Mavambo Esimba Rokutonga

Bazu redare rehurumende yeUnited States rinomira seshongwe yegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, rinoshanda nebasa rakaoma rokududzira rugwaro rwavakatanga. Kusafanana nemapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru, anozvidavirira zvakananga kuvhota, vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa kuti vararame, kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvabvumira kubatira sovatsigiri vemitemo. Uku kuzvitonga kunokosha kuti vazadzise basa ravo: kushandisa Bumbiro remitemo kuti ritsigire kodzero dzavo, kudzivirira kodzero dzavo, uye kuvimbisa kuti hapana mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chinodarika miganhuro yemitemo. Muitiro wokududzira mutemo urongwa hwemitemo unoitwa zvose zviri zviviri unyanzvi nesayenzi, unoda kuti vatongi vaedze rugwaro, nhau, muenzaniso, uye kudzosera. Kunzwisisa uku kunoitwa kwematare kunoitwa kwomutemo wehurumende yeAmerica.

Gadziriro Yebazu Rokutonga

Dare redare reAmerica igadziriro yakaoma yematare ehurumende nehurumende. Pamwero womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa Dare Rapamusorosoro uye rinopa simba kuti pave neDare reSangano duku. Nhasi, izvi zvinosanganisira matare 94 eruwa (matare edare redare), matare 13 ematunhu okukwirira (pane imwe dare rehurumende), uye Dare Repamusorosoro paMusoro paMusoro. Hurumende dzinobata nhau dzakawanda zvikuru dzemitemo (apo 90%) asi matare ehurumende anosarudza mhosva dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro remitemo, kana kuti nharo pakati penhau pakati pedare rapamusoro pedare repamusoro penhau; rinonzwa bedzi inenge 1% yenhau dzinokumbirwa gore rimwe nerimwe, kusarudzwa ikoko kuripo nemibvunzo inokosha yemitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera.

Kusvika Kududziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Panzvimbo pezvo, vatongi nenyanzvi vakatanga uzivi hwakasiyana - siyana hunotungamirira kuongorora kwavo.

Kunyora mashoko

Textism inosimbisa revowo zvayo yamashoko eBumbiro reMitemo sezvavaizove vakanzwisiswa panguva yokuitwa kwemitemo. Vatsigiri, vakadai soMutongi wokupedzisira Antonin Scalia, vanotaura kuti vatongi havafaniri kutarira kupfuura rugwaro kuti vawane zvinangwa zvakavanzika kana kuti revo. Dare igwaro rakanyorwa, uye mashoko aro anofanira kudzora. Somuenzaniso, mu Divolity of Columbia v. Heller (2008), Dare rakashandisa kurangarira kwemifungo yemagwaro kuti ridudzire maruramiro eReformation kuti richengete uye ribate zvombo zvakarurama, kwete kungova zvakabatana namashoko omunhu oga oga. Zvinyorwa kazhinji kazhinji zvinopindirana nedzidziso yetsika yapakuvamba asi zvinona zvikuru parugwaro.

Kurerutsa

Chitendero chekare chinotsvaka kududzira Mutemo weConstitution wakavakirwa parevo yavanhu yapakuvamba yegadziriro dzawo panguva yavakagamuchirwa. Iyi nzira inofukidza zvose zviri zviviri revo yapakuvamba yorugwaro (revo yavanhu vapakuvamba) uye pane dzimwe nguva zvinangwa zvapakuvamba zvavagadziri. Mutongi Clarence Thomas muzivi akatanhamara. Vanyori vanotaura kuti iyi nzira inopa kudzikama uye inodzivisa vatongi kuisa mipimo yavo vamene. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chitendero chinogona kuva chakaoma kushandisa, zvikurukuru apo ufakazi hwenhau hunova hwakajeka kana kuti apo rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo remitemo runosimbwa naMatemendedzero runosimutsemuka, zvakadai sechirango cheSereh Redersmeterm of “creel neration."

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Mukupesana, “Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu” rinorangarira gwaro racho segadziriro ine simba inofanira kuchinjira kukuchinja tsika dzenzanga, ruzivo rwezvinhu, uye migariro. Uhwu uzivi hwakawana utanhamari muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvakadai se Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[ [1954], iyo yairangarira kuti dzinza renyika muzvikoro zvevoruzhinji rinoputsa Test Protection Clause, kunyange zvazvo vapfumi veKinghiseko re14th vakanga vasina kuitirwa kupandukira. Vatsigiridzi vanotaura kuti kududzira kuoma kwaizoita kuti Bumbiro remitemo risakafanira kuzvinetso zvazvino uno. Vatsoropotendi vanotaura kuti risina hwaro hunova hwakavakirwa patsika uye hunoparira njodzi kuva vatongi kuva vaiti vemitemo.

Kushatirwa uye Kudzikamisa Miedzo

Vamwe vatongi vanoshandisa mutoo wokuita nawo, vachirangarira miuyo inoshanda yechisarudzo. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kudzikamisa fariro dzinokwikwidzanidzanisira . zvakadai sechengeteko yenyika mukurwisana nokuvandika kwomunhu oga(*) kuti vasvike muuyo une mufungo. Mutongi Stephen Breyer anowanzoshandisa mutoo uyu, achiyera zvinhu zvakadai sedonzo remitemo, miuyo yenyika chaiyoiyo, uye kuzviisa pasi kumiitiro yedemocracy. Nepo symbosm inogona kutungamirira kumhinduro dzinochinjika, kungaparirawo kusashurikidzwa kana vatongi vakayera zvinhu nenzira isingawirirani.

Dzidziso Yenyeredzi Inonyengera

Starde decisis [1] Latin nokuda kwe “kumira nezvinhu zvakasarudzwa” ibwe rekona romutemo wavose weAmerica. Kunoraira kuti matare anofanira kutevera mienzaniso yakatangwa nezvisarudzo zvapakuvamba kutoti pane chikonzero chinosunda kuzvichinja. Iyi nheyo inotsigira dzikamo, kufanoziva, uye remekedzo nokuda kwechigadziko.[FF:][FFF]].[10]

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusorosoro dzeDare Netapuro Yaro

Kududzira kweBumbiro Remitemo kwakaumba anenge mativi ose oupenyu hweAmerica.Nkaro shomanene dzinokosha dzinoratidzira simba guru rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga.

[[FFL:0] Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] (103)

Iyi nhau yakasimbisa nheyo yokuhwirudzura kwokutonga() chiremera chematare chokuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo. Achinyorera Dare, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo mukuru wenyika uye kuti iruwa rwedare rejaji kuti ritaure kuti mutemo chii. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa basa reDare sebazu rinoenzana uye chinoramba chiri mhaka yehwaro yetsananguro yemitemo.

[[FOLT:0] Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Muchisarudzo chakabatana, Dare rakaramba kuti mitemo yehurumende igadzire zvikoro zvehurumende zvinoparadzana nokuda kwavadzidzi vatema navachena. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti “zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzana hazvienzaniswi. Chisarudzo chacho chakaramba dzidziso“ inopesana asi yakaenzana” kubva Phoswv. Ferguson uye chakavimba noufakazi hwesayenzi hwendangariro pamusoro petapuro dzendangariro dzechinjo. BBBBB] Brown[FLT]] yakaratidzira kusvika kupenyu, sezvo Dare rakachinjira Kudzika kwapamhizha kwe 144 kwechinzwisiso chapanguva ino.

[ New York Times Co. v. United States[[FLT] (1971]

Dare racho raiti hurumende yakanga isina kukwanisa kudzora zvaidiwa muFirst Amendment.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare rakataura kuti [FLT: 0] inoda nyika kubvumidza nokuziva roorano dzevatano. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy anorangarira vazhinjisa vaisimbisa chiremera chavakwanyina voutevedzani vomuviri mumwe chetevo namaruramiro makuru okuroora. Mhaka yacho yakatsamira pamutsetse woungwaru nemienzaniso, kubatanidza Loving v. Virginia [1967]) (kudzivisa kurambidzwa kweroorano yemarudzi akawanda). Oberge] inoratidzira kurondedzera kukuru kwerondedzero yemitemo mukupindura mipimo yenzanga.

Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [202]

Kupfuura pa [[FT:0] .Roe na Casey, Dare rakataura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richipa kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri. Kunyora nokuda kwavazhinji, Mutongi Samuel Alto akashandisa muedzo wenhau ne-tratradection, kutaura kuti kodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri dzakanga dzisina kudzika midzi munhau yorudzi. Chisarudzo chacho chakadzorera nhau yacho kumashoko, chinomutsa kurukurirano yakakomba yerudzi pamusoro pekudzora dare, kodzero dzevakadzi, uye basa rakafanira reDare. [[FLT]] Dobs [FLT:]

Tsananguro Yezvisarudzo: Nzira Iyo Matare Anorava Mitemo Nayo

Kupfuura nyaya dzebumbiro remitemo, matare anowanzodudzira mitemo inopiwa neDare reHurumende uye masangano ehurumende.

Zvinorehwa Nerevo Chaiyoiyo Kana Kuti Yenhando

Madare anotanga nerevo yakajeka yamashoko omutemo. Kana mutauro wakajeka uye wakajeka, vatongi vanoushandisa sezvakanyorwa, vasingatarisi kumanyuko okunze akafanana nenhau yemitemo. Uyu mutemo unoremekedza nheyo yokuti Congress (kana kuti chigaro chehurumende) inoratidzira chinangwa chayo kupfurikidza norugwaro rwaichisimbisa. Somuenzaniso, mu United States v. Ron FregEmprises[FLM:1] [1998], Dare rakashandisa mutauro wakapfava wefaurongwa hwokubhadhaka nokubhadhakisa bhinyirira pamashoko, kuramba kurangarira zvibvumikiso zvemitemo.

Kusvika Kunokosha

Apo rugwaro runenge rusina kujeka, matare angarangarira donzo romutemo. Iyi nzira inotarisa kuchinetso icho Dare remitemo rakatsvaka kutaura nacho nevavariro dzaraida kuita. Mutongi Breyer aiwanzosimbisa chinangwa chorugwaro senhungamiro. Mu Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States [1892], Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti mutemo unorambidza munhu upi noupi kuti abatsire kupinza vaenzi pasi pechibvumirano hauna kushanda kumubatisi wechechi, nemhaka yokuti chinangwa cheCongress yakanga iri kumisa basa rakaderera kubva pavashandi veAmerica vakachekwa.

Kusvika Kworugwaro

Matare anowanzonzvera mutemo mumashoko ose egadziriro yapamutemo, kubatanidza mirau yakapoteredza, nhau yemitemo, uye chimiro chechiito. Rusarudzo rune chisosi (“shoko rinozivikanwa neshamwari dzaro”) rinobetsera vatongi kusarudza revo kupfurikidza nokutarira mashoko akapoteredza. Somuenzaniso, kana mutemo uchirambidza“ politi, mipende, uye zvimwe zvombo,” chitsama che “zvimwe zvombo” zvingaganhurirwa kuzvinhu zvakafanana nezvivhovhovhoti (i., maoko), kwete kubatanidza pfuti kana kuti pfuti.

Basa Rinodenha Rokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokuparadza mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Ichi chiremera hachitaurirwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi chakadudzwa sechekedzo iri madikanwa pamamwe mapazu.

Kuhwirudzura dare kunoshanda pamwero mizhinji. Matare eFederal anogona kuhwirudzura mitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo. Supremacy Claus inovimbisa kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo wenyika, mutemo wehurumende unokurira.

Kushandiswa kwehwirudzuro haisati kuri kwomuzvarirwo. Madare anoda zvikurukuru vatandi vane nzvimbo yokuunza nhau, uye anodzivisa kubudisa mirangariro yokupomera. “musoro kana kuti gakava” zvinovimbisa kuti matare anosarudza gakava chairoiro, kwete mibvunzo yokufungidzira. Iyi ganhuriro inochengeta basa rejaji somutsiridziri webasa panzvimbo pomutsigiri wemitemo.

Denho Netsoropodzo Zvedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Muitiro wokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo wakazadzwa nechinetso. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vatongi, zvikurukuru vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, nenzira isingadzivisiki vanopinza mipimo yavo yomunhu oga muzvisarudzo, vachideredza kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Muitiro wokusimbisa wazova wokuwedzera, uye vanyamukuta kazhinji kazhinji vanoramba kupindura mibvunzo yakananga pamusoro penhau dzinomutsa nharo. Uyezve, chisarudzo chokupa certiorari (nzwa nhau) chinopa Dare udzori hwakasimba panhau dzorudzi.

Kuvengana Nokunetsana

Constitution ine zvitsama zvakafara ``panotangira," “dziviriro yakaenzana,”“ kudzivirira uye kusiri kwenguva dzose” zvinoda kududzira. Zvii zvinoumba “nzvero isina mufungo nepfari”? Chii chiri“ maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo”? Vatongi vakasiana--------------- - indei vanoshandisa mitoo yakasiana------------------kusiyana vangasvika pamhinduro. Iyi information idifigconst, kwete bug; vashandi vanoshandisa namauneindero kubvumira Bumbiro remitemo kuti ritsungirire.

Kuchinja Kwetsika Dzevanhu

Sezvo zvimiro zvavanhu zvinochinja, dzvinyiriro yokuti Dare ridzokezve mipimo yekare. Kuzivikanwa kweroorano youhuhu husingawirirani, zvirambidzo paroorano yedzinza, uye maruramiro avakadzi zvose zvakatanga mumakumi amakore okuchinja kwenzanga. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti Dare harifaniri kuva “chinonyanyisa” chinoisa mipimo mitsva pavanhu vose vanodzivisa. Gakava pamusoro pokudzora kwedare rinopesana nechiito chokutonga rinoramba riri guru kukukurukura kwemitemo.

Dzvinyiriro Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Nomutemo

Kutenderwa kwedare guru kunotsamira pachivimbo chavanhu.

Nguva Yemberi Yokududzira Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Kutarira mberi, kududzira kweBumbiro reMitemo kuchapfuurira kushanduka. Kuumbwa kweDare kwazvino uno (nevoruzhinji 6-3 vanochinja nguva dzose(-82) kwakatungamirira kuchisarudzo chokuti simba duku rehurumende rokudzora, kukudza maruramiro epfuti, uye kuderedza chiito. Unyanzvi hutsva, hwakadai sokunzvera kwemichina, ungwaru hwokugadzirwa, uye zvinobudisa nhau, zvichaedza dzidziso dziripo pachivande, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye muitiro wakafanira. Masero anobatanidza murairo weProtegit Purtement yeChina muzera remichina yezvitarwa, uye miganhu yehurumende panguva yechatarwa, uye miganhu yezvo yehurumende inosvika Dare.

Vamwe vanotsigira kuti paitwewo muganhu wetsika kuti pavezve nokutenda musangano racho. Vamwe vanoda kuti pave negadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo kuti varondedzere dzimwe kodzero zvakajeka, kuderedza kungwara kweDare. Pasinei nokuti nzira yacho ndeipi, matare anonzwisisa kuti mutemo wacho unoramba sei uchikosha kuvagari vemo, vadzidzi, uye vadzidzisi.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Inokurudzira

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi namapurofesa, kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunopa nzvimbo yakapfuma nokuda kwekurukurirano dzekirasi. Vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera nharo dzinotaurwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, kuyera dudziro dzinokwikwidzana, uye kutevedzera chisarudzo chedare. Oyez Project[ inogovera mashoko omukati nezvinyorwa zvenharo. LYUGONALL] Institute [ .]

Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa nezvisarudzo zvezvinhu zvinokosha nemitoo yokududzira nayo, vadzidzi vanodzidza kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harisi rugwaro rwakaomeswa asi chimiro chipenyu chinoda kushandiswa kwokufunga. Vanozivawo basa rinokosha redare mukudzivirira maruramiro nemasimba ehurumende. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuva neruzivo rwokugara nhaka ndiyo dziviriro yakanakisisa pakunzverwa nokuparadzwa kwerusununguko rukuru.

Basa rebazi rokutonga pakupedzisira — quiet, remiitiro, uye rinowanzova negakava — rinopa mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo orudzi rwacho kwezvizvarwa.Kungave kupfurikidza noururami hwokunyora magwaro kana kuti kuchinjika kweBumbiro remitemo mhenyu, matare anovimbisa kuti rudzi rwacho rurambe rwakatendeka kupfungwa dzarwo dzarwo dzapakuvamba ruchikurukura zvinetso zvenyika iri kuchinja.