Dzidziso Yokusawirirana: Kupfupikisa Kwenheyo

Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzehurumende kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment ndiimwe yefambiro mberi hurusa mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Pamberi pokuvambwa kweKineth Amendment muna 1868, Bill of Rights yakashanda chose chose kuhurumende yehurumende. Hurumende dzakasungwa bedzi nemitemo yavo vamene nemitemo. Kugadziriswa kweTsitsi reChibvumirano naMaruramidzo aMakuru aMasimba aMakurukota kwakachinja kuti simba, asi mutoo wakananga uyo kodzero dzehurumende dzakava dzinosungirwa nawo mukurwisana nehurumende yave yave yakaumbwa nedzinopfuura zana ramakore rimwe chete. Dare gurusa uye, nenzira inokosha, nematare ehurumende amene. Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anodudzira uku kubatanidzwa kwakabva sei pamwoyo pehurumende uye rusununguko rwomunhu.

Kurongeka hakusati kuri chinhu chakapfava pakusimuka. Dare Gurusa rakagamuchira dzidziso ye inosarudza kuiswa kwe , kunoreva kuti kodzero imwe neimwe muBill of Rights inofanira kurangarirwa somunhu oga kuti ive “yamadiro parangano yeruramisiro yeAmerica.” Kana iri, inova inoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGumbidzo yeISCLED Clause of the 1449 Amend Amendment. Nhasi, inodokuva dziviriro dzose muBill of Rights dzakabatanidzwa neProbertion. (5) kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutanga rwekutaura, rudzidziso, uye rudzidziso; chiteshinisiro chechina chinodzivirira pakunzvera kusina mufungo nokubatwa kwezvigumbura; kudzora kurudyi kunorwisana nokuzvidzora kworudyi; uye kubvisa kudivirira kurudyi kwechitanhatu. Kubvisa muganhu kwechinjo yerudyi.

Asi Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinopa bedzi muganhu mukuru. Basa chairoiro, rezuva nezuva rokushandisa idzi maruramiro akabatanidzwa rinoitwa mumatare ehurumende. Vatongi vehurumende vanofanira kusarudza kuti kodzero yakati yehurumende inotambanudzwa kusvika papi pasi pomutemo wehurumende, zvikurukuru apo mabumbiro ehurumende anopa dzimwe dziviriro kana kuti apo muenzaniso wehurumende unova wakajeka. Iri simba rokududzira rinopa matare ehurumende pesvedzero huru pamusoro pechinoitika chakararama chekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Nokuda kwechiono chakadzama chenhau, ona [ Conferalionment Service Service yeComption yeCompliation yeUniontion .

Kusarudza Muitiro: Nzira Iyo Matare Ehurumende Anoshandisa Nayo Kuedza

Apo dare rehurumende rinotarisana nekutaura kwokuti mutemo wehurumende kana kuti chiito chinoputsa kodzero yehurumende yakabatanidzwa, chinofanira kutanga kusarudza kana maruramiro acho akabatanidzwa zvizere neDare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. kana akaita, basa redare rehurumende rinodudzira zvikuru: rinoshandisa mupimo mumwe chetewo Dare Gurusa raizoshanda mumhaka yehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rinosiya nzvimbo yakatanhamara nokuda kwematare akaderera kuti akudziridze mutemo. Somuenzaniso, munharaunda ye [[FLT: 0] Findmentment yakasununguka yehurukuro yapachena , Dare rakatanga dzidziso dzakafararira kufanana nokusatora rutivi rwehurumende uye zvingwa, asi matare ehurumende anofanira kushandisa dzidziso idzodzo kumitemo yomunzvimbomo kana kuti mapepa eyunivhesiti.

Muenzaniso Wenhau: Kuchinja Kwokutanga uye Public Fora

Rangarira mhaka yedare rehurumende inobatanidza kunyunyuta payunivhesiti yehurumende. Asi dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rakarangarira kuti zvivako zvamayunivhesiti avose “inzvimbo yavose yemadonzo okutaura akasununguka” nokuda kwezvinangwa zvorusununguko. dare rehurumende rinofanira kusarudza kana ganhuriro dzeyunivhesiti paboka rokuramba dziri mirangariro yemirangariro yedare isina kutsiga uye ine mufungo. Asi dare ringabvunzawo mashoko emitemo orusununguko, ayo mune dzimwe nyika (se California) rinogovera kunyange dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura Penduru Yokutanga. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, matare ehurumende angadudzira ganhuriro yedare redare rezvo murutivi rwakasiana nehurumende inowirirana nehurumende yorudyi, pane kuti risvike muuyo wakasiana pane dare rehurumende pasi pemaidi mamwe chetero.

Muenzaniso Wenhau: Kuchinja Kwechina uye Kutsvaka Zvakajairika Kusungwa

Imwe nzvimbo yakazadzwa nedudziro yedare ndeye Findment yeFoursement inorambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfambi. Dare guru rakatonga kuti chiitiko chokunzvera hachidi murairo, asi ukuru hwekunzvera ikoko kwadzikwa zvikuru. Hurumende dzingashandisa mitemo yavo vamene yokuzvidzora kana kuti kutsanangura “kuedza kworuvanziro kwakasiana. Somuenzaniso, matare makurusa akarangarira kuti chibvumirano chehurumende chinoda pamutemo cheropa mumitengo yeDUI, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende (kutevera mhaka ya 2019]]. [FLT]]] [FLT]] [FLT]]] [FFF]]]) inobvumira mamiriro ezvinhu eropa rehurumende kuti zvishamise pamutemo. [5]

Mitemo yeHurumende Semanyuko Anotsamira Pamunhu Ane Kodzero

Zvichida rutivi runokosha zvikurusa rwenzira iyo matare ehurumende anodudzira nayo maruramiro ehurumende itsinhirano nomutemo webumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa ane maruramiro ayo anodzivirira kana kuti anopfuura Bill of Rights yehurumende. Apo dare rehurumende rinosarudza mhaka, rinogona kuvimba nekodzero yehurumende (sezvo zvinorondedzerwa nedare repamusoro rehurumende) kana kuti gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Kana gadziriro yehurumende ichidzivirira zvikuru, dare ringapa mutemo weyamuro pasi pomubatanidzwa wenhau. Ikoku kunozivikanwa senzvimbo inovainowirirana nehurumende yakazvimirira.

Kushandiswa kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kwakatungamirira kumisiyano inokosha munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, roorano imwe cheteyo yetengi (pane Obergefell), uye muitiro woutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, mu Statelm] v.[FLT][19984] Dare repamusoro reWashington raidavira kuti chibvumirano chemitemo chehurumende chinodzivirira vagari vemo pakutarisirwa kwezvinhu zvavo kusina kufanira, kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yeGeneti Yechina Yevhumbi panguva isina kuziva dziviriro yakadaro. Njodzirowo yaNew York yezvikumbiro zvakadudzira mamiriro ezvinhu akarondedzera kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu ezve ezve zvoupfumi ayo asina kudzivirirwa nechibvumirano. Chibvumirano chinobatsira chiI. [Flatiko chaGeneral Regionsmes]

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Mudare Rehurumende Rokutsinhirana

Basa rinotsanangura ramatare ehurumende razova rinokakavadzana zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura awa pamusoro penhau dzinopisa dzinoverengeka. Imwe ishandiso ye Supmend Amendment maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo pashure pechisarudzo chedare repamusorosoro ra20222 mu New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT]]. Bruen akafunga kuti Second Amendment anodzivirira kodzero yomunhu yokutakura pfuti pachena, uye kuti murairo upi noupi wepfuti wepfuti unofanira kuwirirana negamuchidzanwa renhau rekudzora pfuti. Hurumende zvinotongedzerwa zvikuru mutsika dzenhau dzinoshandiswa neiyi nhambo yenhau, iyo iri “FLT [FLT] inoyera pamutemo kutongedzeromedzo dzekare dzekare dzehurumende.

Rimwe denho ndiro [[FLT: 0] maruramiro ekodzero yokuva voga mumashoko akapoteredza ekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri nedzokubereka. Nepo Dare Gurusa reU.S. riri mu Dobs v. Dare reVakadzi reChipatara [[[FLT:] .[FLT]] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]] [2]] [2] [2])] pakatonga [2] pa [2] uye rakati Dare reMitesita reSista reSista reSista haridziviriri kubvisa mimba kwakarurama, matare zvino iko inzvimbo huru yehondo yehondo. matare anodudzira pamutemo miganhuro yavo vamene pamutemo yemitemo yavo vamene (kazhinji kana kuti vanoshandisa mitauro yakafanana segadziriro yeChipomeokero) nokuda kwomuenzaniso wedare gurusa renhau renhau pamusoro penhau pamusoro pemitemo pamusoro pemitemo inodzivirira , kunyange yehurumende inodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kuronga Kwakafanira Namaruramiro Okubvisa

Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzechikamu chiduku chebasa rekuroora. Kwakadai sekodzero yokuroora, kodzero yokuramba kurapwa nekodzero yokuramba kurapwa. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. raonawo kusiyana kwemitemo yezvokurapa. Dare repamusoro renyika rakaziva kuti izvi ikodzero dzinokosha dzinodzivirirwa neGuer Procession of the 144th Amendment. Asi maruramikira aya kodzero anowanzoiswa mudare ramamo akafanana nekodzero dzokurera mwana, tsika dzezvokurapa, uye kuperera kweupenyu (g., kodzero yokufa, se [[FL:]] . gconsolegsberg [f]]) uye hondo dzinobatsira kuzviuraya. Hurumende inofanira kuyera Dare guru nezvitemedzo.[5]

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakatarisana Nehurumende Nekuchenjera

Mano ematare ehurumende okududzira kodzero dzakasiyana nematare ehurumende rutivi rwechibvumirano cheAmerica, kwete chipukanana. Sangano rinoshivirira chitsama chakati chetsinga mukudzivirira kodzero mumitsetse yehurumende, chero bedzi uriri hwehurumende huchichengetwa. Zvisinei, chisarudzo ichi hachina kuganhurirwa. matare ehurumende angasadudzira maruramiro akaiswa panzvimbo yakaenzana nenzira inodzika zvikuru mupimo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, hurumende haigoni kudavira kuti kubvisa mutemo weChina wemitemo hakushandi kusenzi kunzvera kusina pamutemo kana Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira zvakajeka kuti inoita. Asi mapepanhau anogona kutsanangura pamutemo pamusoro pouriri hwehurumende.

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara ndiwo [[FLT: 0] Mira yanyevera. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rakataura kuti kubvunzurudza kwokuranga pasina Manda[ kunyevera kunoputsa ropafadzo yeFindmmendment inorwisana nokuzvidira. Zvisinei, Dare rakatongawo kuti kupunzwa kwe [[FLT:] Manda [[FLT: 5]] hakudi kudzorwa kwomutemo kunoitwa norusununguko kana mashoko acho akanga ari echisarudzo musero yemigariro (sokuna mu [FOLT:6]]].[FLT]]] v[FT]7]] mamwe matare anodudzirwanisa mutemo wawo.

Kutapura Kusunungurwa Kwomumwe Nomumwe Nomugariro Wapamutemo

Muuyo unowedzerwa wetsananguro dzedare rehurumende wakakura. Nemhaka yokuti matare ehurumende anotonga nhau zhinjisa dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi muUnited States, ivo ndivo vanomanikidzira vakuru vekodzero dzehurumende sedzinoshandiswa kuvatambi vehurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Mugari wemo anodavira kuti kodzero dzake dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzakaputswa nemutemo weguta achadokuva anodokudzorwa kuti ataure mudare rehurumende, kwete dare rehurumende, nokuti matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa uye anoda chaizvoizvo mubvunzo wehurumende uyo usati uri wezvo kuumbwa chete. Nokudaro, nzira iyo matare ehurumende anodudzira zvakananga revo yezuva nezuva yeYokutanga, yeChishanu, yechitanhatu, uye chitanhatu, uye dare reMitengo.

Uyezve, dare rehurumende ringapesvedzera Dare gurusa reUnited States. Apo dare gurusa rinosvika chisarudzo chakanyatsofungwa panhau yomutemo webumbiro remitemo rehurumende, rinogona kubatira sechiremera chinonyengetedza nokuda kweDare Gurusa. Mumimwe migariro, kududzira kwedare kutsva kwehurumende kungatonyandura Dare Rapamusoro kuti rirangarire dzidziso yaro rimene. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusorosoro reCalifornia mu vanhu v. Anderson [12] [72] anorangarira kuti chirango chorufu chinoputsa mutemo womutemo woudzhutu kana kuti chirango chenguva dzose chakaparira kurukurirano yorudzi iyo pakupedzisira yakatungamirira ku . Georgia v[FFFF]

Kudzika Midziyo Youkama Pakati Pehurumende Nomutemo Wehurumende

Nokuda kwavaridzi, vatongi, uye vadzidzi vemitemo, kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anodudzira sei kodzero dzakabatanidzwa kunoda kunzverwa kwokungwarira kwezvose zviri zviviri muenzaniso womubatanidzwa nomutemo wehurumende webumbiro remitemo. Muitiro wakanakisisa ndewokuitirana nharo mune zvimwe: kutanga, kuti kodzero yehurumende inoda mugumisiro wakati; wechipiri, kuti bumbiro remitemo rinogovera dziviriro imwe kana kuti huru zvikuru. matare ehurumende anowanzoonga kunzvera kuviri kwakadaro nemhaka yokuti anoremekedza mwero mukuru wenyika nepo achibvuma uchangamire hwehurumende.

Chisarudzo chimwe chinokosha idzidziso ye yapamberi pemitemo. Kana dare rehurumende rangosarudza nhau yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende munhau, chisarudzo ichocho chingava netapuro yakazovapo gare gare mudare rehurumende nerehurumende) pasi peChibvumirano Chapamutemo neChibvumirano chePrecimendi neRecer act. Zvisinei, kana dare resaiti reFicatatactata pagaro padzose papamutemo womutemo uye risina kusarudza nhau yehurumende, ipapo kutaura kwehurumende kungaitwa kuti kuve kutsva mudare revonionti. Ichi chisarudzo chakafanira kazhinji kazhinji chinokurukurwa pakati pekodzero dzekodzero dzechigarikan: kana zvichiunza chiito chedare remubatanidzwa kana kuti chigaro chedare rokutanga pasi pedare rehurumende.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penzira iyo matare ehurumende anoumba nayo maruramiro ehurumende, ona nyaya yeAmerican Bar Association pamusoro pematare ehurumende nehurumende uye Justia yeChikomberedzo cheBill of Rights neComplition.

Mugumisiro: Basa Risingaperi Rematare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende haisi zviteshiwo zvazvo zverabha nokuda kwemuenzaniso wehurumende. Izvo zvidudziri zvine simba zvedzidziso yokubatanidza, kushandisa chisarudzo chakazvimirira pamusoro perevo nenzvimbo yekodzero huru. Zvisarudzo zvazvo zvinoratidzira tsika dzapamutemo, nhau, uye mipimo yehurumende imwe neimwe, nepo zvichiri kuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna hurumende inoderera pasi penheyo yehurumende yerusununguko. Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzehurumende kupfurikidza neIndaneti reMitemplete kwakaita kuti Bill of Rights igwaro mhenyu muimba yedare riri rose rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anotambira sei basa iri, vadzidzi navarapi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuva nemhete yetsika, inokudzwa, uye chivako chemitemo yeAmerica.

Sezvo denho itsva dzinomuka — kubva pachivande chemiitiro kusvikira kukodzero dzokubereka kusvikira kumitemo inodzorwa nepfuti — matare ehurumende achapfuurira kuva vaturikiri vapamberi vezvinoreva Bumbiro reMitemo.