Kudzivirira Kunoita Vagari Munguva Dzenjodzi

Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunoumba simba rekodzero dzehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, asi izvi vimbiso zvinoedzwa zvakakomba zvikurusa munguva dzenjodzi yorudzi. Kana zvikatarisana nehondo, njodzi yomusikirwo, kana kuti kuparara kweupfumi, hurumende dzinowanzotsvaka kukudza masimba adzo muzita rekotsekano yavose. Bumbiro reMitemo reU., neBill of Rights uye kugadziridzwa kwaro, zvinopa gadziriro yepamutemo iyo vagari vemo vehurumende vanokunda kunyange apo kutya nokusava nechokwadi zvinodzora upenyu hwevanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti idzi kodzero dzinoshanda sei mukati menjodzi dzinokosha nokuda kwomugari wose anoda kuchengetedza rusununguko apo anochengeta chengetedzo yakabatana.

Kuchinja Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Munhau

Kuvambira paKuvamba Nguva kusvikira kuzuva razvino, nhau yeAmerica inozivisa kusawirirana kunodzokororwa pakati pechengeteko yorudzi norusununguko rwomunhu. Mukati meHondo yavagari vemo, Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akaregeredza kusungwa kwehondo kwevasiri varwi. [[FLT:] Dare rapashure reDare rinodzora [FL:] [FLT] [1] [1] Servere Millian[[[FLT] [1866] [[FLT]] [3] rakasimbisazve kuti matare ehondo aisagona kuedza vasiri varwi apo matare ehurumende akanga achishanda, achigadza muenzaniso wapakuvamba kuti maruramiro emitemo emitemo anoramba ari musimba mukati mehondo. Nenzira yakafanana, mukati njodzi yeNyika, I yeI yeChiito choutsotsi cha 191717, chinodzora nhau yehondo, [FF]].[4]

Hondo yeNyika II yakaunza kubatanidzwa kwevaJapan kwakaipa muJapan pasi poMurayiro Unodzora 906. Mu Korendatsu v. United States (1944), Dare Guru rakatsigira kumira, chisarudzo chinoshurikidzwa zvikuru nhasi sokukundikana kukuru kwemitemo. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti kunyange dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinogona kukanganisa mudzvinyiriro. Njodzi dzakawanda dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kubatanidza Hondo pamusoro peTRORIGY neCHOVAD, dzakatangazve gakava rakamurirwazve pamusoro pokunzvera, kuchengetwa, uye mirairo youtano yavose. Chiitiso chimwe nechimwe chinosimbisa kudikanwa kudzidza munhau uye kuvaka pamutemo izvo zvinodzivisa kuparadzwa kworusununguko.

Zvidzidzo Musangano Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Chivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960s inopa muenzaniso une simba unopesana. Mukati menhambo iyoyo, hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvakashandisa kutaura kwenjodzi kudzvinyirira kunyunyuta nokuganhurira gungano. Bva matare ehurumende, zvikurukuru pasi poMutongi Mukuru Earl Warren, akatsigira nguva dzose maruramiro eFirst Amendment of the Reformation of the. Landment akadai se NACP] v. Alabama [1988] [1988] akadzivirira maruramiro okusonganirana nenzira isingazivikanwi, uye madards v. South Caroline [193]) yakasimbisa maruramiro okuungana norugare panzvimbo dzavose. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo inogona kushanda sedzino inodzivirira kudzvinyirira vanhu vezvamatongerwe enyika kunyange pamamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kodzero Huru dzeBumbiro reMitemo Nenjodzi Yadzo

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nekushingaira

First Amendment inovimbisa kuti “Konfiguration haisati ichizoita dzvinyiriro kuidzwa ... muganhu werusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau.” Mumigariro yakakomba, urwu maruramiro kazhinji kazhinji ndiwo wokutanga kupinda mukudenha. Hurumende dzingapa kusabvumirana sedzisina dziviriro kana kuti dzine ngozi, uye manyuko enhau angatarisana nedzvinyiriro kukusazvidzora. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusoro ramagariro avanhu rakavakwa naro kunyange mukati mehondo, kutaura hakugoni kudzorwa kunze kwokupa tyisidziro yapedyo yekuvadziko yakakomba. [[FLT:] [[0]] Njodziro iripo inoparira kuedzwa kwapamhiko kupfurikidza nokuparira chiito chinodzivirira zvikuru chezvamatongerwe enyika kudzivirira. [FLD] mu [FLD] Branburg v.[FFF] [F] [F]]

Mienzaniso inoshanda inobatanidza maruramiro okutsoropodza mhinduro dzehurumende, kubudisa magwaro anoburitsa pamusoro pepurogiramu dzokunzvera, kana kuti kuronga kuratidzira kunodokuva mukati mekuvhara. Vagari vanofanira kuziva kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kwete bedzi mashoko anotaurwa asiwo kutaura kwokufananidzira, kwakadai sokupfeka chifukidziro kana kuti kuratidzira chiratidzo. Mukati medenda reCHOVID19, matare anoverengeka akarova ganhuriro dzakafara pamusoro pezvirongwa zvorudzidziso nokuratidzira, achisimbisa kuti kunyange njodzi yeutano yavose haisati ichipa simba risina muganhu rokunyaradza.

Rusununguko Rwegungano Nesonganiro

Chibvumirano chakarurama “kuungana norugare, uye kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo zvezvichemo” zvinokosha zvakafanana munguva dzenjodzi. Apo hurumende dzinotaura kuti mirairo yemisha kana kuti kurambidza kuungana kukuru, kodzero yegungano inogona kurwisana nezvinodiwa noutano hwavanhu. Matare anowanzotsigira nguva ine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro, asi akatongawo kuti hurumende hadzigoni kutsaura mapoka akati kana kuti maonero adzoresa. Somuenzaniso, mukati mekuramba kwetsananguro yedzinza, mamwe maguta akaedza kurambidza kuungana kwose, asi matare ehurumende akakurumidza kugadza mirayiro mirayiridzo mikurusa yakadaro. Nhevedzo inokosha ndeyokuti mitoo ipi neipi inofanira kugadziriswa zvishoma uye kusiyiwa pachena yekurukurirano, zvakadai sepaIndaneti yemisangano yepasi pepublicto.

Kodzero Yokuita Zvinodiwa uye Habeas Corpus

Gadziriro yeshanu ne 14th Amendments dzinovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa “upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange munjodzi, hurumende inofanira kugovera chiziviso nokunzwa zvakanaka pamberi pokuita zviito zvakaipa mumunhu mumwe nomumwe. Mutongo wehabeas corpus /kuplugit paChikamu I, Chikamu 9 (nemipinyiso yokuti vanhu vanogona kudenha kupfigwa kusati kwapamutemo. Mukati meHondo yeTrorbac, vadzorerist vaieamheas paGuantmo Bay yakanga isina dziviriro yakarurama habeas corpus, asi Dare Gurust Courts rinoramba murangariro upi neuventine. [FL:] v[FT]][FLP]]

Mumigariro yengozi youtano yavose, itiro dzakafanira dzinomuka apo hurumende dzinoparadzanisa vanhu, dzinoraira nhomba, kana kuti dzinoisa ganhuriro dzokufamba. Matare akatsigira kare matanho akadaro pasi pesimba ramapurisa (onai [[FLT: 0]] Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 1905), asi dzakadawo kuti matanho ave anonzwisisa, ari madikanwa, uye kwete anopesana. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCovid, dzimwe nyika dzakatarisana nemhosva pamusoro pemirairo yezvirango dzinodikanwa dzezvoutano, nematare achinzvera kana mirairo inobatanidza kusunungurwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvokurapa kana kuti zvorudzidziso. Chidzidzo chacho ndecho chinenge chisati chiri chingori chikwanikiso changori chakakomba.

Dziviriro Pakunzvera Nokunyengedza Zvisina Uzivi

Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira dziviriro kuvhozhokera kwehurumende muupenyu hwomunhu oga pasina chisakiso chinobvira. Munjodzi, maruramiro aya anogona kuparadzwa nokunzvera kwakawedzerwa, kuisa mipimo yemitemo. Patriot Act, yakapfuudzwa pashure pa 9/11, yakatenderwa masimba makuru okunzvera, kubatanidza “matauro nemirando yemitengo mizhinji. United States v. Jones [20], Dare Rapamusoro rakabata kuti kuisa motokari yeGPS kuidzosa mugwagwa kuumba kunzvera pasi peGPS, inoda maruramiro epepa. Nguva pfupi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, inoraira njodzi inopfuudzwa namadhemoni api naa api.

Matambudziko Avanosangana Nawo Pazvaiitika Zvinetso

Pasinei zvapo nedziviriro idzi dzebumbiro remitemo, njodzi dzinokonzera dzvinyiriro dzinogona kutungamirira kukuderera kwekodzero.

Nhevedzo Dzavane Vatungamiriri Nesimba Rekurumidziro

Mapurezidhendi namagavhuna anowanzokumbira masimba ekurumidziro kuita chiito nokukurumidza pasina tendero yemitemo. Emertical Ementation Act (196) ne Stafford Act[ anopa simba rakafara rehurumende mukati mengwavaira. Zvisinei, aya masimba anogona kushandiswa kufuratira zvichemo zvebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, kuzivisa kwekurumidziro kwaPrezidhendi Trump kutsigira muganhu muna 2019 kwakadenhwa sekuputsa kushayisa simba. matare akatonga kuti masimba ekurumidziro anofanira kushandiswa mukati ganhuriro dzemitemo uye haagoni kudzora kodzero dzemitemo. Murayiro mumwe cheteyo unoshanda kumira mirayiridzo yehurumende mukati mamiriro ezvinhu outano munenge munofanira kuva nehwaro yepamutemo uye kutadza kudzo yekodzero dzapamutemo.

Kuramba Kutonga Nengozi Ye “Chinhu Chipi Nechipi Chose ”

Munhau dzakapfuura, matare anowanzobvumira matare makuru panzvimbo yakakwirira mukati menjodzi, zvikurukuru munhau dzechengeteko yenyika. dzidziso yepanguva yematongerwe enyika nepfungwa ye “zvinodikanwa chaizvo” zvakabvumira masangano eHwechina Emisi yeMitemo. Kunyange zvakadaro Dare Rapamusoro rakanyeverawo kuti kumira kusava kutongwa. Mu [ Trump v. Hawaii[FLT] [[FLT]] [20:3] [2017]), Dare rinotsigira kurambidza kufamba kunoitwa kwechiSulumu chiSulumu chiSulumane asi rakaita kudaro panzvimbo yedare panzvimbo yechiremera. Chisarungadzo chinoramba kuratidzwa pamusoro pezviito zvikuru. Chiratichidzodzodzodzo chamatongerwese. Chiri chinoda kutongetemwaro chamatongedzerwa vanhu vogaro.

Dzvinyiriro Yavose Nengano Yokuchengeteka

Mukati menjodzi, murangariro wavose kazhinji kazhinji unochinja kukutsigira chiito chakasimba chehurumende. Ikoku kunogona kuparira “kupoterera mureza” muuyo unonyaradza kusabvumirana neganhuriro dzekodzero. Kubatira pamwe kweJapan kwaitsigirwa zvikuru panguva yacho, sezvakanga zvakaita McCMarthy-era vimbiso dzokuvimbika. Nhasi, chinetso ndechokuchengeta murangariro unotsoropodza kunyange apo kutya kwakapararira. Kunyora nokuvimbisana kwehurumende, uye nzanga yavagari vemo yakasimba zvinokosha. [[FLT: 0] Konsitionaltionstions haazizvitsigiri;

Mabasa Apamutemo Anodzivirira Kodzero

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kududzira Bumbiro Romutemo

Chikamu III chedare reConstitutions chine simba rokududzira mutemo, kubatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza ne hwirudzuro yemitemo , matare anogona kurova mitemo, mirairo yehurumende, uye mirau inoputsa kodzero dzinokosha. Nhau dzenhau dzechikwata dzakadai se pwere dzechibharo chefiti-mote & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayer[ [1952] [52] Kudzorwa kwaProfesidente yezviga panzvimbo zvesimbi mukati mehondo, kusimbisa kuti kunyange masimba ehondo ane miganhuro yemitemo yemitemo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, matare akavharira kuedza kurambidza basa rehondo uye akada kuda kuisa matare anodzosa nzira yokufamba mumugwagwa. Mano anounza mhaka pamberi pekudzo inopfumisa yedare, zvisinei kudzo inodhura neya yapamutemo.

Fariro Yavanhu uye Kudzidzisa

Masangano akadai se Chivil Liberties Union yeAmerican Justice, [[FLT]] , [FLT]EKronic Foundation , uye [[FLT] Brenan Center yeSahluleristi [ nguva dzose] kukwidziridza kudarika kodzero dzokuputsa mukati menjodzi. Mapoka aya anotsamira pakumira, zviito zveboka, uye maaics kuunza nhau dzegadziriro pamberi pematare. Somuenzaniso, ACLUU yakakwidza pamusoro pomuitiro wemhuri yokutarisira, uye EFFFF yakadenha kutarisana nekodzero dzavo. Kudaidzwa kwemitemo kwavose kunogona kudzivirira kodzero dzapamutemo nokuda kwamakore aya.

Kuongorora Kudzivirira Kodzero Kunoitwa

Kurevererwa kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Kunobva Kuna Korematsu

Muna 2018, Dare Gurusa rakaramba zvakajeka Korendatsu v. United States mu [[FLT]] Trump v. Hawaii. Mutongi mukuru Roberts akanyora kuti “Korematsu akanga asina kururama zvikuru zuva rakasarudzwa,” achiratidza kuti Dare rinogona kudzidza kubva muzvikanganiso zvaro. Uyu muenzaniso une simba wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinochinja nokufamba kwenguva. Dare reRegino haridzosi kukuvadza kuvadziko, asi rinogadza muenzaniso mutsva wokuti nhevedzano yedzinza nefungidziro dzakavakirwa pamutemo hadzina pamutemo, kunyange munjodzi.

Kutaura Wakasununguka Mukati Mecovid-19 Pandemic

Mudenda rose reCovorid-19, matare akatarisana nedenho dzakawanda kumirairo youtano yavose. Mu Katurike yeBrooklyn v. Cuomo [2020], Dare Guru rakavhara miganhu yemikana yemikana yechechi yeNew York, ichitonga kuti ganhuriro inosarurwa parudzidziso. Nenzira yakafanana, mu Tandson v. Newsom [201], Dare rakarangarira kuti mwero upi noupi woutano wavose unoganhurira kuungana kworudzidziso unofanira kushandiswa nenzira isina kutora rutivi kumibato yenyika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kunyange mukati mamiriro ezvinhu anouraya, hurumende haigoniwo kusimbisa kurovedza mabasa chaiwo.

Kushanda Kwakaita Mari Nechiito Chokuzvinyima

Pashure pe9/11, USA PARITIOTT Act yakakudza masimba okunzvera pasi peFreigent Surveillance Act (FISA). Muna 2013, kuvuza kwaEdward Snowden kwakaratidza muunganidzwa mukuru wemafoni eNSA pasi peChikamu 215 cheChibvumirano. Kuwedzera kubatanidza, kubatanidza ACLU] v. Clapper[ [20], yakatungamirira Survet , kuti purogiramu yacho isatenderwa nomutemo. Chirango cheRhudo chaUSA (20: 5) pakupedzisira chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti kodzero dzepamutemo, kunyange zvazvo dzisingadzoreki, dzinogona kudzorerwa kupfurikidza nedenho yepamutemo uye dzvinyiriro yavose.

Mhedziso: Kudikanwa Kunopfuurira Kwokungwarira

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzisi zivikanwo inongoerekana yavapo; dzinoda kudzivirira nokududzirwazve. Njodzi dzenhau dzakaedza idzi kodzero, pane dzimwe nguva nemigumisiro ine ngwavaira, asi gadziriro yemitemo yakaratidzirawo kusimba. Dzinowirirana pakati pechengeteko norusununguko hadzitongogumi. Kunofanira kubatanidzwazve nenjodzi imwe neimwe. Vagari vemo vane mutoro wokunzwisisa kodzero dzavo, kuita kuti vatungamiriri vapiwe mhosva, uye kutsigira masangano anodzivirira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Sezvinonzwisiswa, “kungwarira kusingagumi ndiwo mutengo worusununguko.” Munhambo yokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze epasi pose, uye tyisidziro dzinodzorwa, kuti kungwarira kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera peji Aconstitution kubva muRaibhurari yeCongress, ACLU’S & Chivono chavagari vemo peji [, uye [[FLT]] SCOTBlog yenzvero yezvinoitika zvekurumidziro [[. Kugara uchiziva inhano yokutanga kukuvimbisa kuti kodzero dzemitemo irambe iri nhoo ipenyu nokuda kwavagari vose vagari vemo.