Kududzirwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunoitwa nematare hakuitiki muchinhu; muitiro unoshamisa, unowanzopikisana unoumba nzvimbo yepamutemo yeUnited States. Kupfurikidza nenhau dzechiratidzo chenhau, mutongi akarondedzera, akanatsa, uye pane dzimwe nguva akarondedzerazve revo yekodzero dzinosimbiswa muBumbiro remitemo. Iyi rondedzero yakakura inonzvera izvi zvisarudzo zvinokosha, mitoo yokududzira nayo vatongi vanoshandisa, uye mirangariro iri kure nokuda kwehurumende, rusununguko rwomunhu, uye nzanga yose zvayo.

Basa Rematare Mukududzira Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Matare, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa, anobatira sevazivisi vokupedzisira vedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kuva nemiuyo mikuru pakodzero dzevanhu namasimba ehurumende. Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa bazu redare, asi simba chairo rokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo nechiremera chinobatanidza rakabuda kubva pamuitiro wapakuvamba uye kutsigira kweDare simba mu Marbury v. Madison[. Kubvira ipapo, judicary akadudzira Bumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nemhatsa yamarenguro, kubatanidza mabhii, chiShona, chiShona.

Tsauro nerokunyora zvinonangidzira ngwariro parevowo zvayo yorugwaro rwebumbiro-mitemo sezvakungadai kwakanzwisiswa panguva yokuchinja. Chitendero, chakasanowirirana, chinotsvaka kuwanazve revo yapakuvamba yavose kana kuti vavariro yapakuvamba yaMasaimo. Mukupesana, kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo kunoisa kuti mashoko makuru eBumbiro remitemo (akadai se “muitiro wapamberi" kana kuti“ dziviriro yakaenzana"" kunofanira kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja nemipimo yechikaro. Hapana nzira imwe inodzorwa; ruramisiro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza mitoo, uye uzivi hunodudzira hweDare rinopesana hunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa nei matare anosvika mhedziso dzakasiana pamaruramiro akafanana.

Chiremera cheDare chinodudzirawo kodzero. Dzimwe kodzero dzakajeka, zvakadai serusununguko rwokutaura muFirst Amendment (Zvekutanga) asi dzimwe dzinotaurwa, sekodzero yokuva voga, iyo Dare rakawana kubva mumashoko akawanda okugadzirisa.

Mhaka Huru Mududziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Kugadza Gabhubhu yeMasai yeMasai

Iyi nhau inokosha yakatanga nheyo yokuhwirudzura, ichibvumira Dare Rapamusoro-soro kuputsa mitemo inopesana neBumbiro reMitemo. Mhaka yacho yakabva munyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika yesarudzo ya1800, apo Purezidhendi John Adams aifamba akagadza “vatongi vapakati pausiku” kubhenji rehurumende. William Marbury, mumwe mugadzwa akadaro, munyori weHurumende James Madison nokuda kwebasa rake. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, anonyora nokuda kweDare, akarangarira kuti nepo Marbury akapiwa mutoro kubasa rake, Dare raisagona kuraira kupiwa simba racho nemhaka yokuti mutemo unopa simba iroro (Chikamu 13 cheJedicary Act of 1789) wakanga usina kunyorwa.

Murangariro waMarshall nenzira younyanzvi wakadzivisa rwisano yakananga naPurezidhendi Thomas Jefferson kupfurikidza nokuramba kupa writ, asi panguva imwe cheteyo wakataura nokuda kwesimba redare rokuzivisa mabasa eCongregation. Uku kutaura, kunyange zvazvo kusina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, kwakava kwehwaro. Sezvakanyorwa naMarshall, “Ichi chinosimbisa purovhinzi nebasa resangano redare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uri." Nhasi, kuhwirudzura kwedare reAmerica, kuchibvumira matare kunzvera mutemo wemitemo yemitemo nehofisi yehurumende. Nokuda kwezvimwe zviitiko, ona [[FLT: 0]

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Ending De Jure Se Convention

Munhau iyi inokosha, Dare Gurusa rakatonga pamwe chete kuti rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvehurumende rwakaputsa Aclimate Protection Claus of the 14neth Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakadzongonyedza “dzidziso yakasiana asi yakaenzana” ye Plasty v. Ferguson[[FL:1] [1896]. Chirevo Chikuru cheSahlulero cheGave, kunyora nokuda kweDare, chakasimbisa kuti zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaganhurirwa zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi, kuchinyima vana vashomanene vemikana mikana yedzidzo yakaenzana uye zvichiparira kuvadziko yendangariro.

rown yakanga isiri murairo wakaparadzana; yakanga iri mugumo wamakore okupa mhinduro yenhau neNAACP Legal Defense Fund, yakatungamirirwa naThur Good Marshall. Murangariro weDare wakasvika paufakazi hwesayenzi hwenzanga, zvakadai sefundo dzaManneth naMamie Clark, kuratidzira miuyo yakaipa yeIndaneti. Uku kushandiswa kwemashoko etsika kuratidzira mutoo mupenyu wemitemo, kuziva kuti revo yokuenzana inochinja kwenguva yakati. Chisarudzo chacho chakaparira kuramba kukuru mune dzimwe nyika, asi pakupedzisira chakagadziridza nzira yeChikwano cheChikwaratiro cheChivi cheO cha19649 neVo Requetions. [F.5]

Kuzvimirira uye Kubereka Autonomy

Chisarudzo cheDare mu Rooe v. Wade yakaziva maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri mumaruramiro okuva oga, ayo Dare rakanga rambowana munhau dzakadai se Griszold v. Connecticut [1965]. Kunyora nokuda kwe 7-oruzhinji, Mutongi Harry Blackmun akarangarira kuti murangariro weGarandment weInite yerusununguko rwomunhu oga nerevokugoverwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kurudzi rwechiNindice Reformation yakabatanidza maruramiro anokosha echivandeka chakanga chakafara zvakakwana kubatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi kuti asava nepamuviri wake.

Zvisinei, Dare rakabvumawo fariro dzapamutemo dzehurumende mukudzivirira utano hwaamai nehunobvira upenyu. Rakaparira gadziriro yakaganhurirwa yokudzikamisa mativi aya: mukati mechisarudzo chokutanga, chisarudzo chakaitwa nomukadzi nachiremba wake; mumitsetse yechipiri, hurumende dzinogona kudzora kubvisa mimba kudzivirira utano hwaamai; uye mumichero yechitatu, hurumende dzinogona kurambidza kubvisa mimba kunze kwokunge kuri madikanwa kuponesa upenyu hwomukadzi. Ichi chisarudzo chavose, zvose zviri zviviri pamutemo netsika, uye zvinoramba zviri chimwe chezvisarudzo zvinopesana zvikurusa munhau yeDare. Mhaka yacho gare gare gare gare gare yakadzorwa ne [[FLT] Dobs. V.[FLD][F][1][1]

United States v. Nixon (1974): Purezidhendi wokuzvidavirira

Nyaya iyi yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti hapana munhu, kunyange Purezidhendi, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Dare Gurusa rakatonga pamwe chete kuti Purezidhendi Richard Nixon aifanira kubudisa matepi nezvinyorwa zvine chokuita nemhosho yeWatergate, achiramba kutaura kwake kweropafadzo yakakwana. Mhaka yacho yamuka mukunzvera kwokuparadza padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee uye shopurea. Muvengi chaiye Leon Jahorpoenated tepic; Nixon akarangarira kuti yakadzivirirwa nechisarudzo chevhuro chapachivande chedare rama.

Mutongi mukuru Warren Burger, achinyorera Dare, akabvuma ropafadzo inowirirana nokuda kwekurukurirano yapurezidhendi asi akaomerera kuti haisati yaigona kukurira zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvomuitiro wakafanira mukuita utsotsi. Dare rakaraira kuti tepi dzibudiswe, uye pakupedzisira dzakazivisa kubatanidzwa kwaNixon muvuro, kuchitungamirira kukupa mhaka yake. United States v. Nixon yakasimbisa basa rejastiary mukubhadharisa mutoro, kunyange pamwero mukurusa wehurumende. Yakatangawo gadziriro yeropafadzo yokutonga, inoraira maruramiro. Nokuda kweiyi mhaka, bvunza zvikuru, [FLT] mhaka nokuda kweivhit: [FF]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuenzana kweroorano

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Obergefell v. Hodges inonyoreswa pamutemo mumurangariro mumwe chetewo wevatano munyika yose, ichisimbisa kuti maruramiro okuroora rusununguko runokosha runodzivirirwa neCANDELO reCENT neFelt Classicasss yeIndation ye 144. Kunyora nokuda kwa5 ne4 voruzhinji, Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akadavira kuti roorano ndeyomumufungo weINCOM uye kuti maruramiro okuroora anotambanurira kuva vakwanyina vete. Chisarudzo pamusoro pemitemo nemitemo inodzongonyedzwa nemitemo inodzosera mutemo zvinoganhurira roorano kuroorano inopesana nezvikwapamhi.

Dare racho rakadzika mirangariro yaro munheyo ina: maruramiro okusarudza kwomunhu oga pamusoro peroorano, tsigiro iyo roorano inogovera kumhuri, dziviriro yavana nemhuri, uye idi rokuti roorano ndiyo musimboti wenhevedzano yenzanga. Murangariro waKennedy wakawana pagamuchidzanwa remitemo mhenyu, achicherekedza kuti “chimiro chokusaruramisira ndechokuti nguva dzose tingasachiona munguva dzedu timene.” Nyika dzinotonga dzinogombedzerwa kubvuma roorano dzevatano dzouduku dzakaitwa mune dzimwe nharaunda ndokuratidzira fambiro mberi inokosha mukurwa kweLGBTQ. Murangariro wavose wakanga wachinja zvikuru mumakore akapfuura, uchiratidzira basa reDare nguva dzose dziri mbiri mukuratidzira nokuchinja kwenzanga.

Kuedza Kududzira Kwedare

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunokosha kuvadzidzisi nevadzidzi zvakafanana. Dare haringopedzi kupedza gakava chete; rinodudza zvinoreva mutemo unobatanidza vatambi vose vehurumende, zvichiita kuti pave negadziriro yekodzero dzeramangwana.

Pesvedzero Pamitemo

Zvisarudzo zveDare guru kazhinji kazhinji zvinotungamirira kuchinjo mumutemo. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo haina kubvisa chikoro nenzira yomuzvarirwo, asi yakagovera nheyo yemitemo yokuti Konqueror ipfuure Congress Act yeCivil Rights ya1964 ne Voting Rights Act of 1965. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:] Oberge b. Hodges inodzora mutemo wokubvisa roorano imwe cheteyo, inosunda mitumbi inotonga mitemo yokurera vana, nhaka nhaka nhaka, uye mibayiro inodzo inodzorwa. Musiano, [FLT] Dobbs v.[FLD]

Uyezve, dzimwe nguva Dare racho rinogona kuita chimwe chinhu pazvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi nokugadzirisa mitemo, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvisingawanzoitiki uye zvakaoma.

Kuchinja Mafungiro Evanhu

Nhau dzakakwirira dzinogona kuchinja murangariro wavanhu panhau dzinokakavadzana. Chisarudzo mu Obergefell v. Hodges yakachinja zvikuru zvimiro zvendangariro zvetsika kuroorano imwe cheteyo, kusimbisa basa rematare mukuratidzira nokuumba mipimo yetsika. Kunyora mashoko pamberi uye pashure pechisarudzo kwakaratidza kugamuchirwa kwakawedzera, kunyange zvazvo kwakasimudzirawo chishoro. Nenzira yakafanana, Brown v. Board yeDy yeDyrounds yakabetsera kuratidzira mufambiro nenhau yapamutemo mukurwisana netsika, kupesvedzera maruramiro avagari vemo. Zvisinei, pakati pedare rinotonga uye mirangariro yavose: dzimwe nguva, rinoparira, uye rinodzongodzokorodza shure kweDare.

Vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanofanira kuziva kuti zvisarudzo zvinokosha kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatira sezvishandiso zvedzidzo. zvinova rutivi rwekurukurirano yenyika, zvinofundwa mukirasi, zvinokakavadzana muzvinobudisa nhau, uye zvinokumbirwa mukuita chiito. Mifungo yeDare rimene. “‘ Yakagadzirwa nezvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvokungwarira (hwunonyengetedza kana kuti kukundikana kunyengetedza, uye zvimiro zvavo zvehurukuro yomunguva yemberi.

Kutapura Zvii Zvatichasangana Nazvo Munguva Yemberi

Zvisarudzo zvenhau dzenhau dzinotungamirira dare renguva yemberi, kuvamba gadziriro yapamutemo inopesvedzera kuti kodzero dzinoturikwa sei uye dzinodzivirirwa. Uku kupfuurira kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta dzikamo mugadziriro yapamutemo. Dzidziso ye status[[[FLT:]] (kurega chisarudzo chichimira) (kutungamirira matare kutevera mirau yapamberi pokutonga. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] Marbury v.[FLT]][FLT]] inogadza muenzaniso wehwirudzura, yakaratidzirwa muinenge denho iri yose inotevera yomutemo. [FL:][FL:] BB] kutonge kana kuti pane chikonzero chakashatiswa. [FLT] [FL]

Zvisinei, muenzaniso hausi wakakwana. Roe v. Wade akamira anenge makore 50 asati atongwa mu Dobs[. Kuda kweDare kushandura muenzaniso kunosimbisa kugadziriswa kwedudziro yemitemo. Zviitiko zvenguva yemberi zvichapfuurira kuchenesa miganhu yekodzero dzakadai sedziviriro, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye muitiro wakafanira. Somuenzaniso, pashure po [[FLT:] Ogberge, matare aitaura kana kuramba roorano imwe cheteyo yorudzidziso inogona kururamisa mabasa, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pedzikamo pakati perusununguko rwerudzidziso nerstrunicrecimi.

Muuyo panhau dzomunguva yemberi unotambanukira kumiitiro yedudziro. Apo Dare rinogamuchira manyorerwo emagwaro kana kuti mavambo mumhaka imwe, mutoo iwoyo unowanzoshandiswa mumhaka dzinotevera. Somuenzaniso, chinjo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yeDare kumavambo munhau dzeChipiri dzePendeznerment, dzakadai se Decurecure of Columbia v. Heller[FLT] [200:1] (2008) uye New York Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FL:]] [2022]), yakapesvedzera kuti matare anoona sei mirati yepfuti. Mitemo yemiteko (kana) migumisiro yemitemo yemiteko)

mhedziso

Kududzirwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kumatare muitiro unopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka. Nhengo huru (kubva ku Marbury ku Obergefell[[]]] (kunopa basa rinokosha rejudicariary's rekudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu, kunzvera simba rehurumende, uye kuvimbisa ruramisiro. Zvisarudzo izvi hazvipedzi bedzi gakavaradzi mapasano pakati pemapato; zvinozivisa nheyo dzemitemo inosunga mapazu ose ehurumende ndokuzivisa kodzero dzevagari vemo vose. Sezvinoita izvi zvisarudzo zvemitemo, zvinobetsera kunzwisisa zvikuru kunzwisisa muganhu wenyika yose. Kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pakati peDare rehurumende, mabazu ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vanhu vanovimbisa kutsanangura kuteverwa rutivi rwehurumende inotonga.