Kutarisira hurumende ndicho chinhu chinoparira kuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Icho chinovimbisa kuti avo vane simba ravose vanozvidavirira kuvanhu vavanobatira. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi vanopinda mudzidzo yehurumende, vanonzwisisa kuti mabasa outariri haasati achingovawo zvawo edzidzo(kunokosha nokuda kwokusimudzira kuvimbisa uye ruzivo rwavagari vemo. Uku kunzvera kwakakura kunochinja kuva miitiro yakasiana-- siyana yokutarisira kwehurumende, denho idzo vanotarisana nadzo, uye basa iro dzidzo yehurumende inoita mukuvasimbisa.

Kutungamirira Hurumende Chii?

Pamavambo, tarisiro yehurumende inonongedzera kumiitiro, masangano ayo anotarisira, kuhwirudzura, uye kudzora zviito zvamasangano ehurumende navakuru vakuru. Vavariro ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inoita mabasa ayo muchiremera chayo chapamutemo, inopedza mari yavose nenzira ine mufungo, uye inobatira fariro yavose. Ukuru kunogona kuva [[[[FLT:] kutarira [[FLT:] (pakati hofisi dzehurumende]), [[FLT], [[FLT:]] vagari vemo] (FLT] , [FT]] , [FLT] , [FLT]] .[4] kukurudzira kupfuraurira hofisi dzomukati, kana kuti [FLT]

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvegadziriro Yokutarisira Yakaoma

  • Utarisiro hunodzorwa: matare eCongress, medzero, uye nzvero zvinonzvera zviito zvebazu rapamusoro. Hurumende Accounting Office (GAO) inoita basa rinokosha mukunzvera mapurogiramu ehurumende.
  • [ Dare reMitemo: rinohwirudzura kuoma kwebumbiro remitemo nezviito zvehurumende. Simba rehwirudzuro yedare(-) yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison[[FLT]]]
  • Kutungamirira kwoUkuru hweNyika: Vaongorori veUniversity, Office of Management and Dreat (OMB), uye mahofisi etsika dzemasangano anoongorora kuzviisa pasi mukati mebazu ravakuru vakuru.
  • Mitumbi yakazvimirira: Yakadai seFederal Envotion Commission (FEC) uye Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) inoshanda nokuzvimirira kwakati kuti kutarisira nharaunda dzakati.
  • Kutora Rutivi: Vagari vanoshandisa zvikumbiro kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kukurukura navakuru vakuru, kupinda misangano yavose, uye kutumira Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Dzokutonga muUnited States

Kutarisira kwehurumende hakusi chinhu chazvino uno. Matendere eBumbiro reMitemo akavakwa kuti zvicherekedzo zvive magadzirirwo ehurumende yehurumende. Zvisinei, chikero nokuoma kwetarisiro zvakakura zvikuru chifo chezana ramakore rechi 18. Zviitiko zvikuru zvakadai se COUTCOT] Inonyadzisa muma 1920 ne kushata kwakaipa [ mu 1970 zvakaparira chinjo huru. Dare rekutarisira idzva rakagadzira basa ravatarisiri, rakasimbisa basa ravana mukuru, uye rakapfuudza mitemo yokuoneka seHurumende muSyliect neInspectal Act yeInssociorty yeGenetic 1978.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, njodzi ya2008 yakafumurwa mikana yokutarisira mamiriro ezvinhu, zvichitungamirira kuChiratidzo cheDodd-Frank uye kusikwa kwePurcial Protection Bureau. kiza yeCHOVID [ mimwe miitiro yakaedzwa, semabhiriyoni emadhora mukushandisa mari yaidiwa nokukurumidza kuongororwa nokuongororwa. Izvi zvinoitika zvenhau zvinoratidzira kuti kutarisira kunofanira kupfuurira kusangana nezvinetso zvitsva.

Marudzi Ehurumende Anotonga Zvakadzama

Utariri Hwomutemo: Simba Rechitoro Nesimba Rekunzwa

Congress inoita maturusi anoverengeka kutungamirira bazu rinotungamirira. Chine simba gurusa i simba rechikwama : hapana mari inogona kupedzwa pasina kutaurirwa kubva kuCongress. Kunzwa nokufeyafeya ibvumidza matare kudana zvapupu, kuraira zvinyorwa, uye kufumura tsvina, kana kuti kushatisa. [[FLT:] Government Accounbility Office (GAO) iProsando iProfeta yeCongress controgens, purofications nereauts pachinhu chiri chose kubva pakugadzirwa kwehondo kuti zviparatirwe. Officecrecureal Office (C) inoronga kudzorwa kwemari inotesa nokubhadhara mutero.

Chimwe chimiro chinodavirwa chetarisiro yemitemo muitiro wokusimbisa nokuda kwemichina inotonga. Kunzwa kweDare kunobvumira kunzvera zvikwaniriso zvamumine, tsika, uye mirangariro yemiitiro. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji yezvamatongerwe enyika, uyu muitiro unokosha pasimba rechiremera.

Kutonga Kwokutonga: Matare Somutongi Wokupedzisira Womutemo

Kutarisira dare kunoitwa apo matare anonzwa nhau dzinodenha zviito zvehurumende. Vagari namasangano vanogona kupomera hurumende kuti chiito chesangano chinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirairo yehurumende. Nheyo ye imire inoda kuti vaparadzi vave nekuvadziko chaiyo, asi kupomera nzanga kunogona kubudisa kutaura kuduku kwakawanda. Matare anogona kubudisa mirairo yokumisa zviito zvisiri pamutemo, kuraira masangano kuti atevere mutemo, uye kudzosa mitemo sezvigaro.

Zvisinei, kutonga kune miganhu. Matare anowanzofuratira unyanzvi hwemitemo panhau dzezvoruzivo rwezvokugadzira zvinhu pasi pedzidziso ye [[FLT:] (kunyange izvi zvakaganhurirwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura). Uye muitiro wokutonga unononoka uye unodhura, unoita kuti ive shoma kusvikwa nevagari vemo vakawanda.

Kutarisira Kwakananga: Mhou Dziri Mukati meHurumende

Sangano guru riri rose rehurumende rine Office of Inspecter General (OIG) inotenderwa kunzvera pomero dzokusazvibata, kunyengera, uye kusatarisira. Vanzveri vakuru vanogadzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, asi vanoshanda vari voga mumasangano avo. Mishumo yavo inoitwa yapachena uye inogona kutungamirira kumiitiro yeutsotsi kana kuti chinjo dzokutarisira.

Chimwe chishandiso chikuru chokutarisira nacho Office of Management and Bactal (OLT), inohwirudzura mirau yemitemo, bhajeti, uye basa. Basa reOMB mukuhwirudzura mitemo inokarakadzwa pasi peMitemo yeGurukota 12866 ne 1363 rinovimbisa kuti masangano arangarire ndyiko, betsero, uye zvimwe zvinotsiva asati aita miraudzo mikuru.

Kutarisira Kwouzvimiriri Nebasa

Pangano yakagadzira masangano akawanda akazvimirira kuti adzore zvikamu zvakati pasina kudzorwa kwapurezidhendi. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Universe and Exchange Commission (SEC), Commissions Commissions (FC)[FLT]], uye [FLT] National Labor Relations Board [NLB] [FLT]. Mitumbi iyi inotungamirirwa namabhishopu eBirpartissssss anoshanda zvisingadzoreki, zvinodzidzosa dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo zvichitsigirwa neProngs uye kuhwirusa, kuvandudza kwadzosera mano awo okutarisira.

Basa Redzidzo Yemiviri Mukutarisira

Dzidzo yebic kupfuudzira zivo, unyanzvi, uye zvimiro zviri madikanwa nokuda kwougari hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.Apo pasina iyo, gadziriro dzokutarisira dzinova dzisina maturo. vagari vemo vakadzidza vanonzwisisa chikonzero nei nhau dzokutarisira, nzira yokuwana nayo mashoko ehurumende, uye nzira yokutora rutivi nayo mumuitiro wacho.

Izvo Gadziriro Yedzidzo Yezvibvumirano Inobudirira Inobatanidza

  • Vadzidzi vanodzidza pamusoro peparadzano yamasimba, nzvero nedzinodzikama, uye Bill of Rights. Vanodzidza nhau dzechiratidzo chedare gurusa dzakadai se U.S. v. Nixon [1997]) uye Clinton v. City of New York[19]
  • ZVISHANDISO: Nzira yokunyora nayo chikumbiro cheFOIA, kupinda musangano wedare reguta, kana kuti nyorera mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa. Vadzidzi vazhinji havazivi kuti vanogona kukumbira marekodhi avose kana kuti vane maruramiro okuchengeta misangano mizhinji yehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Media Literable: Vadzidzi vanodzidzisa kuyera manyuko enhau, kuziva rusaruro, uye kunzwisisa basa remishumo segadziriro yokutarisira isiri yapamutemo. Pendusionst Constment [ inodzivirira muchina wapachena unogona kunzvera hurumende.
  • Kukurukurirana pamusoro perwisano yefariro, kuridza mheto, uye ukoshi hwokuona. Vadzidzi vanofanira kunzvera zvinoitika apo vanoridza khwero vanofumura chakaipa, zvakadai sePentagon Papers kana kuti kufukidzwa kweTuskege Syphilis Stukeis.
  • Miitiro yeMabasa: Mienzanisiro yokunzwa kwemasangano, miedzo inonyepedzera, kana kuti gadziriro dzehurumende dzevadzidzi dzinorega vadzidzi vachiita mabasa outariri. Zvirongwa zvokudzidza basa zvinogona kubatira pamwe nemitumbi inotarisira guta kana kuti masangano etsika.

Masangano akafanana ne MIBAYIRO (yakavakirwa neyaichimbova Mutongi weDare Gurusa Sandra Day O’Connor) uye Muvaki weProfesi yeCUPT Education[ inopawo zviwanikwa zvapachena nokuda kwavadzidzisi. Zvikoro zvinogona kukoka vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo, vatarisiri venhau, kana kuti vatori venhau kutaura pamusoro pebasa ravo rokutarisira.

Kuona Mavara Sechinodikanwa Chokutarisira

Utariri hahubviri pasina mashoko. Hurumende yokuona inoreva kuti vagari vemo nematare anotarisira vanogona kuwana mashoko, zvisarudzo, uye magwaro avanoda. Zvikamu zvikuru zvemitemo zvinosanganisira:

  • Rusununguko rweInformation Act (FOIA) ya1966 inopa vanhu kodzero yokukumbira zvinyorwa zvesangano rehurumende. Nhamba yehurumende inowirirana iripo munyika dzose 50.
  • Muitiro weMisangano wakazaruka (mumaruwa mazhinji) unoda kuti misangano mizhinjisa yehurumende izarurwe navanhu, ine ganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa nokuda kwenhau dzinotapurika.
  • FERAL Act yeDare reDare (FACA) inovimbisa kuti matare ezvokunyora anoshanda nenzira yakajeka.

Ruzivo rwakawedzera zvinoshamisa kupenya. Website dzakafanana ne DASSHSH.gov uye .gov inobvumira vagari vemo kunzvera kuti mari yemutero inopedzerwa sei. .gov inogovera zviuru zvematapikicha okunzvera kunoitwa navatori venhau uye vatsvakurudzi. Kunyange zvakadaro zvinetso zvinosara: masangano pane dzimwe nguva anononotsa FOIA tration, mari yakanyanya, kana kuti kushaiwa mari yokunyora. dzidzo inofanira kudzidzisa vadzidzi kuvhura aya matururo uye kusimbisa mitemo yakasimba zvikuru.

Zvinetso Zvokutarisira Hurumende Kunobudirira

Pasinei zvapo nokunaka kwokutarisira kwakasimba, mhinganidzo dzenyika chaiyoiyo dzinopfuurira.

Kupindira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nechikwata Chevarwi

Kutarisira kunogona kuva chombo chehondo dzinoparadza. matare eCongress angatanga kunzvera kuti anyadzise purezidhendi webato rinopikisana nepo achifuratira kusazvibata mukati mebato ravo vamene.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

GAO, vaongorori vakuru, uye vaongorori vehurumende kazhinji kazhinji vanoshanda nevashandi vakaganhurirwa uye mari ine chokuita noukuru hwegadziriro dzavanotarisira. hurumende yehurumende inopedza anopfuura madhora ane mabhiriyoni 6 000 gore negore, asi bhajeti yeGAO iri pasi pemamirioni 700.

Kusakendenga Kworuzhinji uye Kubatanidzwa Kuduku

Kana vagari vemo vatadza kuita zvibvumirano, kutungamirira kuchikanganisika. Voter revhoti inowanzova pasi pe30%. Vanhu vazhinjisa havatongopindi mutongo wavose kana kuti kurava mushumo weGAO. Ikoku kunobvumira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kushanda vasinganzveresi. Kuvimba nehurumende p] yakapesana kunotungamirira kurungano rushoma, kwete runopfuura. Dzidzo yeCUBD inofanira kurwisana nokusarira kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti kutora rutivi kwomunhu anogona kuita musiyano.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nechivande

Hurumende yazvino uno yakaoma zvikuru. Zvirongwa zvinobatanidza masangano akawanda, mabhajeti ane zviuru zvezvinhu zvemitsetse, uye mitemo zvinotumirwa kuzviuru zvamapeji. Vakuru vakuru vanotarisira vanofanira kuva nyanzvi muzvinhu zvakafanana nokuwana dziviriro, mari yokutarisira zvoutano, kana kuti sayenzi yemhoteredzo. Vagari kazhinji kazhinji havana ruzivo rwokuongorora kuti vaone zvinyorwa. Kupfuurirazve, chengeteko yenyika uye kuchengetwa kwemitemo zvinobvumira masangano kunyima mashoko, pane dzimwe nguva kunyanyowandisa.

Mabasa Okutarisira Anosimbisa

Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kwemari iri nani, unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hwakanakisisa, uye kubatanidzwa munzanga kwakabudirira kunogona kuita kuti kutarisira vanhu kubudirire zvikuru.

Kuongorora Kutarisira

Dare rehurumende nehurumende zvinofanira kugovera mari yakadzikama, yakakwana kumitumbi inotarisira. Vadzo, vaongorori vakuru, uye masangano ehurumende anonzvera vanofanira kuva nebhajeti dzakasimba kuti varonge vashandi vane unyanzvi ndokuisa mumitengo yemijere. Conrionational Dhangial Office inofanira kuva nezvinhu zvokunzvera miuyo yetsika yenguva refu yemitemo mikuru. Masangano ehendesheni akafanana neFederal Ecomment Commission anodawo kubhadhariswa kuti itsigire mitemo yemibato.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Rwokuzvidavirira

Ungwaru hwokugadzira uye migodhi yematai zvinogona kubetsera mitumbi inotarisira kuziva mitoo yetsvina kana kuti kubiridzira. Somuenzaniso, GAO inoshandisa zvinofanotaurwa kuti zvinoda kufungwa kuti zvishandiswe zvisina kufanira pamari yeyamuro yakanyanya. Mazita okuvhura mapepa anobvumira vatori venhau namapoka ezvirongwa zvinotarira kuita dzidzo yavo vamene. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa nedziviriro dzakasimba. dzidzo yeCUNIC inofanira kubatanidza zvidzidzo pamusoro pokushandisa mashoko avose zvakanaka.

Kukurudzira Tsika Yokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Masangano anofanira kugamuchira kuzivikanwa kwokuvanza panzvimbo pechivande. Miitiro yakanakisisa inobatanidza kuziviswa kwezvinyorwa zvakakumbirwa kazhinji kazhinji, mawebsite eshamwari dzinoshandisa, uye kupetwa kwamashoko kwemirau. Zvidziviriro zvemadhiragi zvinofanira kusimbiswa; Whistlet Lequetection Reinfiedment Act ya2012] yakanga iri nhano yapamberi, asi miganhu yakasara nokuda kwenzanga yakangwara navashandi vanovaka. Mibato yedzidzo inogona kubetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo pasi pemiraunzi dzakaza.

Kutanga Kutarisira Kwakavakirwa Munharaunda

Kutarisira kwomunzvimbomo kunogona kuva kunosvikika zvikuru kupfuura nyika. Zvirongwa zvokuhwirudzura nokuda kwamapato emapurisa, matare evavakidzani [, uye [ purogiramu dzemaripo yokushandisa [ migove inopa vanhuwo zvavo mumibato yehurumende. Zvikoro zvinogona kubatira pamwe nezvirongwa izvi zvokugovera mikana yebasa. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzi vaigona kubetsera kunyora zvikumbiro zvavose nokuda kwokuvara kwehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Fundo Dzakakomba: Zvidzidzo Zvinobva Mukubudirira Kwoutariri Nokukundikana

Kushongedzwa Kwakaitwa Nemvura: Apo Mutarisiri Akatungamirira Kukuzvidavirira

Kuputsika kwa1972 padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee nebutiro rakatevera rakaitwa neNixon dare rakakurumbira zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Sate Sate Watergate Committee [ yakachengeta nokunzwa kwehurumende, uye Dare reHouse Judiary Committee nyaya dzekusafunda. Kunzvera kwakazivisa kusashanda zvakanaka kwesimba kwakapararira, kubatanidza kuputsa kwemibato yenhimbe uye kuedza kudzorwa kwemitemo yedare reSangano. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kurega kwaNixson uye kugadziridza kwepapo-Water: Ethects muChirect, Declation Act, Deunt Respont, uye mitemo yemari yemari.

Chidzidzo chikuru: Taugh, bipartisan inogona kufumura chakaipa kunyange pamwero yakakwirira zvikurusa yesimba. Muchina wokutsikirira (*.) Zvikurukuru Shashington Post

Dambudziko Remari ra2008: Kukundikana Kutarisira

Great Recession yakaratidza kuti mitumbi mizhinji inotarisira , SEC, Office of Thrift Supercentation, uye mimwe(yakanga yakundikana kucherekedza kana kuti kudzivisa ngozi dzegadziriro. Vadzori vakapotsa zviratidzo zvokukweretesa, kunyanyova nengozi, uye kubiridzira kudzimba. Njodzi yakatungamirira ku Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConstation Act, izvo zvakaparira Dare reMari yeTS. Zvisinei, vamwe vatsoropo vanotaura kuti nhamburiko dzokudzivirira pamutemo chifo cha2017]

Chidzidzo chinokosha: Kutarisira kunofanira kutsinhiraniswa uye kugadziridzwa.

KUYAMURA KWECOVID-19: Kutarisira Mune Nhamo

Madhora akawanda muyamuro yekurumidziro anoshandiswa mu CARES Act uye mapepa okuyamura akatevera akaparira zvinetso zvikuru zvokutarisira. Pandemic Reprojective Recouting Committeement Komiti (PRAC) yakagadzwa kuti itarisire masangano akawanda. Vanzveri vakuru vakuru vakabudisa mazana emishumo yemaripo paPrecrated Program, inishuwa youro, uye mari yokugovera. Nepo kumwe kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakaipa kwakaitika, kutarisira kwakabetserawo kudzorera mabhiriyoni. Chirwerevo chakatanhamara mabhiriyoni mumishumo youtano yavose.

Chidzidzo chinokosha: Kutarisira nguva dzenjodzi kunoda zvivako chaizvo uye kukurumidza kugadzirwa. Ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa (zvakadai semaatomu anobiridzira) runogona kubatsira, asi vaongorori vevanhu vanoramba vachikosha.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kubata Kunoita Mamwe Masangano Okutonga

Kunzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana - siyana kunogona kuzivisa vandudziko. . . . Paramende inotungamirira kupfurikidza nematare akasarudzwa ne Hofisi yeProject. Paratoriary Ombsman[ inonzvera nyunyuto dzehurumende. [[FLT:]] Germany[, Komiti [FLT:]] [[FLT]]] yemasangano yeBM] inobvumira vagari vemo kuti vapedze zvichemo. [[FFLT] .[FF]

Nyika dzeScandinavia dzinowanzotungamirira mukujeka: Rusununguko rweSweden rwePress Act misi ku1766, uye Finland neNorway dzine gadziriro dzakasimba dzemibato yemibato yemichero. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti utariri hwakasimba hunoda musengwa wetsika kukusununguka, kwete mitemowo zvayo.

Mugumisiro: Kutarisirwa

Kutarisira kwehurumende hakusi unyanzvi hunochengetwa namagweta navanzveri. Ikodzero huru uye mutoro wevagari vose. Kupfurikidza nokutonga kwemitemo, nhau dzedare, kukumbira kweFOIA, uye mabhokisi okutarisira, kutarisira kunochengeta dhimonimatomatiki. Bva utariri hunoshanda bedzi apo vagari vemo vanoziviswa vanoiraira. Naizvozvo dzidzo inofanira kuva chinhu chokutanga. (_Zvokudzidzisa kwete zvivako zvehurumende asi maturusi okuichengeta. Kupfurikidza nokuwedzera chikoro, kuisa mumichina yokuona zvinhu zviri pachena, uye kutsigira masangano ezvokutarisira, tinogona kuvaka gadziriro umo kutarisira kusati kuri kusingabviri pashure pokufungwa asi kupfuurira, nhamburiko. Utano hwehurumende inotsamira pairi.