Kupesana Kunoitwa Nehurukuro Dzokurapa Dzinoitwa Nehurumende Muzvirongwa Zvehurumende

Kuregerera Kunoitwa Nevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete Chii?

Kuvimbisa kwechibvumirano chibvumirano chenhau chapamutemo chirongwa chokusarudza chinoitwa kuti chigadzirise kusawirirana kunoparirwa nokuvaka uye nouinjiniya nokukurumidza, zvisati zvakura kuva zvitsauko zvakakwana. Kusafanana nokuitwa kwedare regamuchidzanwa, uko kunogona kutora makore kugumisa, kuvimbisa kunopa chisarudzo chinobatira mukati merudungwe rwenguva yakanyorwa zvakasimba rwenguva nenhambo yenhau (zvinowanzova mazuva 28 kubva pamusi unonongedzerwa. Iyi nhanho inokuita kuti kuve kunokosha zvikuru nokuda kwezvirongwa zvezvivako zvehurumende, uko kunonotsa kungaita kuti zvitengwe zvinokosha uye kudzo dzouto zvamatongerwe enyika.

Muitiro wacho wakatanga muUnited Kingdom pasi peParte II yeHouse Grants, Kuvaka uye Resagenation Act 1996 (Chiito Chokuvaka). Mutemo uyu wakapa mubato upi noupi kubvumirano yokuvaka kodzero yokunongedzera kugakava panguva ipi neipi. Kubvira panguva iyeyo, hurumende dzakafanana dzakagamuchirwa mudzimwe zviremera zvemitemo, kubatanidza Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, uye mativi eCanada. MuUK, gadziriro yokuvaka inonatswa inonatswazve neChuro yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano, icho chinogovera mitemo yakarongwa apo chibvumirano chinenge chisina gadziriro dzacho chaparo.

Mavambo Nehwaro Hwepamutemo

Pamberi peChiteshi Chokuvaka, kusawirirana muindasitiri yokuvaka yeUK kwakapedzwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokurongeka kana kuti kudzorwa kwemiitiro, zvose zviri zviviri zvakanga zvichinonoka uye zvichidhura. Indasitiri yacho yakatambura netsika yemibhadharo yokupedzisira nekakavadzano dzisingagadziriswi idzo dzakavhunga kubuda kwemari uye zvirongwa zvinononotswa. Mutemo wakaitirwa kugadziridza ikoku kupfurikidza nokutanga muitiro wokukurumidza wegadzikisa. Nheyo huru ndeyokuti "ripi, gare gare gare: chisarudzo chomumiridziridziridzi chinoshanda uye chinofanira kudzorwa nokukurumidza, kunyange kana boka rinorasikirwa nerongedzero kuidenha gare gare gare mudare kana kuti kurongerwa. Iyi inochengeta kuyerera kwemari uye mabasa anoramba achifambira mberi.

Mumashoko akapoteredza egadziriro dzavose, chirongwa chapamutemo chinosimbiswa nezvibvumirano zvemipimo zvakadai seNEC (New Engineering Contract) neFIDIC (International Federation of Enginegers) sutuke. Zvibvumirano izvi zvinowanzoraira kuvimbisa senhano yokutanga mugadziro yegadziro, uye zvakawanda zvinobatanidza gadziriro dzechibvumirano dzinopfuura mwero wakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, NC4 inobvumira kugadzwa kwokukurumidza kwechikamu chinotsiva ndokugadza miitiro yakajeka yokutaura pamusoro pemagakava.

Kushanda Kunoita Kubvisa Mune Zvehurumende Mukurwisana Nezvibvumirano

Muitiro unovamba apo gakava rinomuka pakati pemabato akabatanidzwa mugadziriro yepfuma yavose . Nenzira yakatanhamara iri sangano rehurumende (mushandirwi) nomuvaki, kana kuti pakati pemuvaki nomutengesi kana kuti mugove. Chinonongedzera chinopa chiziviso chemhesano, iyo inotaura nenzira yakarongwa rudzi rwegakava, yamuro yakatsvakwa, uye hwaro hwekutaura. Iyi ziviso inobatirwa pane rimwe boka uye, kana mushandisi akatogadzwa, anokumbira kugadzwa kwomumwe.

Mumazuva mashoma, mumiririri anosarudzwa. Masangano akawanda anodudza zita rechidimbu chakananga kana kuti anonongedzera mapato kumutsigiri anoisa mubatanidzwa mumuviri wakadai seRoyal Institution of Chartered Survey (RICS), Institution of Civil Enginers (ICE), kana kuti Adjudication Society. Mutsikinyi anofanira kuva asingasaruri uye anoziva mukuvaka norudzi rwezvirongwa zviri kubuda mumagazini (hw.no anobatanidza migwagwa, zvipatara, zvivakiso, kana kuti zvivako zvevoruzhinji.

Kana agadzwa, mumiririri anogadza rudungwe rwenguva nokuda kwokutsinhana nokuzviisa pasi. Vatapatiri vose vari vaviri vanopa ufakazi hwavo nenharo dzapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji mukati menhau yamazuva. Mumiriri angatonga, asi bvumirano zhinji dzinoitwa pahwaro hwemagwaro bedzi kuchengetedza nguva. Pashure pokurangarira ufakazi, mutsigiri anoisa matare anoisa matare pamutemo. Chisarudzo chacho chinosungisa papati dzacho kutoti kana kuti kusvikira zvaputsika mukuita muwirirano kana kuti kudzorwa. Kana chisarudzo chiri pamusoro peridzo, chitsama, chitsamachitsamakoro chinofanira kubhadharwa nokukurumidza, uye kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kuguma nokutendisa kupfurikidza nematare.

Basa Remutongi Nokusarudza

Mumiririri anoita basa rinokosha, achiita somugadziri wechisarudzo asingasaruri ane chiremera chokupedza nharo nokukurumidza. Kusafanana nomutongi kana kuti mumiriri, mupi wechinhu haamanikidzwi nemitemo yorumano youfakazi uye anogona kugamuchira miitiro inowirirana zvikurusa nezvinodikanwa zvenhau yacho. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira mitoo inobvumira kusvika kwainoitwa ne(sokuenzanisira, kunzvera nzvimbo, kusangana nenyanzvi, kana kuti kukumbira humwe ufakazi hunonyorwa mukati mefitimetimetimetimei yenguva yakapetwa.

Kusarudzwa kwechisarudzo chamabhukwana kunokosha. Muzvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvavose, mapati anowanzoda vamiriri vane unyanzvi chaihwo hwezvigadzirwa [1] Vakadai sainjiniya vehurumende, vaongorori vezvitsaru, kana kuti magweta okuvaka avo vakashanda panzvimbo dzavose. Mitumbi inochengeta nzvimbo dzevamiririri vanowirirana neiyi mipimo. Ndyiko yemumiririri inogoverwa zvakaenzana zvakaenzana pakati pemapati, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mapepa aiaiisa nenzira yakasiana. Mitengo yemipidhari inowanzova yakaderera kupfuura iyo yedare rakazara, inoparira kubhadharo yemari yebasa.

Mativi Makuru Okuparadza Kunoitwa Muhurumende

Kubatanidzwa kwevagari vomunyika imwe chete kunosiyaniswa nezvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoita kuti kuwirirane nenzira yakasiyana nezvinodiwa nevanhu:

Vavarira

Zvisarudzo zvinogoverwa mukati merameji yenguva yorumano, mazuva 28 anowanzobva kunzvimbo inomira. Mumiririri ane simba rokutambanudza ikoku namazuva 14 nemvumo yebato rinonongedzera, asi simbiso nguva dzose inoitwa nokukurumidza. Muitiro, zvisarudzo zvizhinji zvinopiwa mukati mamazuva 21. Iyi mwero inodzivisa fambiro mberi inodzoreka , uko kunokosha nokuda kwenzvimbo uko zuva riri rose rokunonoka rinogona kudyira mamiriyoni.

Miuyo Inotengwa

Kurapa kunodhura zvikuru kupfuura kunyora kana kuti kudzosera. Muitiro unodzivisa nhano dzakawanda dzemiitiro dzinoparira ndyiko mudare . Kwakadai sokuwana kukuru, kufambiswa kwemitengo, uye kunzwa kwenguva refu. Zvibvumirano zvinopa nhau yazvo mukuita zvokunyora, uye mari yomutengi inodzorwa neyavabharitaridzi kana kuti muroori. Zvirongwa zvavose zvinotsigirwa nemari yomutero, izvi zvinoparira kubudirira kukuru.

Kupfava

Kupa chirango kunogona kupedza mhatsa huru dzekakavadzano: nhau dzemipinduro, kufutunurwa kwenguva, misiyano, hushata, uye kunyange mibvunzo yedudziro yebvumirano. Kungwara kwakafara kwomumiriri kunobvumira muitiro wacho kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Somuenzaniso, mukukakavadzana pamusoro pemabhiriji akaremara, mutsivi angarayira kutsiviwa nepo achichengeta chisarudzo chokupedzisira chemhoshoro nokuda kwezvinoitika zvomushure.

Kumanikidzirwa

Zvisarudzo zvinosungisa zviri pamutemo uye zvinochengetwa kupfurikidza nematare. MuUK, mubato unobudirira unogona kushandisira rutongeso rwokupfupikisa kuti utsigire chisarudzo chomutsigiri. matare akatsigira nguva dzose nheyo yokuti zvisarudzo zvokupikira zvinofanira kuwirirana nokukurumidza, kunyange kana chisarudzo chacho gare gare chakadenhwa. Iyi nzira yokuita kuti mutemo upedzerwe igwenya chairoiro uye inovimbisa kuti muitiro wacho hausati uchingova chete muitiro wokusimbisa pepa.

Betsero Nokuda Kwezvirongwa Zvoruzhinji

Kushandisa kuvimbisana kwehurumende muzvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvehurumende kunopa betsero dzinoverengeka dzinopfuura zvinhuwo zvazvo. Idzi betsero dzinoshanda zvikurukuru muchikamu chavose, umo kujeka, kuzvidavirira, uye kushandiswa kunoshanda kwezviwanikwa kuri kukuru.

Kuderedza Chirongwa Kunononoka

Zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvesangano zvinoshanda nepurogiramu dzakasimba uye kumanikidza zvematongerwe enyika. Kukakavadzana kunotora nguva refu kwemwedzi kana makore kunogona kuparira kudzongonyedzwa kukuru, kutungamirira kunhambo dzakati kuti dzisiirwe, kuvharwa kwemigwagwa, kana kuti kunonoka kupiwa basa. Kupedza magakava mumavhiki, kuchibvumira basa kupfuurira apo nhau dzepamutemo dzinopedzwa. Ikoku kunochengeta chirongwa chacho chichipfuurira ndokudzivisa miuyo inoparira kunonoka.

Kuderedza Ndyiko Dzapamutemo Nemitoro Youtarisiri

Masangano ehurumende anowanzova ane ngozi uye angazengurira kuisa basa kumatare anodhura. Kudhura kwemari kwakaderera kunoreva kuti mari yehurumende inopedzerwa pabasa panzvimbo pemibhadharo yepamutemo. Kuwedzera, muitiro unodzokororwa unoderedza mutoro wehurumende pamaneja ezvirongwa, avo vanogona kuisa ngwariro pakupa basa panzvimbo pokutarisira purojeti.

Kuchengeta Ukama Hwakanaka Hwokushanda

Zvirongwa zvokuranga zvinosanganisira ukama hwenguva refu pakati pevatengi, vagadziri vedzimba, uye vanopa mazano. Kupesana kunogona kukuvadza zvachose ukama uhwu. Kupesana, kupfupikisa. Kukurumidza, kupedza kusawirirana kunobatsira kuchengeta chivimbo uye kushandira pamwe, uko kunokoshawo pamabasa akaoma. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvinobatanidzawo nhanho dzinoda kukurukurirana kana kuti kutaurirana pamberi pechibvumirano, kukurudzirazve kugadzirisa zvine rugare.

Kuita Kuti Kuona Zvakanaka Nokuzvidavirira Kuvepo

Zvisarudzo zvokurangana zvakanyorwa, zvinofungwa, uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinobudiswa (panyaya yezvibvumirano zvekuvanza). Izvi zvinobudisa chinyorwa chemagadzirirwo anoitwa kusawirirana, uko kunogona kushandiswa kuvandudza marongerwo ezvibvumirano zvenguva yemberi. Munzanga yevanhu, kuona zvinhu nenzira yakananga kwakadaro kunobatsira kuratidza kuti muridzi wemitero ari kutarisirwa zvakanaka.

Matambudziko uye Kufunga Kwavanoita

Kunyange zvazvo kuvimbisana kwehurumende kuchibatsira, hakusi mushonga, kunzwisisa zvakusingakwanisi kunokosha kuti zvibudirire kuita zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nevanhu.

Haana Kukodzera Makakatanwa Ose

Kupesana kwakagadzirirwa nokuda kwekakavadzano dzakananga zvikuru apo chisarudzo chokukurumidza kudikanwa. Kwakakodzera zvishoma nokuda kwenharo dzinoda kunzvera kwechokwadi kwakadzama, zvakadai sezvinotaurwa nenhema, kukakavadzana pamusoro pezvikanganiso zvechipameso, kana kuti nhau dzinobatanidza vatambi vazhinji apo maidi anopokanidzwa zvikuru. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, rudungwe rwenguva rwakakomba rungasabvumira nguva yakakwana nokuda kwoufakazi hunounganidzwa, kuchitungamirira kuchisarudzo icho gare gare chinodzorwa. Mumiriri wedanisiwo anoshaiwa simba rokuraira kuwanwa kukuru kana kuti kumanikidza zvapupu zvechitatu.

Ngozi Dzokumanikidzwa

Kunyange zvazvo zvisarudzo zvokuvimbisana zvichifanira, zvinogona kudenhwa mubvumirano kana kuti mutsigiri anodavira kuti mutsigiri akaita chikanganiso chakakomba, vangaramba kubhadhara uye panzvimbo pezvo kutsvaka chiziviso chedare. Nepo matare kazhinji kazhinji achimanikidzira bvumirano nenzira yokukurumidza, kwave kune nhau umo kuchengetwa kwakarambwa nemhaka yokuputsa ruramisiro yomusikirwo (g., mutarisiri anorangarira ufakazi husati hwagoverwa kumativi ose ari maviri). Ikoku kunowedzera chisaririra chokusava nechokwadi, kunyange zvazvo nhau dzakadaro dziri shoma.

Kudikanwa Kwebvumirano Yeboka Negadziriro Dzinowirirana

Kodzero dzokusarura ikodzero dzemitemo mumativi akawanda, asi muitiro wacho uchiri kutsamira pamativi anobvumirana kudzorwa kwechibvumirano. Kana chibvumirano chisina mashoko okuisa mashoko echibvumirano, kana kuti kana gakava racho rikasavapo kunze kwedanho remitemo (mh., gakava pamusoro peregeredzo kana kuti nzvimbo yedzidzo), mapoka angada kutendeukira kudzimwe mitoo. Zvibvumirano zvechikamu chavose zvinofanira kubatanidza zvakajeka gadziriro dzakasimba dzokudzivisa mukaha uyu.

Kutapura Basa Rokutenga

"Rehai zvino, funganya gare gare" nheyo inogona kudzvinyirira kuyerera kwemari yebato rinorasikirwa, zvikurukuru kana mubhadharo mukuru wakarairwa uye varasikirwi vane mari shoma. Kuvaduku vapazvirongwa zvavose, ikoku kunogona kuva ngozi huru. Zvisinei, betsero kubasa rose. "Kuchengeta mari inoyerera kuboka iro pakupedzisira rine musoro unoti "$kapfuurenzi" inopfuura iyi itiro hanya.

Kubvisa tsvina munzanga neArbitation and Litigation

Kuti unzwisise basa rokuvimbisana, kunobetsera kurienzanisa nedzimwe nzira huru dzokupedza nadzo nharo dzinoshandiswa mugadziriro dzehurumende: kubvisa nokubvisa zvinhu.

Feature	Civil Adjudication	Arbitration	Litigation
Timeline	28 days (typical)	6-18 months	12-36 months or longer
Cost	Low to moderate	Moderate to high	High
Binding effect	Binding interim decision	Binding final award	Binding final judgment
Right to appeal	Limited; decision can be challenged later	Very limited	Broad but costly
Flexibility of procedure	High	Moderate (party agreement)	Low (court rules)
Expertise of decision-maker	Adjudicator with construction expertise	Arbitrator often with construction expertise	Judge with general legal expertise
Confidentiality	Often private	Private	Public

Pamhirizhonga dzakawanda dzezvirongwa zvesangano, kuvimbisana kunobatira senhano yokutanga inokosha. Zvikamu zvingabvuma kuti kana chipikirwa chikasapedza nhau yacho, zvichapfuurira kuibatanidza kana kuti kuidzosera. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvinotevedzera nzira iyi yakatarwa.

Zviwaniro Zvenyika Chaizvo ne Case Studies

Kuwirirana kwavagari vemo kwakashandiswa zvikuru mugadziriro dzavose munyika yose. MuUK, Dare renjanji reHigh Speed 2 (HS2) rinobatanidza gadziriro dzebvumirano mubvumirano dzaro, uye gakava pamusoro pemigariro yapasi, chinjo dzokuronga, uye muripo zvakapedzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wacho.

MuAustralia, Chibvumirano Chokuvaka uye Chokuvaka cheUK chinoratidzira utongi hwePreparce Act, uye kuvimbisana kwakashandiswa mugadziriro huru dzemugwagwa nenjanji muNew South Wales neVictoria. Chimwe chinoitika chinokosha chakabatanidza gakava pamusoro porudzi rweasphalt pagadziriro yomumugwagwa mukuru, apo mutsigiri akaraira muripo wokugadzirisa mukati mamazuva 30, achibvumira muvaki kupfuurira namabasa okugadzira pasina kudzokororwa.

MuUnited States, nepo zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvisina gadziriro yebvumirano yemitemo yakafanana neUK, hurumende dzakawanda nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobatanidza mufungo wacho kupfurikidza nezvikamu zvebvumirano, zvinowanzonzi "chibvumirano chegadziro yegadziriro. ” The United States Army Corps of Engineers, somuenzaniso, yakashandisa chimiro chokunyorerana mumabasa adzo okunyoresa kuti dzipedze bvumirano nokukurumidza.

Chinokosha zvikuru kubudirira kugadzwa kwomutsigiri ane unyanzvi anonzwisisa unyanzvi hwokugadzira nokuchinja kwebasa racho.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokushandisa Vana Claus

Kuti vawedzere kubatsira kwokuita chibvumirano mugadziriro dzehurumende, vagadziri vezvibvumirano uye vatarisiri vemabasa vanofanira kufunga nezvemiitiro yakanakisisa inotevera:

• batanidza gadziriro dzakajeka [ muzvibvumirano zvose zvokuvaka, kududza mubatanidzwa nemitemo ichashandisa. Dzivisa mutauro unochinja ungagona kusiya muitiro wacho wakazaruka kudenha.
• Preaplator [[FL:1] nokuda kwemabasa makuru kana kuti akaoma. Ikoku kunochengetedza nguva apo gakava rinomuka uye kuvimbisa mupikidzi akarovedzana noudzame hwebasa. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zveNEC zvinobvumidza ikoku.
• [ Rovedza vashandi vebasa pamuitiro wechipikiso kuti vanzwisise misengwa yavo, zvikurukuru vakatarisana nezvinodikanwa uye kuchengetwa kwoufakazi.
• Shandisa kuvimbisa sorutivi rwechisarudzo chine nhurikidzwa chenharo chinokurudzira kukurukurirana nokutaurirana kutanga, ipapo tsiva, uye pakupedzisira kuisa kana kuti kuisa mumutsara sechisakiso chokupedzisira.
• [[FT:0] Chinyorwa chezvisarudzo zvose nekurukurirano [[FT] mukati mechibvumirano. Chinyorwa ichi chinogona kuva chakakomba kana chisarudzo chikazopokanwa gare gare mudare.
• Funga nezvesimba remari rezvisarudzo zvechipikiso pavatambi vaduku. Zvimwe zvirongwa zvavose zvinobatanidza gadziriro dzemari inobhadharwa kana kuti chengeteko kuti ideredze ngozi dzokufamba kwemari.

Nguva Yemberi Yokurevererwa Kwehurumende Mugadziriro Dzavose

Sezvo zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvehurumende zvinova zvakaoma zvikuru uye dzvinyiriro yokupa panguva uye pakuronga mari inowedzera, kubvumirana kwehurumende kungangoita basa rakatokura.

• Chipimita: nokukura kwokugadzira mapikicha okuenzanisira (BIM) uye mapepa emagetsi, miitiro yokutsiva iri kuva nhamba dzakawanda. Mimwe mitumbi inopa zvino gadziriro dzokutarisira matare paIndaneti dzinopa gadziriro dzinodzorwa nokupiwa kwechisarudzo.
• Internationalwindi inzwanisa: Nhamburiko dziri kuitwa kugadzira mupimo wakabatana nokuda kwokuvakwa kwemitemo yamativi ose, zvikurukuru nokuda kwegadziriro dzemitemo yemichinjikwa. Mutemo womuenzaniso weUNIDROIT/ICC ungapesvedzera mutemo womunguva yemberi.
• Kupindira kwapakuvamba: Zvimwe zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza "kuvimbisa kwapakuvamba" miitiro inobvumira kukakavadzana kusati kwaitwa isati yanyatsojekeswa, zvakadai sokusawirirana pamusoro pemisiyano kana kuti rondedzero dzinononoka. Uyu mutoo unoshanda unogona kudzivisa nhau duku kukura.
• Kubatanidza nerwisano dzinodziviswa: Murangariro we "kudzivisa kwechibvumirano" uri kuwana kudzorwa, uko nyanzvi dzakazvimirira dzinotarira marongedzero uye dzinobetsera mapati kupedza kusawirirana asati ava nharo. Kudzivisa kunogona kuva dziviriro apo rwisano inodzivisa inokundikana.

Kuchinja kuri kuramba kuchiitwa kwokuvengana kuchaenderana nokuda kwehurumende nemaindasitiri kuti zvigamuchire mitemo yaro.

mhedziso

Kuvimbisana kwevagari vomunyika kunogovera mutoo unoshanda, unoshanda, uye unomanikidzirwa wokupedza nawo gakava mumabasa egadziriro avose. Kupfurikidza nokupa zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza mukati mevhiki, kunobetsera kudzivisa kunonozetswa kunodhura, kuderedza ndyiko dzapamutemo, kuchengetedza ukama hwebasa, uye kuvandudza kujeka. Nepo kusati kwakakodzera nokuda kwenharo dzose uye kuchida kuti chirongwa chokuronga mapepa chokunyora nokungwarira, betsero dzacho dzinopfuura zvikuru ganhuriro dzadzo. Masangano ehurumende, vagadziri vedzimba, uye vanhu vose, chishandiso chinokosha mukuchengeta mabasa anokosha pamukoto uye kuvimbisa kuti mari inopedzwa nokuchenjera. Sezvorongedzero yenzvimbo inopfuurira kukura nokuchinja, purofiti icharamba rutivi runokosha rwechirongwa rwechisarudzo chehondo.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Grouts, Kuvaka uye Kugadziridza Mutemo 1996, Adjudication Society[, uye Institution of Civil Enginers's pa ] chisarudzo mukuvakwa.]