Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinopfuura kunyora nhau; inhoo yemhenyu iyo inorinda muAmerica ari wose mukurwisana nesimba rehurumende isingadzorwi. Kuvambira pakurukurirano dzokutanga muPhiladelphia kusvikira pahondo dzanhasi dzedare pamusoro petsorororo nekutaura kwakasununguka, donzo guru rechinyorwa chacho rakaramba riri renguva dzose: kurondedzera nokuganhurira chiremera chehurumende kuti rusununguko rwomunhu rugone kubudirira. Kunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira sei hurumende inodzivisa vatsoropotedzi vehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye mugari wemo ari wose anokoshesa kodzero dzavo. Nyaya ino inonzvera dziviriro huru dzeBill of Rights, proficialmentationsssss, uye zvinetso zvazvino uno unovapo kuti kuratidzira chikonzero nei kurava mutengori wemitemo yomutemo kufunda munzanga yakasununguka.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo: Kuganhurira Kwarinoita Simba Raro

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakanga vachinyumwira zvikuru simba guru. Vachiva vakawana udzvinyiriri hwaMambo George III, vakagadzira hurumende yaizova yakasimba zvakakwana kuti ishande asi yakaputswa zvakakwana kuti idzorwe. Mitemo yenheyo yavakasika ($seagement yemasimba, cheki dzedzo nedzinodzikamisa, uye unani hwehurumende () ndiyo dziviriro yokutanga neinogarisa mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengera.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa hurumende yenyika kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana: chibvumirano chemitemo (Conrer), mutungamiriri (Mutungamiriri weHurumende), uye matare okutonga. Chikamu I anopa simba remitemo kuDare, Chikamu II zvipfeko zvesimba muPurezidhendi, uye Chikamu III chinogadza judicary. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiyana uye harigoni kushandisa pamutemo masimba omumwe. Somuenzaniso, Congress Congress anonyora mitemo, asi Purezidenti anoiisa, uye matare anoadudzira. Uku kuparadza kunodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi pakugadzira, kuisa mitemo yaro, uye kuratidzira mitemo yaro youdzoridzori yaro yezvokudzora izvo vadzorwi vanoronda vaitsvaka nenzira yakajeka kudzivisa.

Mubasa, kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakanzvera kwanzverazve kunyengera. Apo Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt akaedza ku Dare Rapamusoro-soro muna 1937 kusimbisa mutemo weNew Deact, Congress nevoruzhinji zvakadzosa, uye gadziriro yakakundikana. Nenzira yakafanana, apo masangano anotungamirira anotanga mitemo pasina chiremera chemitemo, matare anowanzoaputsa sechikanganiso chedzidziso isingatenderwi yeSangano I.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Kana kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchiita mapazi matatu, kunzvera uye ganhuriro zvinopa bazu rimwe nerimwe maturusi okutarisira nokudzora mamwe. Purezidhendi anogona kunyora mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, asi Congress inogona kukurira ikoko nembiri-tatu. Dare rinosimbisa dare namaparera, nepo House inodzora nhimbo dzechikwama. Mutengi anogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende kupfurikidza nehwirudzura, simba rakatangwa mu [[FLT: 0] Barhory v. Madison[FL:] (1183]). Zviremera izvi zvinorevesa zvinovimbisa kuti hapana bazi rinogona kutonga. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi Harrisman akatora zvigadziko mukati me muHondo yeKorea kubvisa chiito, simba gurusa redare rakatonga rakagadzwa mu [Foctivectal: [Foct; Frome.5].[3]

Kushanda Muchikamu

Federalism inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Ternth Amendment inopa miganhu yakajeka kuhurumende (kana kuti vanhu) masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Uhwu uchangamire huviri hunoparira miganhu yedziviriro: kana hurumende yenyika ichinyengera, vagari vemo vanogona kutendeukira kuhurumende dzavo nokuda kweyamuro, uye zvinopesana. Munhau, hurumende yakabvumira hurumende kuita senzvimbo dzinoshandira hurumende, kubatira hurumende kuti ishande senzvimbo dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kuedza nemitemo iyo gare gare gare inopesvedzera mutemo wenyika. Zvinorevawo kuti nzanga dzomunzvimbomo dzinochengeta udzo pamusoro pezvinhu zvakadai sedzidzo, kupfuudzanana, uye utano hwavose (ndaupo apo kukwikwikwidza kunoitwa.). Chisarusarusarudzo chehurumende yehurumende inobvumira nguva dzose pakati penyika yehurumende.[FLC]

Bhizi Rekodzero: Dziviriro Dzakasimba Pahurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakanga risina gwaro rekodzero, richisunda varwisi kuraira dziviriro dzakajeka. Bhishopi yekodzero, yakasimbiswa muna 1791, inoumba gadziridzo dzokutanga gumi uye inoganhurira zvakananga izvo hurumende yehurumende inogona kuita kuvanhu vamwe navamwe. Nepo idzi maruramiro asina kukwana, idzo ndidzo nhoo hurusa dzebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nezvimiro zvemhosho.

Kuchinja Kwokutanga: Kutaura, Rudzidziso, Gungano, uye Kukumbira

First Amendment inorambidza kuita Congress ipi neipi “inoremekedza kutangwa kwechitendero, kana kuti kurambidzwa kwokuchishandisa kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwezvinobudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo.. [1969] [1969]) yakaratidza kuti kunyange kutaura kwakakotsekana kunodzivirira kusateerera mutemo. Muchimbichimbichimbichimbichimbidzo chehurumende, muitiro worudzidziso, uye mano okutsoropodza hurumende pasina rutyo rwekutsiva. Matsoropo akadai Branburg bvul. [19] [FLT:] [1] [69] [9] kudzorwa kwechipoka] kutongesa kudzivirira chiito chokusateerera mutemo. Mukati Chechi, chibvumirano chokudzora chibvumirano chibvumirano chehurumende, chidzodzodzodzo, chinodzora kurwisana, chinodzora chinodzora chinodzora chinodzora kurwisana, chinodzora chinoitwa, chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa, chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa

Mutezo Wechina: Kutsvaka, Kuzvinyima, uye Kuva Woga

Gemende yeChina inodzivirira “kodzero yevanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha.” Inoda kuti zvibvumikiso zvipiwe bedzi painobvira uye zvinofanira zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Iyi imhinduro yakananga kumitemo inoshandiswa nezviremera zveBritain. Muzera reredhictation, Pendement yeChina yatambanudzwa kudzivirira maselfoni, maemail, uye GPS. Dare Gurusa redare mu Carbatebb v. United (2017]) yaidavira kuti mapurisa anoda kupiwa mashoko okupinda munzvimbo yemasero, kuziva kuti ruzivo rwemichina rwazvino unogone kudzora.

Mutezo Wechishanu: Muitiro Wakafanira Nokuzvipopotera

Gadziriro yeFindreFment ine dziviriro dzakakomba dzinoverengeka: maruramiro kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvinyima, vimbiso yegadziriro yakafanira, uye kurambidzwa kwokutora zvinhu zvakavanzika pasina muripo. Muitiro wakafanira (mauri maviri acho) anodzivirira kuti mitemo ive yakanaka uye kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakafanira isati yanyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Ropa rinorwisana nokuzvipinza pachako, rinozivikanwa se “ri kutungamirira shanu,” rinovimbisa kuti hapana munhu anogona kumanikidzwa kupupurira amene. Iyi dziviriro iyi inokosha mukuparadziridza, inodzivisa ganhuriro yebasa.

Gadziriro Yechipiri, Yechisere, uye Yechigwaro

Hurumende yeChipiri inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, sezvinosimbiswa ne Dicounty of Columbia v. Heller (2008). Kunyange zvazvo ichidzorwa, inoganhurira mano ehurumende okudzivisa kana kuti kubvisa vagari vemo vanorambidzwa nomutemo. Hurumende inorambidza mari inodzorwa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zvechienzi, kuisa miganhu yedare routsotsi. Ninth Rendement inotaura kuti kudzo yekodzero dzakati hakuzorengwi kuramba kana kuti kubvisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu. Nheyo yeChikamu 8 yeMitemo inodzivisa kodzero dzakadaro kusava yakavanzika. Zviratidzo izvi zvinosimbisa kudzivirira kudarika pamutemo.

Nhau Dzomunhau Dzokunyanyopinda Kwehurumende Nokugamuchira Bumbiro Remitemo

Nhoroondo yeAmerica inoratidzirwa nenguva apo hurumende inodarika miganhu yayo, uye Bumbiro reMitemo (“kunyangwe kupfurikidza nekutonga kwedare, chiito chomutemo, kana kuti kurira kwavose) kunoratidza kururamisa. Kunzvera zvinoitika izvi kunoratidza kurwisa kunopfuurira kuchengeta rusununguko.

Mabasa eAlien NeaSedition (1798)

Ipfuudzirwa neFederalist Conflist Congress uye yakasainwa naPurezidhendi John Adams, iyi mitemo mina yakaranga vatami navashori vezvamatongerwe enyika. Chibvumirano cheSedItion chakakuita mhaka kubudisa “nhema, zvinonyadzisa, uye manyoro akashata” pahurumende. Kuputswa kwakananga kweFirst Amendment, chiito chakashandiswa kunyaradza vatori venhau veDemocratic-Republican. Nepo Dare Rapamusoro harina kutongotonga patsika dzaro panguva yacho, mabasa akapera kana kuti akadzorwazve ne1802. Kuvhotera kwapa kwaThoma maSarudzo aToma Jefferson muna 1800 uye pakupedzisira [[FLT:] Varginia neKenturyss Revolution [[Foct:1], izvo zvakataura rondedzerodharo yemitemo inopesana neino inopesana nereve.

Japanese American Internament (42 - 1946)

Pashure pedenho paPearl Harbor, Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt akabudisa Urairo Ukuru hwehurumende 906, achibvumira kubviswa nokuiswazve kwokumanikidzirwa kwavaJapan vanopfuura 120 000, vaviri vavagari vemo veU.S. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira muitiro mu Korendatsuv. United States [19444], kutonga kuti hondo inoda kururamisa kupunzwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. Makore akati gare gare gare gare, hurumende yakabvuma chikanganiso chayo: Chirevo chavagari vemo cha 1988 chakabudisa chirevo cheyamurongo nemhoshoro. [[FLT] Kudzivirira paNhauni neMwendivara. Kudzivisa kudzivirira hondo yapamutemo kupfurikidza nokusashanda kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokukundikana kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kudzivirira murairo wezvamatongerwenzarwo rwezvamatongerwe enyika.

McCarthyism uye Red Share (1940s -1950s)

Senator Joseph McCarthy neHouse Un American Activities Committee (HUAC) yakanzvera kupinza kwechikomyunizimu kwehurumende, varaidzo, uye dzidzo. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vakarondwa, vakarasika, vakapinzwa mutorongo nokuda kwokuzvidza Congress. Nepo zviito zvehurumende zvisina kuguma nokusungwa kwavazhinji, vakaputsa dziviriro yeFirst Amendment yesongation nekurukurirano. Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kudzosazve mumhaka dzakafanana ne majeri. United States[FLT:] [1957], izvo zvakaganhurira kushandiswa kwechiito cheSabatano yechiito panzvimbo pedzidziso isinganzwisisiki. McCalth nhambo yakaguma apo kupanikiswa kweGenetics, asi kukuvadzwa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe munhu oga oga oga oga oga oga kuti ashaitwe sechiso chepfumidzo yehurumende.

Muitiro weUSA PTRIOT nePreste-9/11 Kuwedzera

Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, Congress yakapfuudza USA PARITIOT Act, iyo yakakudza masimba ehurumende okunzvera pasi peFreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FASA. Gadziriro dzinobvumirwa nokuda kwemichina inofamba nenzendo, kusvika kuzvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, uye maruramiro akavanzika. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti Chikamu 215 (“zvinyorwa zvemitemo”) chakaputsa Gadziro yeChinesenziridzo yeChine. Muna 2013, Edward Snow’s Snown’s yakaratidzira kuti National Security Agement (NSA) yakanga ichiunganidza mibatanidzwa mibatanidzwa mizhinji yemazita yamamirioni emabhizimisi. Zvinetsoro zvapamutemo zvakatevera, uye [FLT:] ACU. Clap [FLT] [FLP] [FF1:1], Yechipiri zvakatonga kuti purogiramu yeChikamu chikuru yapamutemo yapamutemo yakaitwa noMuteshiviroro mukuru mukuru wezvo. Chibvumirano chazvino uno uno uno unotoro chaMaritiro chatiroridzo

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nedziviriro Dzinopfuurira Dzobumbiro reMitemo

Nhasi, zvinhu zvitsva uye dzidziso zvinoedza mitemo yemitemo munzvimbo dzinosanganisira simba repamusoro, zvinhu zvepakombiyuta, masimba engozi, uye kurasikirwa nezvinhu zvehurumende.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa nenzira inowedzera zvirango zvehurumende uye zviito zvokutungamirira kuti vasafamba paDare. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Purezidhendi chisarudzo chikuru munhau dzokunze nechengeteko yenyika, zvirairo zvehurumende zvinofanira kuongororwa. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Donald Trump anorambidzwa kufamba (Edentition 13769) akashorwa sechitendero uye kudzorwa kwebasa rakafanira. Dare repamusoro rakatsigira shanduro yakagadziridzwa mu trump v. Hawaii (2017), asi kudzorwa kwakasimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anogona kuongororwa sei nematare. NH, nenzira yakafanana, Joe Biden chirenten chirevo chamatoorwa nechiito chikuru chevanzi chavashandi chakakwirira mu [FF:].[FFFF][AFF]

Kuva Wega Nekuwedzera Kwehurumende

Kushanda kweGavhura kweDzidziro inzvimbo inokurumidza kutenderera. Zvikumbiro zvehurumende zvemaemail, mashoko egore, uye mashoko enzvimbo zvinoda zvibvumikiso, asi zvakasipo nokuda kwetsamba dzechengeteko yorudzi nemigariro yakasiyana. TYPUDYD [[[FLT:]], ine mashoko iwayo anogoveranwa nokuzvidira nebato rechitatu (se kambani yefoni) asingarangariri kuvandika zvine mufungo, akashairwa ne Carententer v. United States[FL:3]. Zvisinei, mibvunzo inosara pamusoro pemazita remite yemusha, madhiroko, uye jiyokunzvera. Constitutions inodudza kodzero dzayo, asi nheyo dzayo dzakashamira pamutemo, asi zvinonzvera nenzira isina kunzvera kwadzo.[5]

Masimba Ekurumidziro Noutano Hwevanhu Vose

MUVENGI weCHOVAD-19 wakaona kushandiswa kusina kumboitika kwemasimba enjodzi ehurumende nehurumende: kuvhara, kuraira kwemabhakitire, kuraira kwenhomba, uye kubvisa majekiseni. Vazhinji vakashorwa sekuputswa kwerusununguko negadziriro yakafanira. Dare Rapamusoro rakavhara CDC murairo wekubvisa mu [FLT:] Alabama Association of Realtors v. HS[[FLT] [201] uye kuganhurirwa kwechinokero cheOSH [201] uye kudzorwa kwechipfuro chemushonga. Kuoma pakati poutano hwavanhu nekodzero dzavose hakusati kuri kutsva. Magnoseiwo (19055] akatsigira mushonga wechibhokisi chezvibhokisi.Promenderomesss (9) asi muganhu wekudzivirira kuti simba rekurumidziro rinogona kubatwa zvisina kukanganisa, kunyange zviito zvehurumende zvinofanira kudzo dzakaita kuti zviitwe.[5][5]

Kukodzera Kupiwa Mari

Hurumende inogona kutora nzvimbo inofungidzirwa kuva yakabatanidzwa noutsotsi, kazhinji kazhinji pasina kupomera muridzi mhaka ipi neipi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uyu muitiro unoputsa ganhuriro yakaisvonaka yaSendh Amendment yakanyanyisa yeFindrence nedift Amendment chitsama chamashoko chakafanira chegadziriro. Mu Timbs v. Indiana[FLT] [2029], Dare gurusa rakabatana raidavira kuti kurambidza kweSendmermermerment pachimbiso chakanyanyisa kunoshanda kutevedzerwa, kuganhurira vatengi vatengi vanoragiwa. Zvisinei, kuchinja kunopfuurira pamwero yehurumende, nedzimwe nyika dzinoda kuchengetwa utsotsi pamberi pokurasikirwa. Nhau yacho inoenzanisira kuti dziviriro kwemitemo kunofanira kuitwa nokushingaira kudzivisa kushatiswa kwehurumende pakodzero dzehurumende.

Nhamburiko Dzokudzidzisa: Kudzidzisa Dziviriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Vadzidzisi vane basa rinokosha mukugadzirira vadzidzi kuziva uye kudzivisa kungwarira. Nokubatanidza dzidzo yebumbiro remitemo mukirasi, vadzidzisi vanogona kupa chizvarwa chinotevera simba rokutsigira kodzero dzavo.

Zvidzidzo Zvokudzidzisa Mukirasi

  • Shandisa manyuko makuru: Vadzidzi vaverenga rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo, mapeji eFederal List, uye mirangariro yeDare rapamusorosoro. Tsime reNyika [
  • Zvinoitika zvazvino uno zvakajeka: kubatanidza nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kunhau pamusoro pokunzverwa, kunyunyuta, maruramiro okuvhota, uye zvirairo zvavatungamiriri. Kurudzira vadzidzi kubvunza: Bazu rehurumende riri kushanda here? Pane cheki inowanika here? Kugadziriswa kupi kuri mungozi?
  • Zvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo: Vana vadzidzi vanoita basa seruramisiro mudare redzimhosva, vachiitirana nharo mativi ose ari maviri enhau se Korendatsu kana kuti [FLT]] Karpinter[.
  • Fundo dzenhau dzakadzama: Chigovera zvirongwa zvokunzvera paMabasa eAlien neSedtion, kufambidzana kweJapan, kana kuti kunzwa kwe McCarty. Vadzidzi vanogona kupa zviwanwa pamusoro pezvisakiso, miuyo, uye zvidzidzo zvebumbiro remitemo.
  • Vakurukuri vaenzi: Vatengi, vatongi, kana kuti vatsigiri verusununguko rwavagari vemo vanogona kupa nzwisiso chaiyoiyo yenyika mukushanda kunoita dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • Anoratidzira ganhuriro dzamaruramiro:[[FLT: 1] maruramiro eBumbiro reMitemo haasati ari akakwana. Betserai vadzidzi kunzwisisa apo kutaura kunogona kudzorwa (mutoo., kushatisa, kunyandura) uye apo kunzvera kunenge kune mufungo (mh., migariro yapakarepo). Iyi rondedzero inodzivisa kupfavisa “chiichinobvumirwa” mirangariro.

Dzidzo yepamutemo inotanga isati iri yenguva dzose inovaka nharaunda iyo isati ichingoziva bedzi kodzero dzayo asiwo inoziva nzira yokuidzivirira nayo.

mhedziso

Bumbiro reMitemo harisi vimbiso yokuzvideredza. Inotsamira pavagari vemo vakavimbiswa, matare akazvimirira, uye vakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira vanoremekedza ganhuriro dzinoiswa padziri. Kuvambira pakuparadzana kwemasimba neBill of Rights kusvikira kuzvidzidzo zvakaoma zvenhau dzakadai sekundikano dzeJapanese, shoko rakajeka: hurumende inonyengera muedzo wenguva dzose, uye kungwarira kukuru bedzi kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona kuumisa. Vadzidzisi, kudzidzisa Bumbiro reMitemo kunoreva kudzidzisa matururo ouchakeri hwesimba (*) kuzivisa apo mutsetse pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko runoyambuka, nzira yokushandisa nayo matare nebhokisi retsoropo kuti vatsire shure, uye kuti varemekedzei rusununguko pamusoro pokuzvina. Vareveri vanonzwisiswa, mutengo werusununguko ingwa. Bumbiro remitemo rinopa pamutemo rinopa chirevo kusimbisa kusunungurwa.