Masangano Emitemo Ekare: Dawn of Codified Justice

Gadziriro dzemitemo dzekaresa dzakanga dzisina kusiana norudzidziso kana kuti tsika; dzakanga dziri ratidziro dzetsika yenyika yenzanga. MuMesopotamia yakare, Code yaHammurabi (ichinenge 17544 BCE) yakatanga imwe yemitemo yakanyorwa. Yaiva nemitemo inofukidza zvinhu, kutengeserana, mhuri, uye mabasa outsotsi. Nheyo yayo yakakurumbira ye “ziso reziso” rakakurumbira, asi murairo wakapinzwawo zvirango zveboka ramarefuro. Vanhu navaranda vakabatwa nenzira yakasiana. Iyi mitemo yakapesvedzera gare gare gare gare magamuchidzanwa omutemo eEastern East.

MuEgipita yekare, mutemo waitorwa mumurangariro wa Ma’at (zvokwadi, nhevedzano). Farao akabatira savatongi vakuru, uye gakava rapamutemo raipedzwa namadare omunzvimbomo. Mhaka dzeutsotsi dzaiwanzorangwa nefaindi, kurohwa, kana kuti kutapwa panzvimbo porufu. Gadziriro yemitemo yakasimbisa kudzorera tsinhirano panzvimbo pechirango chakachena.

Nheyo dzemitemo dzakagara zvikuru dzakabva kuRoma. mutemo weRoma wakavapo kwamazana amakore, kubva pa 12, Tables (451-450 BCE) kusvikira kuidzo huru pasi paMambo Justinian muzana ramakore 6 CE([FL:] [[FLT]] Colistics . Vatongi veRoma vakatanga mifungo yakaita [[[FLT:]] mifungo yemitemo [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [idzo dzenyika yose] dzeruramisiro), [[FLT] [FLT] [inoshandiswawose mativi enyika] pakati penyika yavose, [FLT], uye mativi enyika akabuda muano.[FLT]

Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru mipiro yeRoma, ona [[FLT: 0] Britannica kupetwa kwemutemo weRoma.

Mazera Apakati: Mutemo Wavose, ChiFodalism, uye Magna Carta

Kuwa kwoUmambo hweRoma yokuMadokero kwakatungamirira kumiitiro yapamutemo yakakamukana yakavakirwa patsika dzamarudzi neukama hwemibatanidzwa. MuEngland, chinoitika chinokosha chakanga chiri kubuda kwomutemo wavose pasi paMambo Henry II (zana ramakore rechi12). Panzvimbo petsika dzomunzvimbomo dzakasiana nenharaunda, vatongi voumambo vakafamba nyika ndokuita gadziriro yakabatana yenhau inowirirana yaibatanidza zvinoitika zvomunguva yemberi. Iyi gamuchidzanwa rakava chiratidzo chemiitiro yemitemo yeBritain neAmerica.

Magna Carta yakanga iri nhambo yechiratidzo. Yakamanikidzirwa pana Mambo John namabhirono anopandukira, yakasimbisa kuti mambo akanga asina kupfuura mutemo. Claus anovimbisa muitiro wakafanira. Yakadai sekodzero kumuedzo wakarurama wezera rako ."Itsika yemitemo yapashure yakaita seU.S. Bill of Rights. Magna Carta yakaganhurirawo mutero wetsika nemhoshoro yezvinhu, kusima mbeu nokuda kwekodzero dzezvinhu nekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Chitendero chehurumende chakagadzira gadziriro yapamutemo yakavharwa: madzishe akatonga matare avo nokuda kwezvirango zvavo, matare ehurumende akatonga gakava revarimi, uye mutemo (mudare) waidzora roorano, nhaka, uye mhaka dzavafundisi. Mutemo wetsotsi wakaramba une hasha, nechirango nokuuraya zvinozivikanwa nokuda kwokuba, kupandukira, uye kupanduka. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwe [[FLT: 0] kutonga nenhamo [[[[FLT: 1]] (g., kubata simbi inopisa) kwakaderera seChechi nematare amatare outongi akatendera kutonga.

Pakasvika pakupera kweMiddle Ages, dzidzo yapamutemo yakabudirira pamayunivhesiti akadai seBologna neOxford. Nyanzvi dzakamutsidzira mutemo weRoma, dzichiita ius sumation (mutemo wavose weEurope) uyo wakabatanidza Roma, chinyorwa, uye tsika dzomunzvimbomo. Iyi fandesheni youchenjeri yakagadzirira vhu nokuda kwechinjo dzeChenjeredzo.

Mutemo Wakarurama Nebvunzurudzo

Chechi yeKaturike yakakudziridza gadziriro yayo imene yemitemo . mutemo [_kare] , masakramende, uye mhaka dzetsika. Dare, rakatangwa muzana ramakore rechi 13, rakagadzira miitiro yetsika yokunzvera kutsauka. Kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji yakabatanidzwa nokutambudza nokudzvinyirira, Dare reDare rakapinzawo mufungo we miitiro ye [ miganhu] (kunzvera kwokutonga kwapamutemo), uko gare gare kwakachinja miitiro yeutsotsi yeEurope. pamutemo yavagari vemo neutsotsi yakanga ichiri inowirirana; utsotsi hwakawanda hwakaita kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvive nemiuyo yorudzidziso nemiuyo yenyika.

Kujekeswa: Kunzwisisa, Kodzero, uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Kuviriswa kwoungwaru kwezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18 ($[FLT: 0]] Chiedza []] (__fregingly production proftwaress) yakaraira kuti mutemo uve wakavakirwa pahwaro hwendangariro, maruramiro omuzvarirwo, uye chibvumirano chenzanga, kwete murairo woumwari kana kuti chishuvo choumambo.

[[FLT:] John Locke akarangarira kuti vanhu vane maruramiro anotapurwa kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu, uye hurumende iyoyo inofanira kudzivirira idzi maruramiro. Manteusquieu[[[FLT:]] akarevererwa nokuda kwokuparadza masimba (kuparadza, chirango) kudzivisa udzvinyiriri (nheyo) yakapinzwa mumabumbiro emitemo azvino uno akawanda. [FLT:]] Areciaria [[[FLT:] mu [FLT:] paCrigs nerations[F] pa [FOLT])] vhitiroct: [5] , kutambudza, kutambudza, uye chirango, chirango chapa.[5]

Mifungo yevhenekero yakanyandura chinjo dzapamutemo muEurope yose neAmerica. Chinjo yeAmerican yakabudisa Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. (1787) uye Bill wekodzero (1791), kugadza gadziriro yehurumende, kutonga nedare, uye dziviriro mukurwisana nekodzero dzomunhu neutsinye. [[FLT:] Chinjo yeFrance [[[FLT]] Chinjo yemakero yemagariro echikwerete [[FLT:] ndokusimbisa maruramiro ekodzero dzomunhu nedzechigadziko [[FLT] [FLT] [5:] [79], iyo yakazivisa vagari vose vakaberekerwa pamberi pomutemo napapo.

Rimwe ramabasa makurusa rakanga riri sangano rokunatsiridza . Pamberi pekujekeswa, mitemo yakanga yakapararira, ichipesana, uye kazhinji kazhinji yakavanzika. Vachinji vaida mitemo yakajeka, inowanika yaigona kunzwisiswa navanhuwo zvavo. Napolonic Confect [1804]) yakanga iri chinyorwa chakakurumbira zvikurusa chavagari vemo chakabvisa kupesana, chinovimbisa kodzero dzezvinhu, uye chakagadza roorano yenyika nechatanuro. Yakashanda somuenzaniso wemabumbiro remitemo muItaly, Spain, Latin America, uye kunyange mativi enyika yeMiddle America. Nokuda kwetanhando, ona [FLD:]

Zana Remakore rechi19: Kubatanidzwa, Kubudirira Mune Zvokugadzira Zvinhu, uye Kodzero Dzenzanga

Zana ramakore rechi19 rakava nokukura kukuru mumutemo nemhaka yokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinjwa kwemaguta, uye masangano enzanga. Mutemo wavagari vemo wakakudzwa kuva nharaunda itsva: bvumirano yomutemo wetort (neglice nemutoro), uye mutemo wesangano. German Civil Common [ [BB, 1900] yakava mumwe muenzaniso mukuru, unozivikanwa nokuda kwegadziriro yayo yorumano nerururamiro.

Mutemo weutsotsi wakashandurawo. Masimba mazhinji akabvisa kuuraya kwapachena ndokuderedza chiverengero chemhosva dzamahombe. donzo rakafanira rakawana masumo aifungidzirwa kuva anochinja vapari vemhosva, kwete kuvaranga chete. Penal Code yeFrance [[FLT] [FLT] [1810]) yakafuridzirwa mitemo yakafanana muEurope, kusuma mapoka outsotsi (matsotsi, mabhii, maza, mazasimendi, maza.)

Kodzero dzebasa dzakabuda sebazu idzva romutemo. Vashandi vemaindasitiri vakatarisana nemigariro ine ngozi, maawa akawanda, uye mibhadharo yakaderera.

Kodzero dzavakadzi dzakavambawo kuchinja mutemo wehurumende. Nzvimbo yavakadzi yakaitwa navakadzi Mabasa muEngland neUnited States zvakabvumira vakadzi vakaroorwa kuva nezvinhu zvavo nokupinda zvibvumirano, zvichidenha dzidziso yavose yomutemo yokuvharwa (iyo yaiisa kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwomudzimai mumurume wake). Zvisinei, kuva nomwero wapamutemo wakaramba uri nharidzano iri kure.

Masangano echiOperation akagumisa nenzira inobudirira kutengeswa kwavaranda nouranda mumarudzi mazhinjisa okuMadokero pakasvika kupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19. 13th Amendment (1865) uye Emancation Proclation [1863]) yakamirira chinjo dzechidengenyeka mumutemo wevagari vemo neweutsotsi (varwi) (vasirizve vagari vemo) asi vane dziviriro yakaenzana. Zvisinei, mitemo yeCrow yakakurumidza kuisa dzinza idzva, inoratidzira sei mutemo uri wose uri muviri unokwanisa kusunungura nokudzvinyirira.

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Kodzero Dzevanhu, Mutemo Wenyika Dzose, uye Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose

Hondo mbiri dzenyika neKuparadza kwakaitika kwakaparira bvumirano yenyika yose yokuti kodzero huru dzavanhu dzinofanira kudzivirirwa nomutemo (hakusi nemarudzi chete, asi nenzanga yamarudzi ose. United Nations yakavambwa muna 1945, uye Kuzivisa kwechibvumirano kwekodzero dzevanhu [ [1948]) kugadza mupimo wavose: munhu ari wose ane kodzero youpenyu, chengeteko, chengeteko, kutongwa kwakarurama, rusununguko rwekutaura, uye zvakawanda. Kunyange zvazvo zvisina kubatira pamutemo, kwakanyandura zvibvumirano zvakawanda nemitemo.

Mutemo wenyika yose weutsotsi wakabuda senzvimbo yakasiyana. Dare reNumber [1945-46] rakasimbisa kuti vanhu vaigona kunzi vane mhaka dzemhosva dzoutsotsi muvanhu, mhosva dzehondo, uye kuuraya rudzi, kunyange kana vakaita vachirayirwa. Genoc Convention[[FLT]]Genecide [[[FLT]] [1948]] [inorondedzerwa nokuparadza rudzi. Muna 2002, Dare reCrimianctic Comment [FLT:] [FLT]]

Mumhuri, masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo munyika dzakawanda akakudza ukuru hwemutemo wevagari vemo. Civil Rights Act (1964) rusaruro rwakarambidzwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika. [[FLT:]][2] Vation Rights Act[[FLT]] [65]] [65]) yakagumisa mhinganidzo dzapamutemo dzokuvhotera maAmerica. Mutemo wetsorororo kwakachinjawo: [[FLT:] .[FLT]] [FLT:]] [4] Hondo yemirimo[FL:] [FLT] [FL:] [5] [5] [5] [mudare wedare gurusa rehurumende] (F.F.N]

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakareva kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakafambidzana nenzira inowedzera. Ruzivo rwemicheto yemichero yapamucheto rwaida mitemo yakatsinhiraniswa yaidiwa ne UN Convention paContracts paSalvate of Goods [CISG] muenzaniso mukuru. Kubviswa kwemitengo yemitemo yamarudzi ose kwakava nzira inozivikanwa zvikuru yokupedza nayo kakavadzano dzebhizimisi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu waidzvinyirira kuchinja miitiro yedzimba, kuvambira pakubviswa kwechirangoridzo yorufu munyika dzakawanda kusvikira pakuitwa pamutemo kweroorano imwe cheteyo yetevekisi.

Masangano Emitemo Akazovapo Pashure Penyika Yacho

Kuparadzwa pashure peHondo yeNyika II kwakaona marudzi matsva akazvimirira achitarisana nezvisarudzo zvakakomba pamusoro pegadziriro dzawo dzemitemo. Masangano akawanda akachengetwa emitemo yavagari vemo vavo vawo muyaichimbova nyika dzeBritain, mutemo wavagari vemo muyaichimbova nyika dzeFrance kana kuti Spanish (asiwo akabatanidza mutemo wetsika negamuchidzanwa remo. Somuenzaniso India, yakachengeta mutemo wavose weEngland asi yakagadzawo mutemo wehurumende wakabatana unotaura nezveroorano, nhaka, uye mitemo yomunhu oga.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Ruramisiro Yenzanga, uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Masangano apamutemo anhasi anotarisana nechinjo inokurumidzisa yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. mutemo weCyber kero dzokucheka, kuba kuzivisa, kombiyuta, utsotsi hwepaIndaneti, uye kuvandika mashoko. General Data Protection Regatemplifict[ [GDPR] muEurope Union (kushanda kwa2018) yakagadza chiratidzo chenyika yose chokudzivirira mashoko omunhu oga, kuisa faindi huru nokuda kwokupunza. Zvino mutemo wetsoropoti unobatanidza utsotsi hwakafanana nerudzikinuro, zvino, kutsiva shayisa maza.

Ungwaru hwokugadzira hunomutsa mibvunzo mitsva: Ndiani anofanira kupiwa apo motokari inozviparira tsaona? Chiratidzo chemitemo yehurumende chinogona kunzi chine mhaka netsotsi? Mutemo wehurumende uri kuchinjira nerondedzero itsva dzechitoyi, nepo mutemo weutsotsi uchikakavadzana kushandiswa kweII mukufanonyora mapurisa nokupa mvumo. Kubvira kwetsauko mumirairo yemitemo kwakanyandura zvikumbiro zvokuva pachena nokuzvidavirira.

[[FLT:] Sangano redare reruramisiro ramanikidza kurangarira norwusarura rwemiitiro yedzinza nekusaenzana. [[FLT:] Masangano] Marudzi Matema Marudzi Mane [ akasimbisa utsinye hwamapurisa nokusungwa kwavazhinji, kuchitungamirira kukumbira kuti mapurisa adzike, kubvisa mari inobhadharwa, uye kubvisa zvitendero zvembanje. [[FLT:]] ruramisiro inodzorwa purogiramu dzinosangana navanyajambwa uye kushanda kukuvadza nokukuvadza majeri.

Mutemo wemhoteredzo ndimumwe muganhu. Chinjo yemamiriro okunze mukurwisana nehurumende namasangano anoshandisa zvose zviri zviviri zvikwereti zvehurumende (muremo, zvinosembura) nemirau youtsotsi (mutomo, kushatiswa kusiri kwapamutemo). Paris Aptional (2020) chishandiso chemitemo yakapfava, asi matare edzimba akavamba kumanikidza hurumende kuita pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvemamiriro okunze.

Nokuda kwezvinoitika zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mukuchinja kweruramisiro youtsotsi, ona The Sevening Project’s on and advocacy[[FLT: 1].

Nguva Yemberi: Ruramisiro Yokudzorera, Kuwana, uye Ruzivo Rwemitemo Rwapasi Pose

Kutarira mberi, miitiro inoverengeka inokarakadza kuti mutemo wavagari vemo nowemhaka uchapfuurira sei kushandura. ruramisiro yeRecurection ingagona kuva imwe nzira huru yemhosva dzakawanda, kuderedza chiverengero chavagari vetorongo uye kunangidzira ngwariro panzanga dzokuporesa. Kuedza kururamisira zvirongwa zvokushandisa ruzivo rwemitemo, yamuro, uye miitiro yakapfavisa(--aim kuvhara mukaha pakati pomutemo navanhuwo zvavo.]

Kubatanidzwa kwomutemo kungangowedzera. Tsika dzamarudzi ose (mh., pakodzero dzevanhu, kutengeserana, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo) kuchapesvedzera nenzira inowedzera gadziriro dzomumusha. Zvitendero zvemitemo (panomira mizhinji yemitemo inogara munyika imwe (mhino., matare ezvitendero, matare emadzinza, matare ehurumende)

Pakupedzisira, wirirano yomutemo wavagari vemo nowemhaka ingawedzera. Somuenzaniso, kupara mhaka kwebhizimisi kunodzika mitsetse pakati pomutemo wavagari vemo nechirango choutsotsi. Kurasikirwa kwevagari vomunyika imwe (kuita zvinhu pasina utsotsi) kwakakweva nokushorwa nokuda kwokuputsa muitiro wakafanira. Nguva yemberi ingaona miganhu yakajeka zvikuru kana kuti miitiro mizhinji yemivhenga.

Mukupfupikisa, kutanga kwemutemo wehurumende nowematsotsi hakusi kutevedzana kwemitemo asi kukurukurirana kunoramba kuchiitwa pakati pekurongeka norusununguko, chirango, tsika dzemunyika yacho nekodzero dzevanhu vose.