Pesvedzero Yegadziriro Dzomutungamiriri Wezvirongwa Zvekodzero Dzouduku Nekurwisana

Mitemo yeElectoral itsika huru uye inowanzova negakava panzvimbo inoiswa utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inosarudza kuti vhoti dzinoshandurira sei musimba rezvematongerwe enyika. Pakati pemarudzi akasiyana- siyana egadziriro dzezvirongwa zvevhoti, masangano avakuru - vakuru anowanzorondedzerwa se "matanho ose"(vane tapuro huru neyakanyanya inokakavadzana pakodzero dzechiduku uye kubatanidzwa. Masangano aya anobatanidza kuti muganhu wePTP) wokutanga wekare, uye kuvhotera, anogadzirirwa kubudisa manzwi akajeka uye hurumende dzakatsiga. Kunzwisisa migumisiro, migumisiro, uye kuchinja kwaigona kuitika kwegadziriro hurusako kunokosha nokuda kwehurumende ipi neipi yakanzirwa kumiririra zvakanaka.

Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti gadziriro dzamasanhengi dzinoumba sei kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwemapoka maduku, kunongedzera pafundo dzenhau dzakaenzana, nzvero dzezvokunzvera, uye zvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza. Tichanzvera kushambadzira pakati pedzikamo yehurumende nokudzora kunobatanidza, denho chaidzoidzo dzinotarisana negadziriro idzi, uye chinogona kuitwa kudzikamisa mipimo yehurumende inokwikwidzana.

Kurondedzera Maitiro Ezvikepe Zvikuru

Gadziriro dzavasaruri dzinoratidzirwa nenheyo imwe: muvhoti kana kuti mubato anogamuchira vvurutsi zvikurusa anohwina vvurudzo, pasinei zvapo nokuti ivo vanowana voruzhinji zvikurusa. Muitiro, ikoku kunoreva kuti boka rinogona kuumba hurumende ne 35-40 muzana yevhoti yakakurumbira, richisiya voruzhinji vasina ratidziro yakananga. Ikoku kwakasiana zvikuru nomufananidzo wemipimo yemwero (PR), umo zvigaro muyamupi weyaramendi zvinogoverwa mumwero wakashata kugoverano yeboka rimwe nerimwe.

Kusiyana kunowanzoitwa nemasangano evanamuzvinapfuma kunosanganisira:

  • Kutanga-Past-the Post (FTP):[[FTP] Inoshandiswa munyika dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye India. Voters vanosarudza mupindi mumwe muruwa ruri mutezo mumwe, uye muvhoti zhinjisa. FPPP ndiyo gadziriro hurusa inoshandiswa munyika.
  • . . . . Inoshandiswa muFrance uye sarudzo dzakawanda dzapurezidhendi. Kana pasina mutevedzeri anogamuchira voruzhinji zvikurusa murutenderera rwokutanga, mudungwe wechipiri unoitwa pakati pavatsvaki vaviri vapamusoro. Ikoku kunowanzoda mapoka makuru, akawanda akagadzwa.
  • Alternative Vote (AV) kana kuti Rankhed-Choice Voting: Vamiririri vamaodha munhevedzano yedariro. Kana pasina muteveri anosvika ruzhinji rwezvivhoti zvokutanga, muvhoti wedanho akaderera zvikuru anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa. Nepo vachingova vatsigiri vezvisakiso, AV anogona kuita miuyo yakawanda kupfuura FPTPP.

Kunzwisisa kukuru kwegadziriro dzavakuru vakuru ndiko kuparira muuyo mumwe, unosarudzwa — hurumende inogona kudzora pasina kurukurirano dzakabatana. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukushanda zvakanaka kwemitemo nokuzvidavirira kwakajeka, asi kunorevawo kuti zvikamu zvikuru zvevakasarudzwa, zvikurukuru mapoka maduku, zvingaona zvisadiwa zvavo zvichifuratirwa.

Muwiri Anotora Masimba Ose

Rutivi runorondedzera rwemiitiro yemibatanidzwa mikuru i "winner-takes-all" nheyo, iyo inogadzira zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinotapura kumirira kwevashoma. Chokutanga, iyi gadziriro inowanzoita makwikwi maviri kana maviri, sezvo mapoka maduku anotarisana nemipini yakakomba kukuwana zvigaro. Chechipiri, inokurudzira kuvhota kwapamutemo, apo vagari vemo havavhoti mudaviri wavo anodiwa asi vanoshora, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vachideredza chikamu chechitatu kana kuti mirangariro miduku. Chechitatu, vanonangidzira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika mumaruwa akarondedzerwa, izvo zvinogona kubetsera kana kuti kukuvadza nzanga duku zvichitsamira pakuti miganhu inodzoro yoruwa inodzorwa sei.

Kubva mumurangariro wemasvomhu, gadziriro dzeFPP dzinonyanyomirira boka gurusa uye pasi pezvikamu zviduku. Somuenzaniso, muchisarudzo cha 2019 UK, Conservative Party yakawina 436 muzana yevhoti asi yakachengeta 56,2 muzana yezvigaro, nepo Liberal Democrats yakawina 11,6 muzana yevhoti asi 1. Uku kushatisa kunowedzera simba gurusa uye kuderedza pesvedzero shomanene, kuchiparira mirangariro yenzvimbo duku zvikuru inotapura mapoka maduku anomirira dzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti maruwa.

Michina Yemitsetse Yemitsetse Mumasangano Ezvikepe

Masangano makuru okuvhota anogona kuita kuti mapoka mashoma ashaye musiyano, kunyange kana mapoka iwayo achiumba chikamu chinokosha chevagari vemo.

Kuvhiringidzika Kwenzvimbo Inogarwa Nenzvimbo Yepasi

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakomba zvikurusa nokuda kwemimiririro miduku mugadziriro huru dzenzvimbo dzinobatanidza nyika. Tsvaka, mitauro, kana kuti rudzidziso rushoma urwo rwakaiswa munzvimbo nenzvimbo − zvakadai seQuebecois muCanada kana kuti Scotland muUK-anowanzova akachengeteka kupfurikidza nokuwina maruwa omunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, mapoka maduku anoparadzirwa munyika muruwa dzakawanda anotarisana nechinetso chakakomba. Mavhoti awo anopararira ari matete mumaruwa akawanda, kazhinji kazhinji anosvika muganhu unodikanwa kuwina nzvimbo imwe ipi neipi.

Iri simba rakasimbiswa mumashoko akawanda. MuUnited States, vavhoti veAfrica veAmerica neLatino vanowanzonangidzirwa munharaunda dzomumaguta asi vangava vachingova "cKB" mumativi akawanda munhamburiko dzinodzongonyedza, kuderedza simba ravo rokusarudza. MuUK, nzanga dzechiMuslim nedzokumaodzanyemba kweAsia mumaguta seBirmingham neLeicester dzinotarisana nezvinetso zvakafanana, sezvo vvutiro ravo vanoparadzirwa mumativi anoverengeka anoderedza pesvedzero yavo. Muuyo wacho ndowokuti kunyange apo mapoka maduku anoumba mugove mukuru wavagari vemo vorudzi, rondedzero yavo muparamende inogona kuva yakaderera zvikuru kupfuura kuremarira kwavo.

Kudzora uye Kudzora Kworuwa

Gerrymandering(kuchinja kwamaune kwemiganhu yoruwa nokuda kwebetsero yezvamatongerwe enyika) ndirwo rutivi runokuvadza rwemiitiro yavakuru, zvikurukuru ayo ane mitezo imwe. Paakabatanidzwa nokuparadzana kwedzinza kana kuti kwedzinza, kudzongonyedza kwakarongwa kunogona kuderedza simba rokuvhota vashomanene. Unyanzvi huviri hunokosha hunoshandiswa:

  • Kuisa padivi : Vavhoti vazhinji vashomanene sezvinobvira muchiverengero chiduku chamaruwa, kuchibvumira boka roruzhinji kuwina maruwa akapoteredza zvakanaka. Ikoku kunoderedza chiverengero chose chezvigaro izvo vadaviri vashoma vanogona kuhwina.
  • Kuparadzira vavhoti vashoma mumaruwa akawanda kuti vasagona kuumba voruzhinji muruwa rupi norupi. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zviduku zvinodzokororwa nguva dzose.

United States inogovera mienzaniso yakajeka yemiitiro yose iri miviri. Fundo ya2018 yeBrennan Center for Justice yakawana kuti tsigiri dzedzinza dzakaderedza zvikuru nhamba yamaruwa umo maruwa eAfrica neLatino vavhoti aigona kusarudza vada kutevera. Kunyange apo matare akarova mepu dzakadaro sedzisina kudzorwa, vagadziri vemitemo vanowanzodzidzorera munzira idzo dzichiri pesvedzero duku. Muuyo wacho igadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika umo vavhoti vashomanene vanoshandiswa nenzira inoitwa savagari vemo.

Kugadzira Marongerwo Ezvinhu Nematura

Gadziriro dzavamiriri dzinogadzira zvisundo zvakasimba zvokuvhota, umo vagari vanosiya muvhoti wavo vanodiwa kuti vasarudze chimwe chinobudirira zvikuru. Ichi chinoitika chinokuvadza zvikuru kuvavhoti vashomanene, avo vangatarisana nechisarudzo pakati pokutsigira mutsigiri mushomanene ane mukana muduku wokuwina kana kuti kuvhota nokuda kwomutezo mukuru uyo angasaisa fariro dzavo huru. Mufungo we "vhoti" ndewesimba guru kuiri basa: vhoti ipi neipi inoisirwa nokuda kwomuvhoti anorasikirwa asingapinduri kumirira, achiparira dzvinyiriro huru yokuwirirana nezvisarudzo zveboka guru.

Vaongorori vangafunga kuti zvavanoda zvechokwadi hazvina basa nezvinenge zvaitwa nevhoti, zvichikanganisa pfungwa yavo yokubudirira mune zvematongerwe enyika uye kuvimbisana. Nzvero yakaitwa neElectoral Reformation Society muUK yakaratidza kuti vavhoti vashoma vanogona kutonyanya kutora vasarira kuti vvuki vavo havakoshi, uye kusava nebasa nevhoti iyi kunogona kuderedza kudzora uye kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuparara kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende kunogona kuderedza kuwanda kwevavhoti.

Nzvero Dzokurwisana Nemhosva Dzakaenzaniswa dzeMasangano Ane Mitemo Yavakuru Nekodzero Dzokuzvinyima

Kuti tinzwisise simba chairo regadziriro dzevavhoti dzekodzero dzevamwe vanhu vashoma, zvinokosha kuongorora mashoko akapoteredza enyika. Nzvero iyi inoratidza zvose zvinetso zvinozivikanwa uye kuchinja kwezvakasikwa nenhau, uwandu hwevanhu, uye magadzirirwo azvo.

United Kingdom: Urongwa hweFPTP uye Kumiririra Urudzi Huduku

Gadziriro yokutanga yeUnited Kingdom yetsika dzetsika dzakapfuura yakatsoropodzwa kwenguva refu nokuda kwetapuro yayo pamimiririri miduku yedzinza. Nepo chiverengero chemitezo miduku yeParamende (MPs) chawedzera munguva inopfuvura (kubva pa 4 muna 1987 kusvikira pa65 muna 2019) uku kukura kwave kusingaenzani uye kunotsamira pachiverengero chavagari veruwa. Vashomanene vanowana sezvingabvira zvikurusa muruwa umo nzanga yavo inoumba mugove mukuru wevagari vemo, unoganhurira mhatsa yeparamende yose.

Mitauro inobva kuHouse of Commons Library inoratidza kuti mujambwa ra 2019 remapes avose, 87 muzana yemapetroli mashoma yakamirira zvigaro zvine vanhu vashoma vemadzinza ari pamusoro penyika. Iyi tapuro yokupa inoreva kuti maMP mashoma haanyanyi kumirira maruwa machena, achideredza kuoneka kwenhau shomanene mumativi ose ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfuurirazve, vavhoti vashomanene mumaruwa akawanda echete havatongova nepesvedzero huru papepu yepemp yavo yomunzvimbomo, sezvo maMP iwayo ane zvikarakadzo zvisarudzo zviduku zvokutaura pamusoro penhau duku.

Chinoitika cheUK chinosimbisawo basa rokusarudza mubato. Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro dzavakuru dzinoisa ukoshi hukuru pavadaviri vari mumaruwa ane mitezo mimwe, miitiro yomukati yokusarudza vadaviri inogona kuva vachengeti vesuo nokuda kwokuratidzirwa kuduku. Labour Party, iyo yave iri munhau inotsigira zvikuru kodzero shomanene, yakaparira vapindi vashoma zvikuru kupfuura Conservative Party, asi miitiro yomukati yokusarudza inogona kuva ichiri yakaisvonaka neyakabviswa. Kuchinja kwakadaro savakadzi vose vakadzi vane mhatsa dzevatano yakawedzera, asi miitiro yakafanana nokuda kwemireza miduku yedzinza yave ichiva inoderera.

United States: Gerrymandering, Kupa Kodzero, uye Rusaruraganda

Hapana nyika inoenzanisira kusawirirana pakati pegadziriro dzevavhoti vakuru namaruramiro maduku zvikuru kupfuura United States. Gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica inobatanidza kuvhota namaruwa ane mitezo imwe, kuvhota kwechikwata, uye chirongwa chehurumende chakaoma chinopa udzori hunokosha pakutarisirwa kwesarudzo. Uyu mubatanidzwa wakabudisa mimwe yemienzaniso inogamuchirwa yakaisvonaka zvikurusa yevota vashomanene munyika yedemocracy.

Voting Rights Act ya1965, zvikurukuru Chikamu 2, yakagadzirirwa kurambidza miitiro yokuvhota inosarura pahwaro hwedzinza. Zvisinei, makore kubvira pachambo cheDare Gurusa ra2013 achitonga Shelby County v. Horer yakabvisa gadziriro dzinokosha dzeChirevo, kubvisa kutungamirira kwehurumende kuchinja kwemaganhu ehurumende mutsika netsika dzerusarura rusaruro. Mumakore akawanda kubvira, hurumende dzakagadza mitemo yokuvhotera, mepu dzakabatanidzwa, uye mamwe matanho ayo anotapura zvishoma zvikuru kuvhotera. A201 neDare reRecustolicle paGreal Leargation uye Kodzeromes dzakawanikwa kuti pakati pa2020 na20, nhamba yemaruwa apo vanhu vashoma vadzo vadzokororwa vadzosa vadzoke zvikuru munyika dzokumaodzanyemba.

Gerrymanindering yazova muitiro wokuparadza nokubatanidza dzinza zvikuru muU.S. muna 2018 North Carolina collegional mepu, somuenzaniso, muganhu wehurumende akakweva maruwa ayo akarongedza vavhoti veAfrica muchiverengero chiduku chezvigaro apo vaiparadzira vamwe mumaruwa akawanda. dare rehurumende rakaputsa mepu sechinodzorwa chedzinza risingawirirani, asi mepu 2020 yakadenhwawo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakafanana. Kupfuurira kweiyi miitiro kunoratidzira kuti miitiro mikuru yeAfrica inogona sei kuiswa musimba dukusa kunyange apo matare anopindira.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, U.S. yakaona kukwirira kunobudirira uye kunyora kwakawedzera kumirira kwevashoma. Maruwa akatorwa pasi peChikamu 2 cheChibvumirano cheVoting Rights akagadzira "maruwa echimurenga" umo maruwa eAfrican America neLatino vhotavhota anogona kusarudza vadavi vavo vaanoda. Nepo aya maruwa ane mifanikiso yakawedzerwa yerondedzero, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vanogonawo kuisa pfungwa dzavo kuvora vozoderedza pesvedzero yavo mumaruwa akapoteredza. Gakavanwa pamusoro pemaruwa mazhinji ezvokutengeserana - familyce rinoratidzira kushandira kugadziridza kururamisa tsvokata huru.

Canada: Kuongorora Nzvimbo Nemitauro

Gadziriro yeCanada FPTP inopa murangariro wakasiana, uko kuisa ngwariro kwapasi kunogona kubetsera vamwe vaduku apo vanokundikana. Matunhu makuru, anogara vanhu vakaparadzana uye mapoka emitauro anokosha zvinoumba nzvimbo inosarira zvikuru. Francone Quebecois, yakanangidzirwa muruwa rweQuebec, yakafarikanya mamiriro ezvinhu akasimba muImba yeCommons, kazhinji kazhinji ichiwana mugove mukuru wezvigaro muBloc Québécolis, boka rinotsigira uchangamire hweQuebec. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti kuisa kunzvimbo yepasi kunogona kuva nzira yokumirira mumiitiro mikuru.

Zvisinei, vamwe vanhu vashomanene muCanada vanotarisana nenhamo dzakakomba. Somuenzaniso, nzanga dzemo, dzinoparadzirwa munyika yose uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinokamurwa nemiganhu yeruwa. Pasinei zvapo nokuumba inoda kusvika 5 muzana yavagari veCanada, vanhu vemo havana kutongova nezvigaro zvinoverengeka muparamende panguva ipi neipi. 2020 noMushumo weCanada House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reformation wakawana kuti gadziriro yeFPTPPP inomirira nenzira isati yambova pasi penzwi raIOctries Irective Irective Is, uye yakarumbidza kutora zvimwe zvigaro zvakadai semireza yemitezo yakavhenga yeteji inopesana (MMP) kana kuti kuvhotera kwapa.

Nenzira yakafanana, nzanga dzedzinza duku reCanada, zvikurukuru idzo dzemavambo eSouth Asia neEast Asia, dzakaona zvisakafanira. Nepo mamwe maruwa ane vatami vakakwirira vakasarudzwa navatami vashoma, mhatsa yose yeparamende seri kwavagari vemo. Kunzvera kwa 2021 kwakaitwa neInstitute for Canadian Citizenship yakawana kuti vashomanene vaichengetwa inenge 15 muzana yezvigaro muImba yeCommons, kana zvichienzaniswa ne 22,3 muzana yavagari vemo. Iyi musiyano unoenderera mberi pasinei zvapo nomukurumbira weCanada senzanga yetsika yetsika yeFPTPP.

India: Democracy hurusa yenyika neCaste-Based Democracy

Kugamuchirwa kwegadziriro yeFPTP kuvambira kunhambo yeBritain kunopa fundo yenhau yechienzi mumashandiro avanasanhe makuru anobatira pamwe sei negadziriro dzenzanga dzakadzika midzi seboka. Gadziriro dzezvisarudzo dzeIndia dzakarumbidzwa kubudisa hurumende dzakatsiga nokuda kwenhau yadzo yakawanda, iyo yakaparira kukura kwezvamatongerwe enyika nedzemari. Zvisinei, tsika yakasimbisawo kuderera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwenzanga dzakaderera, pasinei zvapo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kubatanidza zvigaro zvakachengetedzwa nokuda kwechiPuged Castemas (SC) uye Chikamu chamagaro (ST) muwiriranwa razvo zvavagari vemo.

Gadziriro yenzvimbo inovimbisa kuti SC nenzanga dzeST dzine chiverengero chakavimbiswa chezvigaro muparamende, izvo zvakawedzera kuratidzirwa kwavo kutsanangura. Zvisinei, izvi zvigaro zvakachengetwa zvinowanzoiswa mumaruwa umo idzi nzanga dzakatowanda, kuchiganhurira pesvedzero yadzo mune dzimwe nyika. Uyezve, mumitengi yakachengetwa, vada kutevera vakaderera vanoramba vachitarisana nemhinganidzo huru dzokusarudza nemhaka yebato ramasimba navanovhota. FPTPP system inotsamira pamakwikwikwikwi apamusoro peruwa anoreva kuti vakwikwikwikwikwi vakaderera kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoda kutsigirwa nevatungamiriri veboka guru kuti vahwine, izvo zvinogona kubvumiranisa mamiriro ezvinhu pasi pokuzvimirira kwavo nokushanda.

Kumuka kweBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) mugadziriro yezveukuru hwezvenyika yechiHindu kwakatoita kuti ukama huve hwakaoma pakati pegadziriro dzevatongi vakuru nekodzero dzevoruzhinji. BJP yakawana mativi makuru anotevedzana muparamende ne 37-38 muzana bedzi yevhoti yerudzi, nemhaka yeFPPP inodzorwa negadziriro yezvigaro. Izvi zvakabvumira boka racho kuita mitemo iyo vatsoropodzi vanokwidziridza mapoka mashoma ezvitendero, zvikurukuru vaMuslim, vanoita chinopfuura 14 muzana chavagari veIndia asi vane zvikamu zviduku zvezvigaro zveparamende. Mubatanidzwa wegadziriro huru yemagariro makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika unogona kuva inoshatisa zvikurukuru nokuda kwekodzero duku, sezvo inoisa pfungwa mumaoko eboka guru ravanhu vakawanda.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Magadziriro Ezvirongwa zveProportigation

Kunzwisisa zvizere tapuro yegadziriro dzevavhiyi vehurumende pakodzero shomanene, kunobetsera kudzienzanisa nemiitiro yokumiririra inowirirana. PR, inoisa zvigaro panzvimbo dzinotsamira pagoverano yebato rimwe nerimwe, inowanzoita migumisiro yakawanda nokuda kwamapoka mashoma. Munyika dzakafanana neNew Zealand (idzo dzakachinjwa kubva paFPTPP kusvika kuMMP muna 1996), mufananidzo weMaori nemimwe mishomanene wakawedzera zvikuru pashure pokuchinja. Nenzira yakafanana, muPR yeSouth African National Congress (ANC) uye mamwe mapoka akakwanisa kuvimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana edzinza nemapoka edzinza.

Nzvero yakaitwa neInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Animation (International IDEA) yakaratidza nguva dzose kuti gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa dzinobudisa masangano anoisa miganhu yakasiana----------ngofanana anoratidzira zvikuru mhatsa yezvisarudzo zvevavhoti. Meta-alysis yakabudiswa mumagazini Ectoral Studies[[ yakawana kuti masangano ePR akabatanidzwa ne 20-30 muzana yomufananidzo wakakwirira wavakadzi neboka redzinza rinoenzaniswa nemimwe mipimo mikuru, inodzora nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu.

Zvisinei, gadziriro dzePR hadzina kusiana nemhinganidzo dzadzo dzimene. Dzinogona kutungamirira kuhurumende dzakabatana, idzo dzingava dzisingatsigiki uye dzinononoka kuita zvisarudzo kupfuura hurumende dzine chikamu chimwe. Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, gadziriro dzePR dzinogonawo kusimbisa nhambo dzedzinza kana kuti dzesekete kupfurikidza namasangano anokwikwidza kukwidza kuboka radzo dzimene panzvimbo pokuvaka batanidzwa yemichinjikwa. Nyika dzakafanana neBelgium, iyo inoshandisa gadziriro yePR, dzakawana nhambo dzakarebesa dzourema hwezvamatongerwe enyika senzanga dzemitauro yakasiana - sitendi kuti dziumbe hurumende.

Kuchinja pakati pedzikamo nekuva nechokubatanidza chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano pamusoro pemagadzirirwo egadziriro inosarudzwa. Masangano evanamaodha anoisa miganhu nokuzvidavirira, nepo PR isati yaisa migumisiro yakatsaurwa nerangariro. Mapoka maduku, chisarudzo pakati pemiitiro miviri chine migumisiro mikuru nokuda kwemano awo okupesvedzera nokudzivirira kodzero dzawo. Hapana gadziriro yakakwana, asi ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti gadziriro dzePR dzinowanzopa migumisiro iri nani nokuda kwemireza mishomanene.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kuti Pave Nemifananidzo Miduku Mumasangano Ezvirongwa Zvikuru

Zvichirangarirwa kusarura kwegadziriro dzevavhoti vakuru, zvikarakadzo zvakawanda zvokuvandudza zvakatangwa kuti zvivandudze kumirira kwevashoma pasina kurega simba guru regadziriro idzi.

Kuchinja Kwakavakirwa Paruwa

Rimwe sangano rekuchinja zvinhu rinonangidzira ngwariro pamatunhu anogadzirwa uye akarongeka. Independent redidiforming Center yeInternet for Expactive Public Policy yakaratidza kuti masangano anozvimirira anogadzira mamepu anoderedza zvikuru kudzorwa kwemasangano. Manyika akaita seCalifornia neArizona akagamuchira masangano anozvimirira, zvichiguma nokukwikwikwidzana kwakawanda uye kumiririra zviri nani vanhu vashoma. Kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa neInternational Center for Expperactive Policy kwakaratidza kuti masangano anozvimirira anoita mepu dzinoda kufarira rimwe divitipi neripi uye sezvingabvira kubvumira vavhotera vashoma kuti vasarutsi vazvinenge vazvidi voruzhinji kuti vazvisarudze.

Chimwe chinjo yakavakirwa paruwa kuumbwa kwe "maruwa echikamu chenyika" nokuvhota kwakatanhamara. Panzvimbo pokusarudza mumiriri mumwe paruwa, vavhoti mumaruwa ane mitezo yakawanda vanosarudza vamiririri vanoverengeka kupfurikidza negadziriro inovimbisa miuyo inowirirana. Uku kusvika, kunoshandiswa mumaguta akadai seCambridge, Massachusetts, uye munyika dzakafanana neIreland (kushandisa vhoti imwe inotamiswa), kunobvumira mapoka mashoma kuwina zvigaro kunyange kana akaparadzirwa muruwa. Chivako choruwa chemitengo chemitezo yemitezo inoumba miuyo mizhinji inoparira mumigumisiro mikuru, inotsiva kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo nemimiririro yakanaka.

"Zvigaro zvinochengetwa" idivi rakananga zvikuru, rinoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seIndia, Pakistan, uye Tanzania. Mumuenzaniso uyu, zvigaro zvakati muimba yomutemo zvinotsaurirwa mitezo yamapoka akati evoruzhinji, vanosarudzwa zvimwe nevvhozhokeri kana kuti kupfurikidza negadziriro chaiyo. Zvigaro zvinovimbisa kuva nomufananidzo muduku zvikuru nokuda kwenzanga dzakaganhurirwa, kunyange kana gadziriro yapamberi yezvigaro yaizova yaizovanza. Vatsoropotedza vanoti zvigaro zvakachengetwa zvinogona kugadzira denga pamireza yeboka duku duku uye zvingaita kuti zvizivikanwe necherekedzo yakavakirwa pamatongerwe enyika, asi vatsigiri vanonongedzera kukushanda kwazvo mukuvimbisa kuti manzwi mashoma anonzwa mumitumbi yemitemo.

Kuchinja Zvinhu

Kuchinja mutoo wokuvhota ndiimwe nzira yokuvandudza nayo kumirira kwevashoma. RCV, inozivikanwawo sevhotavhota yapakarepo, iri kuva mukurumbira muUnited States panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo nehurumende. RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuti vatsigiri vadzore nokuda kwedai, uye kana pasina mutendi anosvika voruzhinji vavavhoti vokutanga, muvhoti wedangwe wezasi wedangwe anobviswa uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa. Ikoku kunoderedza "kuvhoti" chinetso uye kunobvumira vavhoti vashoma kuti vatsigiri vezvipfumi vatengi vavo vasingatyi kubatsira muvhoti wavanosarurira zvikuru kuti vasarutsiridze.

Ufakazi hunobva mumaguta akagamuchira RCV, zvakadai seSan Francisco naMinneapolis, hunokarakadza kuti inowedzera mhatsa yavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Nzvero ya2020 naFairvote yakawana kuti zviremera zveRCV muUnited States zvakasarudza vapindi vashomanene pamwero wakakwirira we20 muzana kupfuura miganhu isiri yeRCV. Muitiro ndewokuti RCV inokurudzira kuvakamuranisa nzanga, sezvo vanoda kukwirira kundokuwana yechipiri neyechitatu. Ikoku kunogona kuparira sundo nokuda kwavadai vazhinji kuti vaparidzi vapedze itiro dzavoseidzo dzokutaura ndangariro dzavaduku, kuchitungamirira kumiuyo inopfuura miuyo inopfuurengwa.

Mumwe mutoo wokuvhota ndi "gadziriro inotenderera mbiri" nokumonyaniswa: kunoda kuti vanoda kugamuchira tsigiro inobva mukamuchinjika wakafara wevavhoti, kwete kuwanda. Somuenzaniso, chinjo dzinokarakadza kuti vanohwina vagamuchire inenge chiverengero chakati chevhoti kubva kumaruwa mashoma kana kuti kunzvimbo dzapasi dzakawanda mukati meruwa yavo. Nepo kurukurirano dzakadaro dzinomutsa nharo uye dzinogona kutarisana nezvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo, dzinoratidzira kuzivikanwa kukura kwokuti migumisiro mikuru inogona kuwirirana nedziviriro duku kana mitemo yacho yakagadzirwa nenzira yokufunga.

Kuchinja Kwakakonzerwa Neboka

Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro dzamaminiti makuru dzinoisa simba guru kwazvo mumaitiro okusarudza kwemapati ezvamatongerwe enyika, chinjo idzo dzinowedzera kujeka nemhatsa muchisarudzo chavanhu vanogona kuva netapuro huru pamimiririri mipfupi miduku miduku. "Mitemo yose yezvipfupi," inopa kupfupi kwevakadzi vose, yakakarakadzwa munyika dzinoverengeka. Mumuenzaniso uyu, mapoka angadikanwa kubatanidza kana kuti zvimwe mutevedzeri mumwe muduku wezvigaro zvipfupi nezvipfupi zvakakotseka, kupa mukana chaiwoiwo wokuwina.

MuUK, Labour Party yakashandisa vakadzi vose vapfupi chifo chama1990, ichiwedzera zvinoshamisa nhamba yemaMP. Mutoo wakafanana wavada kubhapatidzwa vashomanene vedzinza ungagona kutaura kuratidzirwa kwapashoma napaduku munzvimbo dzakakotsekana. Zvisinei, zvikarakadzo zvakadaro zvinotarisana nedenho dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza pomero dzinobvira dze "rusaruro runopesana" uye itiro hanya pamusoro pechiito chechiratidzo. Gakava pamusoro pokubvuma chiito mukusarudza mudariro riri kupfuurira, asi ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti miitiro yakadaro inogona kuva inoshanda apo inotendwa nenzira yokufunganya.

Kuchinja kwemari kwemipiro kunogonawo kubatsira vada kupedza. Gadziriro dzamaminiti dzinopa mubayiro nhimbe dzinosanorongwa, uye vada kubhapatidzwa vashoma kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzokuita sarudzo. Kutsigira kwavose kwemipiro, kuwiriraniswa kwemari yemipiro miduku, uye ganhuriro pamipiro yemakambani makuru zvinogona kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba. Nyika dzakadai seCanada dzakashandisa miganhu yemari yakakomba nebetsero dzavose izvo zvinogonesa vapasvudziro vashomanene kukwikwidza nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. Iyi chinjo haichinji chirongwa chikuru chezvirongwa, asi dzinogona kuderedza mimwe yemigumisiro yacho mikuru.

Basa Redziviriro yeBumbiro remitemo Neyokutonga

Kuchinja kwegadziriro yetsika yeElector hakusati kuri nzira bedzi yokudzivirira nayo kodzero shomanene mugadziriro dzehurumende. Dziviriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo, kutarisirwa kwedare, uye gadziriro dzamaruramiro avanhu amarudzi ose zvinogonawo kuita basa rinokosha mukudzvinyirira simba guru nokuva nechokwadi chokuti manzwi mashomanene anonzwiwa.

Nyika dzine mitemo yakadzika midzi inodzivirira maruramiro emitauro miduku - duku − zvakadai sekodzero dzomutauro, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye kumirira zvinovimbisa (*) zvinogona kuganhurira mano ehurumende zhinji kugadza utongi kunyange mugadziriro dzamasangano makuru akasarudzwa. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, somuenzaniso, inobatanidza Chikamu 15, icho chinovimbisa maruramiro okuenzana uye chakashandiswa kudenha miganhu inoderedza simba rokuvhota. Nenzira yakafanana, Bumbiro remitemo reGermany (Mutemo Mukuru) rinobatanidza dziviriro dzemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ayo anomirira fariro shomanene, uye Dare reMitemo reHurumende reHurumende reHurumende renyika yatema muganhu wadzo dzakaparadza mativi maduku.

Kutarisira dare kunogona kuva nzvero inobudirira pakunyanyisa, asi kunoitwawo pasi pedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. MuUnited States, zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota zvakachinja nenzira inoshamisa pashure penguva yakati, pane dzimwe nguva zvinofutunura dziviriro nokuda kwavavhoti vashomanene uye pane dzimwe nguva kuzviwana. Rudzi rwezvisarudzo rwedare mugadziriro huru runoreva kuti matare haasi vachengeti vakavimbika nguva dzose vekodzero shomanene. Nokuda kweichikonzero ichi, chinjo yegadziriro inosarudzwa iyo inoumba mumiririro yevo vashomanene kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru kupfuura kutsamira pakupindira kwedare bedzi.

Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu munyika yose akanyanya kuongorora nyaya iyi. Dare reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose rekodzero dzevanhu, muGeneral Petter No. 25 pakutora rutivi mune zvematongerwo enyika, rakataura kuti hurumende dzinofanira kutevedzera masangano anosarudza anobatsira kumiririra mapoka mashoma. Dare rakatsoropodza nyika dzakadai seUnited States neUnited Kingdom nokuda kwokukundikana kukurukura kuiswa pasi pemapoka emadzinza maduku akasarudzwa. Nepo kurumbidza uku kwemarudzi ose kusingashandisi pamutemo, rinoumba kumanikidza kudarika kwehurumende kuti dzive negadziriro dzinosarudzwa nehurumende.

Kudzikamisa Kugadzikana Nokubatana: Nzira Inofambira Mberi Yehurumende Dzine Masimba Makuru

Gakava pakati pegadziriro dzevavhoti vakuru nekodzero shoma hachisi chisarudzo chiviri pakati pedzikamo nokubatanidzwa. Nokufunga kwegadziriro, kunobvira kuchengeta kutsunga nokuzvidavirira izvo gadziriro huru dzinopa nepo dzichivandudza zvikuru kumirira mapoka maduku. Chinokosha ndechokugamuchira mutoo wa "mix" unobatanidza mativi akanakisisa egadziriro dzechisarudzo dzakasiana - siana.

Kumirira kwakabatanidzwa kwenhengo dzemasangano (MMP), kunoshandiswa munyika dzakafanana neGermany, New Zealand, uye Mexico, kunopa muenzaniso unovimbisa. Mugadziriro yeMMP, vavhoti vakavhota mavhoti maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomutsigiri muruwa rwavo rwomunzvimbomo (kushandisa FPTP kana kuti mumwe mutoo wemimwe mitauro yemapati) uye mumwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Mavhoti anoshandiswa kugovera zvigaro zvokuwedzera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mugadziri weparamende yose iri yakasarira. Chivako ichi chinochengeta kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo kwamaruwa makuru nepokuvimbisa kuti mapoka maduku anozvitsigira.

Chinoitika cheNew Zealand neMMP chinoraidza. Pashure pokugamuchira MMP muna 1996 kutevera foni yenyika, kumirira kweMaori nedzimwe mapoka maduku kwakawedzera zvikuru. Maori, anoumba inenge 17 muzana yavagari vemo, akaona kumirira kwavo muparamende kuchikwira kusvika pakati pe15 ne20 muzana, zvichienzaniswa nezvisingasviki 5 muzana pasi pegadziriro yekare yeFPTPP. MMP yakabvumirawo Green Party namamwe mapoka maduku kuwina zvigaro, zvichiwedzera mhatsa yemanzwi muparamende. Nepo MMP isina kuva isina kuva nedenho dzayo dzinodzokororwa padzimwe nguva nenguva, kubatanidza kurukurirano dzinodzokororwa dzinopfuudzwa pasi pezvisarira zvisina kutsigiro zvehurumende yehurumende yeNew Zealand.

Nokuda kwenyika dzine gadziriro dzamasimba makuru dzakadzika midzi, dzakadai seUnited States neUnited Kingdom, nzira yokuchinja inodenha mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Mapoka makuru anobetserwa negadziriro yazvino ane sundo dzakasimba dzokudzivisa chinjo. Zvisinei, masangano euswandasiti, masangano eadhirasi, uye mvungaradzo dzinogona kuvaka simba rokuchinja. muUnited States, masangano akadai seFairvote neChinzwano chaVakadzi ave achibetsera mukusimudzira kuvhota kwakatanhamara uye kuzviisa pasi pezvimiriri. MuUnited Kingdom, Electoral Reformation Society neLabour Campatence yeEl Reformation anopfuurira kusimudzira kukwirira mumitengo.

Pakupedzisira, kusarudzwa kwegadziriro yevhota kunoratidzira mipimo yakadzika zvikurusa yenzanga pamusoro pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gadziriro inobvisa kana kuti inoderedza mapoka maduku nenzira yakarongwa haigoni kutaura kuva yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvizere, pasinei zvapo nokuti hurumende dzayo dzingava dzakatsiga sei. Gadziriro dzavasaruri dzine simba rakawanda, asi dzinewo ngozi dzinofanira kubvumwa nokutaurwa. Nokugamuchira chinjo dzinosimudzira kuratidzirwa kwakarurama, kuzvimirira kwazvimirira, uye mitoo yokuvhotera nayo, hurumende dzinotonga dzinogona kuva dzinova dzinowirirana zvikuru, dzinova dzinomirira zvikuru, uye dzinosimba zvikuru mukutarisana nemhatsa.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvokuvhota dzine pesvedzero huru neyakawanda pakodzero dzechiduku nokubatanidzwa. Nepo dzichigona kubudisa hurumende dzakatsiga, dzine mutoro, mativi adzo enzvimbo nemhiko dzemakwikwi ose, zvinodikanwa zvokupa ngwariro, uye kugamuchirwa kumbiri kumbiriro dzenzanga. Kuvambira paUnited Kingdom neUnited States kusvikira kuCanada neIndia, ufakazi hunoratidza kuti miitiro mikuru yezvirongwa zvinobatira manzwi mashoma, zvinosekesa kuvhota, uye zvinoregeredza nzanga shomanene.

Bva chinjo inobvira. Chinjo dzinotsigirwa neruwa kufanana nekositi yezvirongwa zvokuvhota, mutoo wokuvhota nawo kufanana nokuvhota kwakarongwa kwakarongwa, chinjo dzinotsigirwa nebato semibatanidzwa yakasiana--- siyana, uye chinjo dzemiitiro kufanana nokumirira kwemitezo yakavhengana zvose zvinogovera nzira kumiuyo yakawanda. Dziviriro dzeMitemo netarisiro yedare zvinogonawo kuita basa rinokosha mukuchengetedza kodzero shomanene mukati memagariro makuru.

Denho yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzapanguva ino ndeyokugadzira gadziriro dzezvisarudzo dzinobatanidza mipimo inokwikwidzana: dzikamo nokubatanidzwa, kuzvidavirira nokumiririrwa, utongi huzhinji nekodzero shoma. Iyi haisi nhau younyanzvi inofanira kupedzwa nenyanzvi dzoga, asi kurukurirano yehurumende yeruzhinji inoda kubatanidzwa kwavazhinji. Vagari, mapoka ehurumende, uye vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kushanda pamwe chete kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti masangano akasarudzwa anoshumira mitezo yose yenzanga, kwete bedzi ayo anoitika kuva vazhinji. Ipapo bedzi tinogona kutaura kuti masangano edu anosarudzwa navanhu vapasi pese ndeechokwadi.