Chisarudzo cheDzidzo muna 1954 kusvikira mukupera kwama 1960, chakanga chiri chimwe chenhambo dzinochinja zvikurusa uye dzinoguma netsika munhau yeAmerica. Kudzongonyedza kunovambira panzvimbo yenjiso Brown v. Board of Education chisarudzo muna 1954 kusvikira pakupera kwama 1960, chakanga chiri rwisano yakatsiga, yakatsiga, yakatsiga kuputsa zvivako zvepamutemo nenzanga zvaJim Conrow uye maruramiro evagari vemo akazara avagari vemo nokuda kwekurangarira ruramisiro kwamarudzi eAfrica. Nepo sangano racho rakawanawo rukundo rwakakurumbira rwakakurumbira rwakatarisanawo nechishoro chetsika, uye kusadzoresa. Kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri zviitwa nedenho dzetsika dzinoparirwa nokuda kwenhambo yedzinza ranhasi nokuda kwekurwisana kwedzinza nechiyero.

Nhoroondo: Kubva Pakugadziridza Zvinhu Kusvika Pamakore Anenge 220

Chivil Rights Movement haina kubuda muchinhu chisiri chinhu. Midzi yayo inotambanukira mukati menhambo yepashure peChivil War Reconstructionon, apo nhambo ye13, 14th, uye 15 Gemendment yakatenderwa, ichipa rusununguko, ugari hwemo, uye maruramiro okuvhotera kuvanhu vaichimbova varanda. Zvisinei, chipikirwa checonfinson chakaparadzwa nesimba namasimba ose nokusimudzwa kwemitemo yeCrow, iyo inobvisa rudzi rwedzinza netsika dzedzinza mumativi ose okumaodzanyemba. Dare rapamusoro ra 1896 rokutonga mu Plaves.

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakaona Great Migration, umo mamirioni avaAmerica veAfrica akatamira kubva kumaruwa kuMadokero eSouth kuenda kumaguta amaindasitiri muNorth, Midwest, uye West. Uku kuchinja kwokuwanda kwavagari vemo kwakaparira nzanga itsva dzeguta nesimba rinokura rezvamatongerwe enyika neremari, uye kwakaratidzira vakawanda kunzvimbo dzinoparirwa norusununguko rwapachena zvikuru neroundgation ([FLC] Couragedations [FLC] yechiKristu yeSouthern ) [FLT] muna 1957 yakagovera sangano remitengo yapamutemo neyavanhu vazhinji.

Hondo Yenyika II yakaitawo rutivi runokosha. Varwi veAfrica vakarwisa nzanga yenhema vari kunze kwenyika vachidzokera kunzanga yakaganhurirwa pamusha, vachipedzisa kuraira kuva mugari wemo kwakazara. Nhimbe yeV yakapetwa kaviri panzvimbo yefascism uye rukundo pamusoro porusaruraganda pamusha. (jeresa iyi iri kuwedzera. Panguva ino, mamiriro ehondo yoRunyararo akaita kuti kusaenzana kweAmerica kwedzinza kunyadziswe, kunyandura dzvinyiriro pavatungamiriri venyika kuti vataure pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo.

Zviitwa Zvikuru Zveboka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Pasi apa pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zvakazoitwa nesangano racho, zvichinyatsochinja, uye zvichiratidza kuti rakaita basa rokuronga, rokuzvipira, uye rokuronga.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

This landmark legislation, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended segregation in public accommodations—including hotels, restaurants, theaters, and public transportation—and outlawed discriminatory employment practices. Title VII of the act established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce these provisions. The act’s passage followed the historic March on Washington in 1963 and was fueled by public outrage over violent suppression of protests in Birmingham and elsewhere. Read the full text of the Civil Rights Act at the National Archives.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Nepo Congling Rights ya1956 yakavimbisa kodzero dzokuvhota, nyika dzokuMadokero dzakashandisa mitero yokuvhota, kunzverwa kwokunyora nokunyora, zvikamu zvasekuru, uye tyisidziro dzamasimba masimba kuti zviparadze nenzira inobudirira vaAmerica. Vong Rights ya 1965 yakaranga zvakananga miganhu iyi, ichirambidza miraudzo yokuvhota uye kubvumira kutonga kwehurumende muhurumende muhurumende nenhau yokuvhota. Mutengo weBlack Black uye kubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika wakawedzera zvikuru kuvhotanwa kwakananga [[FL: 0] kuMontmery [[FLT: 1] kufoct: 1] uye “Sanderosando youtsinye paFodroma.

Kusarudzwa Kwezvikoro Zvavose Nenzvimbo

Chisarudzo cha1954 Dare Gurusa mu Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka yakatendeuka Plessy v. Ferguson, achizivisa kuti kusarura kwaidzorwa muzvikoro zvavose kwakanga kusina kupesana nemhaka yokuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakanga dzisina kuenzana. Iyi dare rakagovera nheyo yapamutemo yenhimberi dzemadesero okudzivisa nyika, kunyange zvazvo kuitwa kwakaitwa nokudzivisa kukuru, kubatanidza Marlitt Rock Crisis, umo mauto ehurumende aidikanwa kusimbisa kubatanidzwa kwechikoro. Zvisarudzo zvedare nekodzero dzeChibvumirano zvavagari vemo zva 1964 zvakatambanurwa kunzvimbo dzose dzinoitirwa vanhu vose.

Mufananidzo Wakawedzera Wezvematongerwe Enyika

Voing Rights Act yakagonesa kuwedzera kwevakuru vakuru veAfrica vakasarudzwa muAfrica. Pamberi pa 1965, vashomanene bedzi vezvamatongerwe enyika veBlack vakaitwa basa muSouth. Pakasvika mugumo wama 1970, mazana akanga ava kushanda mumatare ehurumende, matare eguta, uye madare ezvikoro. Sangano racho rakabudisawo ruramisiro yedare rokutanga reAfrica yeAmerican U.S., Thirfall Marshall, uyo basa rake saNaACP rakaitwa kuti rishande mukubvisa mutemo parusaririra.

Mifananidzo Yakatanhamara Nemipiro Yayo

Civil Rights Movement yakasundwa neboka rakasiana - siana ravatungamiriri, mumwe nomumwe achiunza uzivi hwakasiana - siana, gadziriro, uye zvitayera zvokuronga.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Dr. King akabuda somumiriri anooneka zvikurusa wesangano racho, achitsigira kusateerera kwavagari vemo kusina masimba masimba kwakanyandurwa naMahatma Gandhi. Utungamiriri hwake hweMontgomery Busbott (19551956), mufananidzo wake “Ndine hope” mukati ma1963 paMarch paWashington, uye basa rake muSelma kuMontgomery kufamba kwakasimbisa nhaka yake. Uzivi hwaMambo hwokusarwisana namasimba masimba hwakanga husati huri husingarevi; hwakanga huri unyanzvi hwamaune kufumura utsinye hwetsika dzorusarura ndokuwana tsitsi kurudzi nenyika. Iye akapiwa Mubayiro worugare weNobel muna 1964. [FLD:][FLD]

Rosa Parks

Kazhinji kazhinji inonzi “amai vesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo,” kuramba kwekurega chigaro chake mubhazi reguta reMontgomery musi wa1 December 1955, kwakanyandura Montgomey Bus Boycott, kunyunyuta kwezuva 381 kwakagumisa mabhazi akabviswa. Mapaki akanga asiri munhu wokutanga kudzivisa bhazi kubvisa bhasi tsvikiti / vamwe vakaita saClaudette Colvin akanga aita kudaro pamberi pezvinenge(*) asi mhaka yake yakasarudzwa nenzira yakakodzera neNAACP nemhaka yemukurumbira wake wokumira uye simba redenho yepamutemo yarakaita.

Malcolm X

Malcolm X akapa chiono chakasiana, pakuvamba achitsigira urudzi hweBlack, kuzviparadzanisa, uye kuparadzana nechaunga chevachena somushumiri worudzi rwechiIslam. Kurota kwake kwomwoto nemhedziso yokusarwisana kwainzwika nevakawanda vakanzwa nhano dzechinjo dzakanga dzichinonoka zvikuru. Pashure pokuenda kwake kuMecca muna 1964, Malcolm X akatendeukira kunzvimbo yakakwirira zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo akapondwa muna 1965. Kushanduka kwake kwoungwaru uye simbiso paBlack noukurukuru hwemari zvakapesvedzera masangano apashure.

Zvimwe Zvirungamutauro Zvinokosha

  • [[FLT: 0] John Lewis: Mutungamiriri weDare reMudzidzi Rokuronga (SNCC), Lewis akanga ari Mutasvi worusununguko, mukurukuri paMarch paWashington, uye murongi mukuru wefora yeSelma. Iye gare gare abatira somuCongressman wokuGeorgia kwamakumi matatu amakore.
  • Fannie Lou Hamer:[[FLT: 1] Mutsigiri wetsanga newakavamba weMissississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Hamer akapupurira nenzira yakakurumbira paTsogolo yeDemocratic National Convention pamusoro pechisimba nedzvinyiriro zvaakatarisana nazvo kunyoresa kuvhota. Mashoko ake, “Ndinorwara uye ndaneta nokuva anorwara uye akaneta,” akava danidziro inokurudzira.
  • Thur ill Marshall: Asati ava Mutongi weDare guru reAfrica, Marshall somugweta akatonga ndokuwina Brown v. Board of Education, pamwe chete nokumwe kukunda kwakawanda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo.
  • Medigar Evers: Munyori weNaACP muMississippi akapondwa kunze kwomusha wake muna 1963. Kuponda kwake kwakanyandura ngwariro yorudzi pangozi dzinotarisana navashingairi.

Nhimbe Huru Nezvinoitika Zvikuru

Kubudirira kwesangano racho kwaikonzerwa zvikuru nenhimbe dzakanyatsorongwa, dzakakwirira dzakaita kuti vanhu vafunge nezvenyika uye nyika dzakawanda.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955856)

Yanyandurwa nokusungwa kwaRosa Park, bhinya racho rakapedza mazuva 381, neAmerica dzeAfrica dzichifamba, kutakura motokari, kana kuti kutakura matekisi panzvimbo pokushandisa mabhazi ane muganhu. Nhamburiko yacho, yakatungamirirwa neMontgomery Reformation Association uye Martin Luther King Jr., yakaguma nokutonga kweDare Rapamusorosaidzo yebhazi raizivisa kuti risingakuvadzi vanhu vaishandira hurumende.

Gara pasi uye Rusununguko (1960-1961)

MuGreensboro, North Carolina, vadzidzi vana vekoreji vakagara pasi panogarwa zvokudya zvemasikati, vachinyandura fungu rokuramba kwapachivande mhiri kweSouth. Izvi zviito zvinowanzodzorwa neSNCC. Freedom Rides, yakarongwa neCongress of French Exature (CORE), yakaedza Dare gurusa raitonga kuti bhazi renyika yose rishandurwe noutsinye muAlabama; kupindira kwehurumende kwaidikanwa kuvadzivirira, kusimbisa basa rehurumende mukutsigira kodzero dzavagari vemo.

Mushandirapamwe weBirmingham (1963)

Muutungamiriri hwaKingham neSCLC, Birmingham yakava nzvimbo yechiito chakananga.Varatidziri, kubatanidza vana vechikoro, vakatarisana nokudzvinyirirwa kwamapurisa kwamasimba masimba (h] mitope yemoto, imbwa dzamapurisa, uye kusungwa (idzo dzakatepfenyurwa paterevhizheni munyika yose). Mifananidzo yakakatyamadza nyika uye yakadzvinyirira Purezidhendi Kennedy kuronga mutemo wakakwana wekodzero dzevanhu.

March paWashington (1963)

Yakaitwa pana August 28, 1963, March paWashington nokuda kwaJobs neRusununguko yakanga iri ratidziro hurusa munhau yeUnited States panguva iyoyo, navatori rutivi vanopfuura 250 000. Yakaguma mu “Ndine Chiroto” nokutaura uye yakaisa dzvinyiriro huru yetsika paCongress kupfuudza Civil Rights Act.

Selma KuMontgomery Marchs (1965)

Vatambi muSelma, Alabama, vakashanda kunyoresa vavhoti asi vakatarisana nevhiringidzo dzakarongwa. Rwendo kubva kuSelma kuenda kuMontgomery, guta guru renyika, rwakasangana namasimba masimba pana March 7/Zuva Svondo (Zvehondo) apo varwi vehurumende vakadenha vakwikwidzi vane rugare. Televiced parapy tsigiro yeVoting Rights Act. Pashure pedziviriro yedare, kufora kunobudirira kwakasvika Montgomery pana March 25.

Matambudziko Akasangana Neboka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Pasinei nezvarakaita kare, sangano racho rakatarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakakomba — zvose zviri zviviri zvokunze nezvomukati — izvo zvakaderedza kutapura kwaro kwokukurumidza uye zvakaparira mavanga asingaperi.

Kurwisana Nechisimba uye Kudzvinyirirwa Nehurumende

MuSouth mose, vashingairi vakatarisana namasimba masimba outsinye aibva kumapurisa, Ku Klux Klan, uye vachenjeri. Kuponda kwenhamba dzakafanana naMedgar Evers, kubhomba kwechechi kweBirmingham kwakauraya vasikana vaduku vana, uye kupondwa kwavashandi vekodzero dzavagari vemo James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, uye Michael Schwerner muMissississippi mukati ma194 eRight’s Freemmer kwakanga kuri mienzaniso yakakomba. Masangano emitemo okutarisira, kubatanidza PFBIBI pasi paJ. Edgar Hoover, akaparira kungwarira, uye kuparadzwa kwamapoka ekodzero dzavagari vemo negadziriro yehurumende kupfurikidza neCINTELPRO, masangano eOKCCCCC, uye Black Party.

Kupesana Kwomukati Panzvimbo Pekushandisa Sayenzi Nepfungwa

Sezvo sangano racho rakafambira mberi, kusawirirana kwakatanga pakati pamasangano anotsigira kusateerera kwevagari vemo kwamasimba masimba naavo vaifarira zvikuru kusvika. Kukwira kweBlack Power, kwakadzorwa naStokely Carmichael (pashure Kwame Ture) nevamwe, kwakataura kuti kusarwisana namasimba masimba kwakanga kusina kukwana mukurwisana nedzvinyiriro yegadziriro yetsika uye kwakadanirwa nokuda kwokuzvidzora kweBlack - dissorder. SNCC naCRE vakatendeukira kuMasimba eBlack, nepo SCLCL yakaramba yakazvipira kumuenzaniso usati uri wesimba. Dzimwe nguva mapoka aya aidzivisa chiito chikabatana uye akaparadzanisa vamwe vachena.

Kudzivisa Mutemo Neganhuriro Dzomutemo

Mitezo yeMadokero yeCongress yakarwisana nerwisano yakabatanidza mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, ichishandisa vanabusters uye nzira dzeparamende kunonotsa kuvhota. Kunyange pashure pokunge mitemo yapfuudzwa, kugadzirwa kwaiwanzononoka kana kuti kudziviswa. Gadziriro dzokutarisira kodzero dzechivoridzo pakutanga dzakanga dzaneta, uye Voting Rights Act yakatarisana nezvinetso, kubatanidza kutonga kweDare Gurusa re 2013 mu Shelby County v. Raker[ yakabvisa chirongwa chinokosha chekudzora, kuchitungamirira kukudzorerwa kwemitemo yemavhoterai uye mimwe ganhuriro.

Kusaenzana Kwemari Kunopfuurira

Rukundo rwapamutemo haruna kungoerekana rwava mururamisiro yezvoupfumi. Nzanga dzeAfrica dzakapfuurira kutarisana nourovha hwakakwirira, urombo, rusaruro rwedzimba, uye kuganhurirwa kwokuwana dzimbahwe. Nheyo yesangano racho pakodzero dzevagari vemo(h], kubvisa, kubvisa nzvimbo dzokugara dzavose) hachina kupedza zvizere kusaenzana kwemari. Martin Luther King Jr. akaziva mukaha uyu mumakore ake apashure, achitanga Chirongwa cheProut People’s Campaice muna 1968 kukumbira kodzero dzemari, asi kuuraya kwake kwakapfupikisa nhamburiko iyoyo.

Nhaka Yeboka Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Civil Rights Movement yakasiya nhaka yakasiyana - siyana inopfuurira kuumba nzanga yeAmerica uye kurwira kodzero dzevanhu munyika yose.

  • Mitemo yemitemo: Mitemo nezvisarudzo zvedare zvenhambo yacho zvinoramba zviri zvehwaro. Chibvumirano cheCovil Rights, Voting Rights Act, uye Fair House Hosley Act ya1968 inogovera zvishandiso zvepamutemo zvokurwisa rusaruro, kunyange zvazvo chichida kuzvidzivirira nguva dzose.
  • Kufemera nokuda kweNhamba dzapashure: Nzira dzesangano racho ([FLT])] chiito chakananga, kuronga nzanga, kukwikwidza, uye kunyunyuta kukuru(kwave kwakagadziridzwa navanotonga, LGBTQ+, mhoteredzo, uye masangano ekodzero dzevatami. Black Live Matter, yakavamba muna 2013, zvakajeka patsika dzavanhu apo inokurukura masimba masimba namarudzi echipurisa mumugariro mutsva.
  • Kurwisana Kunopfuurira: Hondo yokurwisana norudzi runodzikatidzwa inopfuurira. Nhau dzakadai sekusungwa kwavazhinji, kudzvinyirirwa kwavavhoti, kurova kwedzimba, uye miganhu yepfuma zvinosimbisa basa risina kupedzwa. Nhaka yesangano racho inotiyeuchidza kuti fambiro mberi haisati iri muganhu kana kuti yakasimba.
  • Kudzidza uye Kuziva zvakaitika kare: Mutemo weChivil Rights Kodzero yava rutivi rwomupimo rwenhau yeAmerica, kunyange zvazvo nharo dzichipfuurira pamusoro penzira yadzinodzidziswa nayo (*) senhauro yorukundo yokukunda kana kuti serwisano isati yapera. Kushanyira nzvimbo dzenhau dzakadai seNational Civil Rights Museum muMemphis kana kuti Legacy Museum muMontgomery kunopa nzwisiso huru zvikuru.

mhedziso

Chivil Rights Movement yema1950 nama1960 yakabviswa muhurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica, ichiwana chinjo dzapamutemo dzakaparadza kuvakwa kwaJim Crow parback ndokukudza chiverengero chavanhu chavanhu kumamirioni. Asi sangano racho rakanga risati riri nhau yakapfava yorukundo; rakanga riri hondo yakaoma, inorwadza, yakarwisana nesimba rakadzika midzi, chishoro chamasimba masimba, uye kusabvumirana kwomukati. Kubudirira kwaro kwakanga kwakaoma kupfurikidza nechibairo nokuronga vanhu vasingaverengeki, vazhinji vavo vanoramba vasingasarumbidziri. Zvinetso zvakatarisana nejeka, kusaenzana kwemari, kupesana kwezve kwezvemari, kurwisana nezvimiro zvitsva nhasi. Kufunda Gadza Garation ganisition yeChibvumirano cheChibharo cheChibharo cheChibhana, uye kusawirirana nedzikamo kwadzo dzomukati dzoga dzose hakukodzekeyi bedzi nhau kurudza kupfurikidza nokushongedzera zivo itsva nokuna kuvaka basa renzanga zvirokwazvo.