndiko nhano yokutanga kukuraira tsika yakanaka zvikuru.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pechinjo inochinja nokutapura kwayo, ona [[FLT: 0] Common Cream Cream verforming short [[FLT: 1]].