Kutanga: Tyrus yeSadziro Yebumbiro Remitemo Yevasina Simba

Bhuku reConstitution reUnited States rainzwisiswa pakuvamba kuganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Hurumende dzakasiyiwa dzakasununguka kurondedzera ukuru hwerusununguko rwomunhu oga, idi iro rakasiya vaAmerica vazhinji nemitezo yamapoka anoderedzwa (chaivo yakaiswa kumitemo inodzvinyirira). Dzidziso yokubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa, yakavakirwa muSerced Procession ye 144th Respital Claus, yakachinja zvikurukuru iyi nzvimbo. Kupfurikidza nokuraira hurumende kuremekedza maruramiro akawandasanozivikanwa muBill of Rights, kuvhotapurwa kwazova muitiro wapamutemo unodenha kusarura gandanga munzanga, uye chiito chehurumende chinodzvinyirira.

Kubatanidza kunoitwa hachisi chishandiso chinongoerekana chavapo kana kuti chinongoshandiswa chose cheBill of Rights kunyika. Panzvimbo pezvo, kunopfuurira nemhosva, nechakarurama, kupfurikidza nematare ehurumende. Iyi nhevedzano inovimbisa kuti kodzero idzodzo bedzi dzinonzi “dzinowirirana negadziriro yerusununguko rwakarairwa” dzinoitwa kuti dzisungire hurumende. Nokuda kwevagari vemo vane ngozi nevorupo, vakadzi, LGBTQ+, vanhu vakaremara, varombo, uye vanhu vaduku vorudzidziso ndivo vakabatira pamwe chete zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemotokari yavo huru yave iri kudzivirira nayo rusununguko rwavo rukuru rwevagari vemo kuvhotera.

Nhau Yapakuvamba Yokusasarura

Rwendo rwokusarudza rwakavamba nechisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), iyo yaidavira kuti Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, kwete kuhurumende. Kutonga ikoko kwakava kwamakumi amakore, kunyange pashure pokunge gadziriswa kweGadziro yeGaramende re145 muna 1868, ine chitsama chemashoko chokuti “Hapana Nyika ipi neipi ichatorera munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Kuedza kwokukurumidza kushandisa Billth Amenerment of Rights totes kwakarambwa, zvakadai se [FOct:] Case-Houses [FF] [FF3] [F3] [1]

Dzidziso yazvino uno yokusarudza yakatanga mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Mu Gitlow v. New York (1925), Dare Gurusa rakaratidzira kuti rusununguko rweFirst Amendment rwokutaura nokudhinda rwakashandiswa kuhurumende kupfurikidza neChession Claus. Iyi yakanga iri nguva inokosha. Mumakumi amakore anotevera, Dare rakashandisa “kodzero dzechimbichitima” kuedza kuti rione kuti igadziriroi dzekodzero dzekodzero dzeChirevoro dzakanga dzinokosha kwazvo kuremekedza rusununguko urwo runofanirawo kuva rwakasiyana. Sezvo Justice Coust Crostozozo yakakurumbira yakanyorwa mu [FLT:] Plat.[FLD] v.[FVT] [FLT] [3] [3] [3] [197], “inofanira kuva nomurangariro wakarurama warongedzero kusunungurwa kusunungurwa.

Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvakatsiga zvokusaruramisira zvinoparirwa namapoka ane dziviriro, Dare racho rakabatanidzwa nohunenge urongwa hwose hweChinyorwa chekodzero. Zvisingacherechedzwi zvinosanganisira kurambidza kweThird Amendment kwevarwi kudivi rimwe nerimwe, Findrendment chinodikanwa chedare guru rinotonga, uye kurambidza kweSendromendment pabhegi rakanyanyisa. Asi dziviriro huru dzechikadziro cheh Amendment (kushandisa kutaura kwakasununguka), dziviriro panzvero nepfambiso dzisinganzwisisiki, kodzero yokupa zano, ropafadzo yokutarisana nechapupu, kurwisana nechirango chikuru chedare, uye kudzivirira pakurangwa kwoutsinye nechirango. (8hm) zvinoshanda zvizere mukurwisana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Kudzivirira Kwakaita Nhengo Dzevanhu Vasingabhadhari

Nemhaka yokuti hurumende nehurumende dzaiwanzoita mitemo yaikuvadza mapoka aya zvakananga, kubatanidzwa kwevanosarudza kwakava chishandiso chinokosha chokudenha mitemo yakadaro mudare rehurumende. Pazasi, tinoongorora kuti kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzakati kwakachengetedza sei nzanga dzakawanda dzisina kudzivirirwa.

Uduku Hwedzinza Nehwedzinza

Hapana boka rakabetserwa zvikuru nokubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kupfuura dzinza duku, zvikurukuru vaAmerica veAfrica. Reconstructon Amendments / Thirtenth, 145th, uye 15th() yakarongwa kuputsa gadziriro yapamutemo youranda, asi muSouth inovaka nokukurumidza gadziriro itsva yerusarura uye kubvisa zvinozivikanwa sechiCrow. Kwamakumi amakore, Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira rudzi rwedzinza pasi pe “hafuro asi rakaenzana” nedzidziso ye . 1866]. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kubvumira Dare rakasarudzwa kurova mitemo yorudzi pakupedzisira sokuputsa kodzero huru.

Mhaka yakapedziswa yakanga iri Brown v. Board yeDzidzo (1954), iyo yaidavira kuti kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakapesana nedziviriro yeNyimbo ye 144. Kunyange zvazvo Brown akasarudzwa padziviriro yakaenzana panzvimbo pekuisa panzvimbo, pfungwa yake yakavakirwa papfungwa yokuti dzidzo yekodzero yokusasarura yakanga iri yokutanga. Zviitiso zvakabatanidza kudzivirira kweFirst Amendmentivement of the First Classistem of the First Reconstmentment. [FLT] [FLT]]] [FLT]]

Kubatanidzwa kweTreemendment yeChina inodzivirira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nehosha, yakashandiswa mu Mapp v. Ohio (1961]), yakavawo netapuro huru nokuda kwenzanga duku. Mapurisa zvino akanga ava kudikanwa kuwana zvibvumikiso zvakavakirwa pachingabvira, kuderedza mano okuita dzinza mukudzikamisa mutemo wehurumende. Kudzora kwechiito chaidzo-charo (pachinowana nenzira isiri yapamutemo) chirango chine revo chinorwisana nehurumende inodzvinyirira.

Vakadzi Nezviduku

Kubatanidza kwave kuchibatsirawo mukufambisira mberi maruramiro avakadzi. Kunyange zvazvo Dare reManite Protection Claus ye 144th Amendment rakatanga kududzirwa kubvumira rusaruro rwevatano, kubatanidzwa kwegadziriro yakafanira nekodzero dzakavanzika kwakazarura nzira itsva. Mu Reed v. Reed [1971], Dare Rapamusoro renguva yokutanga rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende waizvidza pahwaro hwevatano, uchishandisa dziviriro inowirirana yeClausle. Asi rakanga riri boka rekuvimbika chakarurama kuKutanga, Chishanu, uye Chiteshinga chaVadhuro chakaitwa muHwechishanu, Chikamu chokutanga chekubereka.

Mu [[FLT: 0] Roe v. Wade [773]), Dare rakaziva kuti maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo ekuvandika akatambanudzirwa kuchisarudzo chomukadzi kukuvata. Nepo Roe[ [Idzidziso yakavanzika] yapachivande yakavakwa pakubatanidza. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, [[FLT:] Ndiani [Makadzi] Utano hwechikadzi v. Hellersst[[[FLT:]] (20) (20) yakavimba nedziviriro yeIdgrandment of fit kudzoration yaGenetic ganhuriros izvo zvakaisa mutoro usati uripo pakutsvaka. Nokuda kwavakadzi, kudzivirira maruramiro oudzoronze kwechinokosha kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu echiito.

Nokuda kwavanhu, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kwakagovera hwaro hwemitemo inodenha yehurumende inoiramba kuvarapa kwakaenzana. Mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), Dare Gurusa rakabatanidzwa maruramiro okuroora mumwe cheteyo muICT Programme naMarial Protection Classibles. Nepo nhau yacho yaitaura zvikurukuru nezvechimiro chevatano chakaenzana. Kurangarira kwayo ndiko rusununguko rukuru kuroora (h/h) kwave kwakatambanudzwa kudzivirira vanhu muroorano nokuva mubereki. Mukuwedzera, kubatanidzwa kwerusununguko rwokutanga rwokutaura muromo weFirst Reformformation yakadzivirira vanhu vamwe navamwe kuti varatidze kuva varume kana vakadzi.

LGBTQ+ nzanga

Kubatanidzwa kwamaruramiro esonganiro yapedyo nokuvandika kwakachinja nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe. Mu Lawrence v. Texas [2003], Dare rapamusoro rakadzika mutemo weTexas uyo wakapinza muvhomoni imwe cheteyo yesodoma. Mutongi Kennedy, kunyora nokuda kwavazhinji, akabatanidza kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa neBasa Rect Claus Clause yaibatanidza maruramiro avakuru kupinda mumufambiro wapachivande pasina kupindira kwehurumende. [FLT:] LGT]

Kuvakwa pa Rawnce[, Dare mu . Dare reObergefell v. Hodges (2015]) raidavira kuti kodzero yokuroora yakanga iri rusununguko runokosha rwakadzivirirwa neBasa Regadziriro yaClaus uye kuti nyika hadzigoni kuramba vakwanyina vorudzi rumwe chetevo maruramiro okuroora. Iyi chisarudzo chaibatanidza kuenzana sekodzero yenyika yomutemo, irevesa mitemo yehurumende yakanga yarambidza roorano yetemutenzi imwe cheteyo. Kutonga kwacho kwakanga kune betsero dzapanguva iyoyo nokuda kweLGBTQ+ , kubatanidza kodzero dzokurera, nhaka, betsero dzapashambadza, uye kurova. Pasina mamiriro ezvinhu akasarudzwa echikwereti aizova neyakare anozivikanwa nemitemo yepamutemo.

Kupfuurirazve, kubatanidzwa kwomutauro wakasununguka weFirst Amendment uye zvitsama zvamadiro zvezvikamu zvokushandisa zvakadzivirira LGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe mukunzverwa kwehurumende kwokutaura kwavo uye pamitemo yaizovamanikidza kuvanza ufakazi hwavo. Dare rakataura rataurazve kuti hurumende haigoni kumanikidza vanhu kutaura munzira dzinobvisa ufakazi hwavo, dzichisimbisa iyi dziviriro muFirst Amendment.

Vanhu Vane Urema

Nepo chirevo chikuru chekodzero dzohurema chazvino uno chiri chitima (American ane Ugamuchidzani Act ya1990, Rehabilitation Act ya1973), kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kwegadziriro dzakati dzebumbiro remitemo kwakagovera rumwe ruvara rwedziviriro. Reighth Amendment yakagovera chirambidzo chengozi nechakasiyana, chakabatanidzwa mu Robinsonson v. California[FLD] [FLD]] [1962] [1962]), yakashandiswa kurovanisa mutemo wehurumende uyo wakauita kuti uve mhaka yokupindwa muropa nokushandiswa kwemazatisvo.” Dare rakarangarira kuti chirango nokuda kwomugarirowo zvawo, icho chinowanzobatanidzwa nokuremara [81] trambermt derged. Iyi nheyo yave yave yakawedzerwa kudzivirira vanhu mundangariro nokuda kwechirwere chavo.

Dare reBase Claus reNdengedzero reSangano rakashandiswawo kugovera tarisiro yakafanira kuvanhu vakaremara nenzira yakafanira. Mu Youngberg v. Romeo[198] (1982), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti munhu akaremara mundangariro akazvipira kusangano rehurumende akanga ane muitiro wakakodzera wakakodzera kukuva akasununguka kumigariro yakakotsekana, rusununguko kubva kukuvandika kwomuviri, uye rovedzo yakakwana zvishoma zvikuru. Mstead v. L.[FLK:3] [99]) (1999] akadudzira AD kugovera kurapa kwakakodzera panzvimbo pokugara panzvimbo pokurongeka, asi Darewo rakadzika rangarira kusununguka kwaro.

Kubatanidzwa kwedziviriro yeFour Endment panzvero isina mufungo nepfari kwavewo kuchikosha nokuda kwavanhu vane urema, zvikurukuru mumugariro wokuzvipira kwokusazvidira nokutarisirwa kwegadziriro dzokutarisira. Dare rakada kuti ritevere dziviriro dzokushandisa kupfurikidza nemitemo inodzora munhu asati anyimwa rusununguko rwomuviri, kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vasina dziviriro havachengeterwi pasina muitiro wakafanira.

Vanhu Vanoshayiwa Mari

Varombo kazhinji kazhinji vave vari vanotapurwa zvikurusa kuvhota, zvikurukuru mugadziriro youtsotsi. Kusarudza kwakagovera dziviriro dzinokosha nokuda kwavakwirirwi vanopomerwa. Mu Gideon v. Wainwright [1963], Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti kodzero yeSixth Amendment yezano rakashandiswa kuvvudza mhaka, ichida kuti vamiriri vemhosva vape murwi vasingagoni kubhadhara mumwe. Iyi chisarudzo chakanga chiri chechinjo nemhaka yokuti chakaenzana kutamba pakati pevapfumi navarombo. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:] G.Illinonel [F:3] v[FFFF] [56] [56]) inodudza kuti kutongwa kunofanira kugovera kuratidzira kuratidzira kwakasununguka kupfumba kwavo. Chibvumirano chamariro chamariro chamariro chamariro kumatare edare anotendero.

Kuiswa kwechirambidzo cheReah Amendment pafashoni yakanyanyisa, yakashandiswa mu Timbs v. Indiana (2029), inodzivirira vanhu vanowana zvinhu zvavo zviduku pakubatwa nehurumende nepfuma yehurumende nemutengo wehurumende. Iyi mirau yainzvera mano ehurumende nemapurisa omunzvimbomo kuti vawane mhindu pakutora zvinhu zvavarombo. Mutezo weBasa Classiace unodawo kuti upedze kugovera betsero dzegarikano pamberi pokupedzisa purofiti yehurumende. Goldberg v., 1970, ichivimbisa kuti mugariro haugoni kubvisa pfuma pasina betsero.

Maduku Orudzidziso Navatami

Free Execlorence Claus yeFirst Amendment, yakanyoreswa mu Cantwell v.Connecticut [1940], inodzivirira mapoka ezvitendero pamitemo yehurumende inonanga zvitendero zvavo kana kuti miitiro. Somuenzaniso, Zvapupu zvaJehovha, zvakabatsirwa payakatanga Dare parakaputsa mutemo wehurumende unoda vatendi vechitendero kuti vawane mvumo, kugona kuita kuti nyika isagona kuita kuti rudzidziso rushande pareze. [[FLT:] [FLT]] V. [FLT] [FL:] [12] [5] [5] [3])], Dare risingabvumidziri kuti vanhu vakuchengetedze zvitendero zvavo zvechitendero rishande kuti ride kutaura kuti vawane maererano nezvinodiwa nefaro. Nepo musero yakachinjwa pashure po [FFF.]

Nokuda kwavatami, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kwakaganhurirwa nemhaka yokuti hurumende yehurumende inochengeta simba rakafara pakutama. Zvisinei, Gungano reChiitiso chaClaus rinodzivirira vanhu, kwete vagari vemo bedzi, mukati menharaunda yeU.S. Plyler v. Doe (1982], Dare rePamusoro reTexas rakaputsa mutemo weSandro weSangano weSangano weTexas uyo wairamba dzidzo yapachena kusava vana vatamikanwa. Dare rakarangarira kuti rusaruro rwehurumende pavana ava rwakaputsa dziviriro yaClauslaus, kurangarira kuti vana vakanga vasina mhaka ipi neipi yokuputsa kutama uye kuti dzidzo yakanga iri madikanwa. Mune dziviriro yenguva pfupi yapfuura. [FLT.2]Zdadv [FT] [2001], T.CM. Dare reSarvementsworti rinoita kuti vasarutsikidzwe, kunyange kusunungurwa kusunungurwa kwehurumende inopfupikisa.

Ganhuriro Dzokusarudza

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa hakusi nhoo yakakwana. Haisi gadziriro iri yose yeBill of Rights yakabatanidzwa. Chinodikanwa cheFind 5 Amendment chekupa mhaka huru yedare rehurumende hachishandi kuhurumende. Tshird Amendment inodzivirira varwi vanotora zvina zvina, kunyange zvazvo isingatongodikanwi. Chinonyanya kukosha, kodzero yeChimbishi yeRemendement yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo zvakangobatanidzwa [[FL:0] McDonald v. Chicago[FLT:] (20:0]), uye mwero weinoramba iripo. Vagari vemo vemo veChinelmendement vanorarama nemitemo inoganhurirwa vanogona kuwana kodzero dzavo dzeChipiri dzokudzora, asi vangatarisanawo nengozi dzinowedzera njodzi dzokushatirwa.

Uyezve, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa hakungoerekani kwadzivisa rusaruro rwehurumende. Zvinoreva kuti mapoka eDare repamusorosoro asingatsaudzwi se “kuongorora kwemarudzi, Dare rinoshandisa kuongorora kwakakomba, uko kwakaoma kugutsa hurumende. Asi nokuda kwokusarudza kwakavakirwa paurema, zera, kana kuti pfuma, Dare rinowanzoshandisa kuhwirudzura kune musoro, richipa kuti pave nokuzvidzora kukuru. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mapoka asina kudzivirirwa asingatsaurwi se“ enzvero” kana kuti “makirasi echiasi" pasi peredhiyo Yodziviriro inoenzana Claus angawana zvakaoma kudenha mutemo wemitemo inopesana nomutemo kupfurikidza nokubatanidza woga.

Mukuwedzera, dziviriro yavagari vemo vasina dziviriro inotsamira pakudisa kwamatare ehurumende kuziva maruramiro matsva makuru. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare Rapamusoro rakatora mutoo wokungwarira zvikuru kuti ripedzedze, kuramba kugadzira mapoka matsva ekodzero dzinokosha pasi peGuer Process Claus. Somuenzaniso, Dare rakaderera mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022] kuzivisa kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokubvisa pamuviri, kuputsa [[[FLT] v.] Wade. uye kudzorera nhau yacho. Ichi chisarudzo chinosimbisa kuti kusava kutedzekachinjo kana kuti kuganhurirwa muruzivo rwemitemo.

Mugumisiro: Kusarudza Kusarudza Sevimbiso Mupenyu

Kusarudza kunoramba kuri imwe yedzidziso dzinokosha zvikurusa dzebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo vanotapurwa. Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti ruzhinji rukurusa rwechipo chekodzero dzinobatanidzwa pahurumende dzehurumende, kunovimbisa kuti rusununguko rwapakuvamba (_reki, pepanhau, rudzidziso, zano, kuva woga, uye muitiro wakafanira) kudzorwa kwemifungo yemitemo yehurumende. Nhau yokubatanidza vasarudzi inhau yorusununguko runokura: kuvambira pakubatanidzwa kwokusununguka kwekudzivirira vapanduki vezvamatongerwe enyika, kusvikira kukubatanidzwa kwemaruramiro ezano nokuda kwavarombo, kubatanidzwa kworupotezororiso rweroorano nokuda kwavakwanyina voutano.

Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi ane upenyu hunotsamira pakudzivirirwa kwekodzero yebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa ibhiriji repamutemo pakati pechipikirwa cheBill of Rights nechinhu chaichoicho chesimba rehurumende. Vagari vemo vanobhadharwa vave vari vabetseri vakuru veiri bhiriji, vachishandisa kudenha kusarurana, utsotsi, uye kurambwa kwemabasa makuru. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kurwisana nenhau dzokusaenzana nokusaruramisira, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kucharamba chiri chishandiso chinokosha chokuita kuti pave nehurumende inogona kuramba kodzero dzinokosha dzinorondedzera rusununguko rweAmerica.

[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa:[