Kupindirana Kunowedzera Pakati Pomutemo Wenyika Dzakawanda Nokuparadza Mudzimba

Muzana ramakore rapfuura, pesvedzero yomutemo wamarudzi ose pamusoro pemiitiro yevagari vemo yakabva paitiro yenzvimbo yeitiro yemamiririri kuva rutivi rukuru rwemitemo yedare rehurumende. Sezvo kutengeserana kwemitsetse yedare, kutama, uye kurukurirano yemitauro zvinokurumidza, matare enyika anoramba achitarisana nemibvunzo yapamutemo iyo inopfuvura miganhu yawo amene. Iyi simba rakachinja nzira iyo vatongi vanodudzira nayo mitemo, nzira iyo varapi vemitemo vanoumba nayo nharo dzavo, uye nzira iyo nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinonzwisisa nayo mamiriro echisarudzo chomutemo. Kureve kuva mutumbi uri kure wemitemo inochengeterwa ukama hwehurumende kusvikira kuruwa, mutemo wamarudzi ose zvino unotapura zvakananga nayo rwisa rwisano dzezuva nezuva kuchengeteko yavana, kubva panzvimbo dzinotaura kuva dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova nemhaka. Nyaya dzinonzvera nayo nzira idzo mutemo wamarudzi ose dzinoumba matare avagari vemo, nzvimbo dzavagari vemo, uye zvinetso zvinodzo dzinodzorwa neiyi.

Kuti tinzwisise ukuru hweiyi pesvedzero, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa mapoka ehwaro omutemo wamarudzi ose negadziriro dzerondedzero dzinosarudza nzira idzo nyika dzinogamuchira nayo iyi tsika. Ipapo bedzi tinogona kunzvera nzira chaidzo umo zvibvumirano, mutemo wetsika, uye zvisarudzo zvamarudzi ose zvinopinda mukutonga kwenyika. Muuyo igadziriro yakaoma asi inowirirana nenzira inowedzera inovavarira tsinhirano mukupesana nepo tichiitira uchangamire hwamarudzi mamwe.

Mavambo Omutemo Wemarudzi Ose Nokushanda Kwawo Mumba

Kwakabva Mutemo Wemarudzi Ose

Mutemo wamarudzi ose unobva mumanyuko makuru matatu: zvibvumirano (zvibvumirano zvakanyorwa pakati pemibatanidzwa), mutemo wetsika wamarudzi ose (miitiro unotaura kuti unotevera mumurangariro womusengwa wapamutemo), uye nheyo dzavose dzomutemo dzinozivikanwa namarudzi akabudirira. Tsamba dzinowanzobatanidza tsika dziripo kana kuti kuita mitemo mitsva panhau dzinovambira pamiganhu yegungwa kusvikira kuzvinhu zvoungwaru. Mutemo wetsika unovamba zvishoma nezvishoma kupfurikidza nokushandisa kwehurumende uye iopiniojuris[[FLT]]] [] chitendero chokuti muitiro unodikanwa pamutemo. Mitemo yakanaka, sokutenda nokurambidzwa kwepfuma isina kururama, unozadza zvikamu apo chibvumirano kana kuti tsika zvinogovera mhinduro yakajeka.

Mabhuku aya haangoshandi mumatare emunyika imwe neimwe.

Kufarira Vaenzi Kunopesana Nemabhadharo: Mienzaniso Miviri Yavakagamuchirwa

Nyika dzinowanzotevera imwe yemitoo miviri yokubatanidza mutemo wamarudzi ose. Mumiitiro yemmonist . "inozivikanwa navose munyika dzakawanda dzemitemo yavagari vemo dzakadai seFrance, Netherlands, uye Argentina" zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinova rutivi rwomutemo wenyika parusarirano, kazhinji kazhinji nechiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Mutongi wemonist anogona kushandisa zvakananga gadziriro yebvumirano munhau yevagari vemo pasina kumirira kushandisa mutemo. Somuenzaniso, European Convention on Human Rights yakashandiswa zvakananga nematare eFrance mugakavandaro pamusoro pezvakavanzika nezvinhu.

Mugadziriro mbiri dzemitemo yavose yakadai seUnited Kingdom, Australia, uye India(nzi yamarudzi ose) zvibvumirano zvinoda zvirongwa zvemitemo kuti zvive netapuro yevhu. Chibvumirano icho chimene chingasakumbirwa zvakananga navatsigiri, asi kushandisa mutemo ndo. Mutemo wetsika wenyika yose, zvisinei, unowanzobatwa zvakasiana: matare mazhinji emitemo anozivikanwa navose anoirangarira sechikamu chemutemo wavose kutoti chikapesana nomutemo. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S., somuenzaniso, rakarangarira rarangarirazve kuti mutemo wetsika wamarudzi ose wenyika yose ndowemadonzo akati, sezvinotaurwa pasi peAlien Tort sgcon.

Iyi misiano yefungidziro inoparira misiano inoshanda mukupesvedzera kunoita mutemo wevagari vemo. Munyika dzemondist, mutengi angadudza zvakananga chibvumirano chokutsigira chibvumirano. Munyika dzinotsigira chibvumirano. Munyika mbiri, chibvumirano chimwe chetecho chingapesvedzera bedzi kutsanangurwa kwemirau yomumba kupfurikidza ne principle yokududzira kwechitsikiso chenguva dzose[ [majastiquence] anofunga kuti Paramendime akanga asingafungiri kuputsa misengwaro yenyika yose. Iyi nzira isina kunanganira kutonge ichiri miuyo, asi kupfurikidza nenzira yedzidziso yakasiana.

Mavambo Enhau Nokukura Kwazvino Uno

Pesvedzero yomutemo wamarudzi ose pabvumirano dzavagari vemo dzemhuri haisati iri chiitiko chenguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Vazivi vapakuvamba vazvino uno vakafanana naHugo Grotius naEmer de Vattel vakanyora zvikuru pamusoro pomutemo wamarudzi anotapura maruramiro avanhu, zvikurukuru mukutengeserana kwapagungwa nomumubayiro. Pakuzosvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose pamusoro pekodzero dzekodzero dzehurumende, nzvimbo dzeindasitiri, uye kutakura zvinhu negungwa kwakavamba kuoneka. Berne Convention (1886) neParamende yeParis yakanga iri mienzaniso yapakuvamba yezvibvumirano zvemitengo zvapashure penyika dzakawanda izvo zvaida kuti zvitese mipimo miduku muganhuro yapapo pakavandikano dzavanhu.

Kuputika kwomutemo wamarudzi ose pashure peHondo yeNyika II kwakakurumidzisa iyi kombamiro. Kuumbwa kweChibatanwa chaMarudzi, Dare reNyika Yose reRusarudzo, uye masangano akarovedzeka zvakatungamirira kuzvibvumirano zvitsva pakodzero dzavanhu, kushambadza, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye mutemo wakavanzika wamarudzi ose. Hague Conference on Private International Law, yakavambwa muna 1893 asi yakavandudzwazve pashure pa 1945, yakabudisa kokorodzano dzine simba pabasa, kutora ufakazi, kukwidzwa kwavana, uye chisarudzo chebumbiro. Izvi zvishandiso zvakagadzirwa zvikurukuru kuti zvibetsere matare omumba mukuita nhau dzevagari vemo, kuderedza kutenga nokudzosanwa kwemitongo.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwemibato yezvemari kwakasimudzirazve kuwirirana. UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) zvino inodzora kupfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemitengo yose yebhizimisi renyika yose. Zvibvumirano zveWorld Trade Organization zvinogadza mipimo yokutarisira zvinhu zvemhuri. Uye dare riri kukura remitemo yemari yemari munyika yose, inobatanidzwa muzviuru zvezvibvumirano zvemari, yakaita kuti matare enyika adzokorore mabasa okutarisira kutengeserana anotapura vatengesi vokune dzimwe nyika. Zviitiso izvi zvinomirira nzira inoita kuti tsika dzenyika dzakawanda dzipinde uye dzipesve pfungwa dzevatongi vevagari vemo.

Kushandisa Kufurira Mumashoko

Kushandiswa Kwakananga KweTsitsi Netsika

Mumasangano emonist, kushandiswa kwakananga kwezvibvumirano muitiro wakananga zvikurusa. dare ravagari vemo ringavimba negadziriro yebvumirano semutemo unodzora umo chibvumirano chiri chokuzviuraya chakanyorwa nenzira inoparira maruramiro kana kuti misengwa inomanikidzirwa pasina mumwe mutemo. Somuenzaniso, Chikamu 2 cheCISG chinopa mitemo yokupa nokugamuchira mukutengesa kwamarudzi ose. Dare reGermany kana kuti Switzerland rinotarisana negakava pakati pemapoka akasiyana - siyana enyika dzeCISG richashandisa mitemo iyoyo zvakananga, mutemo mukuru wokutengesa wemudzimba unochinja.

Mutemo wetsika wamarudzi ose unofarikanyawo pesvedzero yakananga mumasangano mazhinji apamutemo. Dzidziso ye mutemo wamarudzi mumutemo wapakuvamba weAmerica yakabvumira matare kusarudza mhaka dzakavakirwa pamitemo yetsika inodzora chimbichimbi, mubairo, uye maropafadzo ehama. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza kuziva kudzivirira dziviriro kwapamutemo uye chiito chedzidziso yenyika. MuUnited Kingdom, Imba yaMasisters mu [FLT:] r. Bow Street Metropolitan Spendiary Magistry, ar systemite, divice Pinoch [[FLT] [1999]) yaidavira kuti kurambidza kwetsika kwedzidziso yehurumende kutambudzwa kugona kukurira mutsika yagara iripo kurutivi rwehurumende. Nepo nhau iyoyo inobatanidza mutemo wapamutemo wavagari vemo mumitenzi vomunyika yehurumende yavagari vemo kana kuti voruzhinji inogona kumutsa kurwisana nemitemo yavagari vemo.

Kunzwisisa Kunodzidziswa Nevanhu Vemarudzi Akawanda

Kunyange apo chibvumirano chinenge chisati chichishanda zvakananga, matare edzimba anowanzotarira kumutemo wemarudzi ose seyamuro. Ikoku kunoitika kupfurikidza nezvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvedzidziso. Charmarming Betsy Holy ecreads] Holy Holy est muU. mutemo unorairidza matare kuturikira mirau nenzira isingaputsi mutemo wamarudzi ose, kana zvichibvira. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare reEurope reRumbiro remitemo reEU rinofanira kuturikirwa nguva dzose nezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose izvo EU iri chikwata. Uye mabumbiro emitemo enyika anobatanidza gadziriro dzokudairwa kwekodzero dzinokosha mukujeka kwekodzero dzavanhu.

Iri basa rokududzira rakakurumbira zvikuru mumhiko dzavagari vemo dzinobatanidza mitemo yapamusha isina kujeka kana kuti yakavhurwa. Somuenzaniso, dare rinorondedzera mutemo wedziviriro wemutengi wemhuri ringarangarira UN Guidelines for Constections kuti izive revo ye "kusashanda kwechiuto." dare remhuri rinosarudza fariro dzakanakisisa dzomwana ringanongedzera kuUN Convention on the Rights of the Child, kunyange kana nyika isati yanyatsoishandisa. Tsarudzo dzakadaro dzinopfumisa kurangarira kwedare uye dzinosimudzira kusawirirana nemipimo yenyika yose pasina kuda kuti ive.

Kuedza Kubvumirana Kwakaitwa Nemasangano Emarudzi Ose

Masangano enyika dzakawanda anoshanda nesimba kutsinhiranisa mitemo yevagari vemo, kuderedza rwisano nokubatana. Sangano reUN on International Trade Law (UNCTRAL) rinogadzira mitemo yokuenzanisira pakuchinja, kunyungudutsa, kutengeserana kwemagetsi, uye mari inobhadharwa mumitengo. Iyi mitemo yokuenzanisira inowanzogamuchirwa nemitemo yehurumende yenyika, inotungamirira kukusabatana. Nenzira yakafanana, International Institute for Unication of Private Law (UNIDIT) inoumba nheyo dzemitemo yezvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvenyika yose izvo matare anodudza nenzira inowedzera kunyange mumashoko asingadi kubatana.

Hague Conference on Private International Law inopfuurira kugadzira kokorodzano dzinoita kuti miitiro inodikanwa nokuda kwekupesana kwemiganhu. Chisarudzo cha2005 cheDare Kokorodzano yeDare neChibvumirano cha 2019 Kuziva kuti zvitsama zvokusarudza uye mitongo zvinovapo zvinozivikanwa kumativi ose. Sezvo dzimwe nyika dzinobatanidza izvi zviridzwa, matare omumba anozviwana amene achishanda mukati memisengwa mizhinji yemisengwa yehurumende inoparira kufamba kweruramisiro yavagari vemo.

Masangano eruwa anoitawo basa. European Union yakabatanidza miganhu mikuru yomutemo womunhu oga kupfurikidza nemirairo nemirairo nejeri("mutemo webumbiro remitemo, mutoro wezvigadzirwa, dziviriro yemashoko, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Dare reRuramisiti reEuropean Union rinovimbisa kududzira zvakafanana, uye matare enyika anofanira kutevera mitemo yawo. MuAfrica, Dare reAfrica rekodzero dzevanhu nedzevanhu uye nzanga dzezvemari dzezvikamu zvakaita seEconomic Community of West African States (ECCONS) ravenga juripurement inopfumisa justicisss inoita kuti pave nenhau dzevagari vemo.

Tapuro Panharaunda Chaidzo Dzokurapa Kwevagari Vemo

Mutemo Wezvokutengeserana

Mutemo wokutengesa wenyika yose muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa womutemo wavagari vemo wamarudzi ose unodzora zvakananga chibvumirano chehurumende. CHISG, ine mitezo inopfuura 90, inopa utongi humwe hwezvibvumirano pakati pebato vezvokutengeserana munyika dzakasiyana- siyana. Apo gakava rinomuka, dare remumba rinofanira kusarudza kana CISG richishanda uye ipapo kushandisa gadziriro dzaro pakuumbwa, misengwa, kuputsa, uye mishonga. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kuti vatongi vasiye mifungo yavose yomumba yakakurumbira . yakadai sokurangarira kana kuti mutemo webhokisi rebhokisi retsoro. Muuyo wacho mutengo wemitemo inodudzwa nenzira inowedzera, kuparira mutemo unodzokororwa kutengwa.

Kupfuura kutengeswa, nheyo dzamarudzi ose dzokumanikidza kugadzirwa, nhamo, uye kutenda kwakanaka zvakapesvedzera mutemo wekondirakiti yemhuri. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, kunyange zvazvo isingasungi, dzinodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji nematare eArbitural uye pane dzimwe nguva nematare enyika. Munhau dzakaoma kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvakawanda mumativi ose, vatongi vanganongedzera kunheyo idzodzi dzokupedza zvikamu kana kuti kupedza mativi.

Mutemo Wemhuri uye Mutemo Wenyika Dzakawanda

Mutemo wemhuri inzvimbo umo mutemo wamarudzi ose wakaita mipiro yakadzama. Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, yakagamuchirwa muna 1980, inoda matare kudzorera nokukurumidza vana vabviswa nenzira isina kururama kunyika yavo yokugara kwomuitiro. Iyi kokorodzano yakagadzirwa nehurumende dzinopfuura 100, uye kunyoreswa kwayo kunobudisa nhevedzano yakatsiga yezvirongwa zvemhuri. matare eHurumende anofanira kududzira ndokushandisa gadziriro dzekokorodzano, kazhinji kazhinji murwisano dzendangariro pakati pavabereki vanobva kunyika dzakasiana-nze.

Matare anowanzotonga nyaya idzi anowanzoreva nezvekokorodzano, kunyange kana mutezo wehurumende waita mitemo inoita kuti mitemo ishande.

Kuda Kubata Mutemo Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Dare rekodzero dzavanhu renyika yose ratambanudzwa mumhesano munzira dzinoverengeka. Vanyajambwa vekushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamaruramiro avanhu pane dzimwe nguva vanounza sututi munyika dzechitatu, vachitsamira pasimba renyika yose kana kuti mirau yakafanana neU.S. Alien Tort Sligte. Muidzi nhau, matare anofanira kusarudza kana mutemo wamarudzi ose uchigovera chisakiso chechiito uye kana uchibvumira sututi kurwisana namasangano ehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru. Gabhuro reLandmark yakaita se Khiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum (2017]) uye [FLT:]] v. . Bank yeArab.[FLD ] [FL:3]] (208]) rinoratidzira sei Dare reUganda reU.

Kupfuura pari pakakwirira zvakadaro, mutemo wamarudzi ose unopesvedzera zvisarudzo zvemhuri zvemuitiro munzira dzakawanda. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakatonga kuti dare renyika dzinofanira kugovera mishonga inobudirira nokuda kwekuvadziko yomunhu oga inoparirwa nemirimo yehurumende kana kuti mitezo yavanhu mumimwe mamiriro ezvinhu. matare eHurumende muDare reEurope remitezo inofanira kurangarira iyi mitemo pakusarudza zvinotaura mari inobhadharwa. Mumitengo yemhoteredzo, kokorodzano dzinobatanidza kushatiswa kwechadenga nemhosva dzemibato ine ngozi dzinogovera mipimo iyo matare enyika.

Zvinhu uye Kubudirira

Mutemo wezvinhu, ungaratidzika kuva wavose, unobatanidzawo mutemo wamarudzi ose. Zvibvumirano zvemitengo yamarudzi ose zvinodzivirira vatengi vokumwe pakubudisira mari pasina muripo, uye dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vapinzi kuti vapinze mari mumatare edzimba akavakirwa pagadziriro dzesungano. matare eHurumende anofanira ipapo kududzira mamiriro echibvumirano, rondedzero yemari, uye mari inodzorwa. UNIDROIT Principles neConvention yeCape Town pamidziyo yendege zvakashandisa mipimo yakati yemitengo yemitengo, zvichitapura maruramiro ezvibvumirano zvemari mumidziyo inotakurwa.

Mutemo wekubudirira unoramba uri mukurusa worudzi, asi EU’s Succendition Regation (650/2012) ine simba rakashata, mutemo unoshanda, uye kuzivikanwa kwemitongo munyika dziri mitezo. Matare munyika dzeEU zvino anoshandisa mutemo mumwe wokusarudza kutevedzana kwomutemo, kazhinji kazhinji achirega kuisa kurwisana kwavo kwegamuchidzanwa kwemitemo. Magungano amarudzi ose achapfavisawo nyika dzomumaruwa.

Zvinetso Nezvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Kuitira Hanya Uchangamire Namaruramiro

Zvichida denho inopfuurira zvikurusa inyanduko pakati pomutemo wamarudzi ose nouchangamire hwenyika. Vamwe vatongi, masangano omutemo, uye vatongi vanorangarira tsika dzamarudzi ose sekupindira kwehurumende yehurumende. Uku kunetseka kunotangira mukurukurirano pamusoro pokuti matare emo ashandei kushandisa zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzavanhu zvamarudzi ose izvo hurumende isina kutendera, kana kuti kana vachifanira kunonokerera matare enyika yose. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, vamwe vatongi venyika vanodzivisa kududza mipimo yokumwe kana kuti yenyika yose panhau dzemitemo yemitemo, vachisimbisa kuti matare anobetsera anobetsera anobetsera avanhu munyika yose anofanira kutsamira pamanyuko eAmerica bedzi.

Kunyange mumasangano ezvemari, vatongi vangazengurira kushandisa mutemo wamarudzi ose kana ukapesana nomutemo wemhuri wakajeka kana kuti gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Nheyo yokuti munguva yapashure mirau inodzorwa nemirau inosanosimbiswa muUnited States uye munyika dzinoverengeka dzehurumende. Apo mutemo wemhuri unova wakajeka uye unorwisana nomusengwa wenyika yose, dare rinofanira kumanikidza mutemo wemhuri kuti utsigire mutengo wokuputsa mutemo wamarudzi ose. Iyi idikamura pesvedzero yemipimo yamarudzi ose mugadziriro ipi neipi umo matare emitemo anochengeta udzori.

Zvinetso Zvokumanikidza Nokushandira

Kufunga kuti dare renyika yose rinoshandisa zvakarurama mutemo wenyika yose, kuisa chisarudzo charo mumiganho kunoramba kuri mhinganidzo inotyisa. Kushaikwa kwegadziriro yokuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe kunoreva kuti mutongo unopiwa mune imwe nyika ungafuratirwa kana kuti kupiwazve mune imwe. Kunyange mukati megadziriro yeRusarudzo rweHague, kuzivikanwa kunodzorwa kunze kwemitemo yavose uye muitiro wakafanira. Nyika dzine gadziriro dzokutonga dzapamberi dzinobudirira dzingashaiwa simba rokuita kuti nyika dzose dziteve mitemo yakaoma, uye kusawirirana kwezvematongerwe enyika kunogona kukanganisa kubatira pamwe.

Uyezve, mutemo wamarudzi ose umene unowanzogovera mipimo mishomanene bedzi, uchisiya rusununguko runokosha nokuda kwemhatsa yomumba. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rinobvumira kuti "munhu anokosha" mukushandisa maruramiro ekokorodzano. CHISG inobvumira mapoka kubvisa kushandiswa kwayo chose chose. Uku kuchinjika, nepo kuri madikanwa nokuda kwokuchengeta mvumo yakafara, kunogona kutungamirira kukushandiswa kunopesana mumativi ose.[1] chinetso icho mutemo wamarudzi ose unorehwa kupedza.

Kuganhurirwa Kwomutemo Wenyika Dzakawanda

Hadzisi nzvimbo dzose dzebvumirano dzavagari vemo dzinotapurwa nomutemo wamarudzi ose. Mutemo wenzvimbo dzedzimba, mitemo yezvigaro zvetsaona dzomukati, mutemo wemhuri nokuda kwavaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano (kunze kweEurope nedzimwe nharaunda shomanene), uye mativi mazhinji okutevedzana anoramba asingatapurwi zvikuru nemipimo yamarudzi ose. Mutemo wamarudzi ose uyo uripo unowanzova wakakamuraniswa, uchitaura migariro chaiyo yemichinjikwa asi uchisiya miganhu mipamhi. Kukuvadza nhamburiko dzinopfuurira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma, semagamuchidzanwa avo emitemo yomumba. Somuenzaniso, chirongwa chebumbiro rezvo rezvokutengeserana renyika yose chakakurukurwa kwamakumi amakore asi chaita fambiro mberi zvishoma.

Kunyange apo mutemo wamarudzi ose unoshanda nenzira yerondedzero, pesvedzero yawo inoshanda inotsamira pakurovedzwa nokudisa zvavatongi vemo. Vatongi vazhinji havana kurovedzana nezvishandiso zvamarudzi ose uye havana mari yokuzvinzvera. Mitemo yemitauro, ndyiko yeshanduro, uye kuwanda kwezvibvumirano zvinogona kuodza mwoyo matare mukubatanidzwa nomutemo wamarudzi ose. Miitiro yedzidzo yepamutemo yakabatanidza zvishoma nezvishoma mutemo wamarudzi ose, asi muitiro wacho hauna kuenzana munyika dzose nemwero yematare.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nemiitiro Yokuwedzera

Chitendero chepesvedzero yomutemo wenyika yose chinonongedzera kukubatanidza kukuru kwevagari vemo. Kutengeswa kwemagetal, mashoko anoyerera, uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira zviri kuparira mibvunzo mitsva yepamutemo iyo pasina hurumende imwe inogona kupindura yoga. General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) yakatobatira somuenzaniso wemitemo yedziviriro yematairwo enyika munyika dzakawanda, uye matare munyika idzodzo anodudzira mitemo yawo yemumba maererano nezvirongwa zveGDPR. International arbitation inopfuurira kubudirira, uye nheyo dzayo dzemitemo dzinogamuchirwa nenzira inowedzera kugamuchirwa nematare omudzimba nokuda kwenhau dzezvokutengeserana.

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inomirira rumwe muganhu. Vapomeri munyika dzinoverengeka vakataura kuti chiito chisina kukwana chehurumende chinopesana nezvibvumirano zvemhoteredzo yamarudzi ose kana kuti misengwa yamaruramiro avanhu. Matare edzimba akatanga kunongedzera Paramende yeParis neIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change mumishumo yavo, kunyange apo mhaka yacho inoiswa sedenho yeimba kana kuti yomutemo unodzora. Mhaka yechiDutch [FLD: 0] Urgenda Foundation v. Netherlands[FLT:] (20) yakaona Dare Rapamusoro reNetherlands richivimba neKonquergion yeEurope pakodzero dzavanhu kuti dzidzore kuderedza kushata, chisarudzo chakapesvedzera mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana muBelgium, Germany, uye United Kingdom Kingdom.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kugadziridzawo kuti mutemo wamarudzi ose unosvika sei matare edzimba. Majekiseni eUnion Paration United Nations Convention neCISG database ye [[ anoita kuti zvinhu zvamarudzi ose zviwanike kupfuura nakare kose. Mitemo yemitemo yeChiratidzo, yakadai se [[FLT:]] Genometic Intelligency Network Network[[] uye nzvimbo dzematunhu, inobvumira vatongi kugoverana zvinoitika nemiitiro yakanakisisa. Iyi mhedziro inokurudzira matare kutarira kudarika miganhuro yemuguta renyika yose.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, kudzivisa nokuzvidzora kungapfuurira. Masangano ePopulist munyika dzinoverengeka akapanikira kuva pamutemo kwomutemo wamarudzi ose, uye vamwe vagadzi vemitemo vakagadza mitemo inoganhurira kushandiswa kwamanyuko okumwe kana kuti amarudzi ose kumatare emo. Dzikamo pakati pokusununguka nokuzvidzora ichapfuurira kushanduka, yakaumbwa nezvinopesvedzera zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvakafanana nezvibvumikiso zvapamutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, dzvinyiriro dzomugariro wepasi pose dzeupfumi hwepasi rose / ukoshi, kutama kwemitengo, kubatana kwemitengo yetsika neyamuro yetsika neyatino yenyika yose.

Nokuda kwavarapi vemitemo nenyanzvi, kunzwisisa iri simba rinokosha. Varairi vanogona kuzivisa zvishandiso zvamarudzi ose zvinokosha uye kutaura nokuda kwokushandiswa kwazvo vachabatira vatengi vavo zviri nani munyika yakabatana. Vatongi vakarovedzana nomutemo wamarudzi ose vanogona kuparira zvisarudzo zvinowirirana zvikuru uye zvakarurama munhau dzomumitsetse. Uye vadzidzi vanofunda kubatanidzwa kwemirau yamarudzi ose neyapamutemo yomudzimba vanozvigadzirira vamene nokuda kwebasa apo miganhu yemiganho yamarudzi ose, asi kunyange zvazvo iri pasi pezvavakaita.

mhedziso

Mutemo wenyika yose une pesvedzero ine simba uye inokura pamiitiro yemhiko dzavagari vemo mukati mematare edzimba. Kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwakananga kwezvibvumirano, nhungamiro inodudzira, uye nhamburiko dzinowirirana namasangano akadai seUNCITRAL, UNIDROIT, uye Hague Conference, tsika dzamarudzi ose dzakachinja mutemo webvumirano, mutemo wemhuri, tort, uye mutemo wezvinhu. Nepo zvinetso zvine chokuita nouchangamire, kuchengeteka, uye mwero unoganhurirwa zvichiramba zviripo, kombamiro yose yokubatanidza nzanga huru. Nguva yemberi sezvingabvira ichaona kubatanidzwa kukuru nomutemo wenyika yose senzvimbo yakapoteredza, miraumbidzo, uye nhau dzavanhu dzinosunda matare kutarira kudarika miganhu. Nokuti munhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mururamisiro yevagari vemo, anonzwisisa kupesvedzera kweiyi dzidzowose haisingori chinhu chinodikanwa chapamutemo munyika yose.