Kunzwisisa Maitirwo Ezvinhu Akakodzera Nebasa Rawo Mukutsvaka uye Kushayisa Mutemo

Muitiro wakakodzera inheyo yemitemo yemitemo yeAmerica, yakapinzwa muMitemo yeshanu neyegumi namana. Pachikamu chayo, inoda kuti hurumende iremekedze kodzero dzose dzapamutemo dzine mhosva kumunhu, ichiita kuti nhevedzano ive yakarurama munhambo dzose dzemitemo. Kana ikasvika kuGaramende reChina reMitemo ̱ inorambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo nokubatwa nehosha, muitiro unoita sezvose zviri zviviri nhoo yorusununguko negadziriro yemitemo inoita kuti mutemo uteererwe. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro dzeRemendement yeChina dzeDramendement ingava isina kukuva netambira kudenha Hurumende kana kuti kuvimbisa kuti kunzvera nokubatwa nehosha kunoitwa bedzi muchiremera chomutemo.

Ukama pakati pomuitiro wakafanira nedziviriro dzinoda kutsvakwa nedzinodzivirirwa hwakadzika midzi munguva Yokuvamba, asi hwakashanduka - chinja nenzira inokosha mumazana amakore ezvisarudzo zvedare, kuchinja kwemitemo, uye ruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda. Nyaya inonzvera kuti muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira sei vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, mipimo yapamutemo inodzora dziviriro idzodzo, uye kupesana kunobvumira mutemo kuita pasina maruramiro mumigariro yakananga. Kunzwisisa nheyo idzodzi kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kuziva maruramiro avo uye nokuda kweavo vanoshanda mugadziriro yeruramisiro kuvimbisa kuti kodzero idzodzo dzinokudzwa.

Masangano eBumbiro reMitemo Ourongwa Hwakafanira uye Kugadziridzwa Kwechina

Find mendment inozivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. ̵ Pakutanga, iyi muganhu wakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Pashure peHondo yeCivil, IPramende ye145 yakapamura chinodikanwa chimwe chetecho kunyika, ichigovera kuti hakuna nyika ichashandiswa nenzira yakarurama nemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yeSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reP.

Gadziriro yeChina, yakabvumirwa sorutivi rweBill of Rights muna 1791, inoti: “ maruramiro avanhu okuchengetedzwa muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, haasati achizoputswa, uye hapana zvirambidzo zveWarrant zvichabudiswa, asi pachikonzero chinobvira, chinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inoda kuongororwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. ̵ rugwaro urwu runosimbisa dziviriro mbiri: kurambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo uye chinodikanwa chipi nechipi chinofanira kuvakirwa pachikonzero chakati chakati kuti chiveitwe nezvikonzero uye chinofanira kurondedzera kunzvera nenzira yakananga.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsanangura Supremendment yeChina richitevedzera mashandiro aro, richiti kuva nomufungo kwokutsvaka kana kuti kugwinha hakugoni kuongororwa pasina kufunga kana hurumende yakatevera nzira dzakakodzera.

Dzidziso Yokusarura uye Amendement Yechigumi Negumi

Nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa yeAmerica, Sunday Amendment yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Hurumende nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo zvakanga zvisina kusungirwa nechinodikanwa chayo. Izvo zvakachinja muzana ramakore rechi20 kupfurikidza nedzidziso ye inosarudza kubatana [, apo Dare Rapamusoro rakasarudza kuti gadziriro zhinjisa dzeRegntion dzinoshanda kudzimwe nyika nomu 1450 Demendment ̱ Mutemo woMutemo waClausces Clauscese. Munhau dzinooneka dzakadai se [[FLT:] Map] v.[FLT: 3] [1961]] [19]) uye [FLT] .[FLT] VFULD] [5] (1994], Supercents Courtsment Resmetics, progremssss, &17, kudzodzoset, kudzosera kwemitemo yose, inodzosenziridzose.

Kudiwa Kunotokodzera Kudzivirirwa

Rena Amendment ’ rugwaro runokarakadza kuti zvibvumikiso muenzaniso unodikanwa wokunzvera nokugwinha. Chibvumikiso chakabudiswa namajasitiriti asina divi rakavanzika, chakavakirwa pakutaura kwakapikirwa kwaitanga chisakiso chinobvira, chinogovera nzvero yokuzvimirira pamitemo inodzora ’ simba. Iyi nhano yemitemo muenzaniso wakatanhamara wemuitiro wakafanira mukuita chiito: Hurumende isati yagona kuvhozhozhokera pamunhu ’ kuvandika, inofanira kuratidzira kumutongi asingasaruri, kuti pane chikonzero chapamutemo chokudavira ufakazi hwoutsotsi huchawanwa.

Muitiro wakafanira unoda zvinopfuura kungowana zvawo rugwaro, zvisinei. Chiratidzo chacho chinofanira kuitwa nomutoo une mufungo, zvikurukuru mukati mamaawa ezuva, uye hachifaniri kupfuura udzo hweizvo jaji inotenderwa. Kana vakuru vakuru vakanzvera nzvimbo dzisingarondedzerwi mutsamba kana kuti kutora zvinhu zvisina kurongwa, zviito izvozvo zvingaputsa Gadziriro yeChina yoMutemo ndokusekesa kururama kwechinoitika. Chinodikanwa chechinoitika chakati chinovimbisa kuti vanhu havapiwi pasi poruzhinji, vanonzvera zvinhu zvavo.

Kupfuurirazve, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti vanhu vaziviswe nezvenzvero papi kana papi panobvira. Muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kugogodza ndokuzivisa kuvapo kwavo vasati vapinda mumusha, kutoti kana pane migariro yakatanhamara inoruramisa kusapinda kwekicknock. Iyi chiziviso chinopa vagari mukana wokuzarura suo nokuzvidira ndokudzivisa rwisano isiri madikanwa. Kukundikana kutevera iyi mitemo yemiitiro yetsika kunogona kuita kunzvera kusingatenderwi.

Chisakiso Chinowirirana: Mupimo Wokuva Nomwero

Chisakiso chapamutemo chinofanira kusvitswa maruramiro asati apiwa. Chiripo apo hwerengedzo yemigariro inozivikanwa kuiswa kwapamutemo ingatungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti mhaka yakaitwa uye kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huri munzvimbo kuti hunzverwe. Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa kuti chisakiso chingava chakapfava, chinozivikanwa, kwete chamaidi ounyanzvi. Asi chinofanira kuvakirwa pamaidi chaiwo, kwete nyumwirowo zvayo kana kuti hunch. Muitiro weSangano unovimbisa kuti kunyange mumitezo yemiganho, munzveri wemitemo inonzvera ndokuita runhare, panzvimbo pokusiya chisarudzo chose chose chose kumukuru mukuru mukuru pamugwagwa.

Kugadzirira Kunoita Kunze Kwechinodikanwa Chisingabvumirwi: Chinotsaura Neganhuriro Dzacho

Nepo chinodikanwa chiri ikombiri yedziviriro yeFremmendment yeChina, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kusiyana kunoverengeka uko kunzverwa nepfari kunogona kurangarirwa kuva kune mufungo pasina murairo. izvi zvakasiyana haisi mhosho asi inoparirwa nezvinodikanwa zvinoshanda uye hurumende ’ fariro yapamutemo muchengeteko yavose nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoshanda zvakanaka. Zvisinei, muitiro wakafanira unodzivisa kuti izvi zvakasiyana zvinogona kushandiswa sei.

Kunzvera Kuchibvumirwa

Kana munhu akabvuma nokuzvidira kusecha, hapana maruramiro anodikanwa. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa norusununguko, kwete kumanikidzwa nedzvinyiriro kana kuti kunyengedzwa. Muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti hurumende ibvumire kupfurikidza nengwariro yapamberi penhau, uye matare achatarira pahwerengedzo yemigariro, kubatanidza munhu mumwe nomumwe ̱ zera, dzidzo, uye mugariro. Munhu anogona kubvisa kubvuma panguva ipi neipi, uye kana vakuru vakuru vakuru vakapfuurira kutsvaka pashure pokurega, ufakazi hupi nohupi hunobatwa hungadzvinyirirwa. Idiro kuti mumwe munhu haabvumiri kudenha kodzero yavo yokutsvaka kana kuchipfuura zvakabvumidzwa.

Kunzvera Chinoparira Kusungwa

Apo munhu anosungwa nenzira yapamutemo, mapurisa anganzvera wirirano nenzvimbo yemusungwa ̱. Munhu nenzvimbo mukati moudzori hwavo hwapakarepo pasina maruramiro. Uku kusiiwa kunoruramiswa nekotsekano yavakuru vakuru uye dikanwo yokudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Muitiro unoisa miganhu: kunzvera kunofanira kuva panguva imwe cheteyo nokusungwa uye kunofanira kupfigirwa kunzvimbo uko musungwa angasvika pfuti kana kuti ufakazi. Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarirawo kuti vakuru vakuru vanganzverawo kamuri remotokari kuchinoitika chazvino uno uno pa ̱ kusungwa, asi kana bedzi musungwa akachengetwa uye angawana motokari, kana kuti zvichiri zvakanaka kudavira kuti kusungwa kuchawanikwa mumotokari ([FLN]]]

Migariro Yakaoma

Kana paine kudikanwa kwokukurumidza kwokudzivisa kuvadziko yomuviri, kuparadzwa kwoufakazi, kana kuti kupukunyuka kwokunyumwira, vakuru vakuru vangapinda mumusha kana kuti kunzvera pasina mvumo. Nhamo yekurumidziro inofanira kuva yechokwadi uye isina kugadzirwa namapurisa. Muitiro unoda kuti hurumende iratidzire kuti kushinga kwacho kwakanga kuripo zvose zviri zviviri uye chinhu chinosunda chokutsvaka. Somuenzaniso, kana vakuru vakuru vakanzwa kuzhamba kana kuti kuputsika mukati meimba, vangapinda kuti vabatsire. Asi kana vakazviitira vamene kurumidziro nokugogodza kana kuti kuzivisa kuvapo kwavo nenzira inonyandura ruparadziko, maruramiro okupinda mumugwagwa.

Chinjo Yemotokari

Nemhaka yokuti motokari dzinofamba uye dzinogona kubviswa nokukurumidza, Dare rakarangarira kuti vakuru vakuru vane chisakiso chinobvira chokudavira kuti motokari ine ufakazi hweutsotsi vanganzvera motokari yose, kubatanidza mabhokisi api naapi ari mukati mayo, pasina maruramiro. Uku kusiiwa kunotangira mukukarirwa kwakaderedzwa kwavanhu voga kwave kuri mumotokari kuenzaniswa nemisha. Muitiro wemuitiro uchiri kuda chisakiso sezvinobvira, uye kunzvera kunofanira kuva kune mufungo. Kana vakuru vakuru vachinzvera kupfuura chisakiso chinobvira, ufakazi hungava husingawaniki.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Kana mukuru mukuru akabvumirwa nomutemo munzvimbo ndokuona zvinhu zvinopa mhaka mukuona kwakajeka, vangatora zvinhu izvozvo pasina pamutemo. Dzidziso yacho inoda kuti mukuru mukuru ave nekodzero yapamutemo yokupinda chinhu chacho, uye kuti kuzvidavirira kwechinhu kuve pachena nokukurumidza. Muitiro unomuka kana mukuru mukuru a’ akasatenderwa, kana kuti kunzvera kwacho kwakanga kuri chikonzero chokuwana uchapupu. Dzidziso yakajeka haingashandiswi kururamisa kunzvera kwavose.

Mutemo Wokugumisa: Mushonga Wokunzvera Kusina Ungwaru

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvegadziriro yokusimbisa Dare reChina reMitemo yeMitemo i mutemo wekubvisa pamutemo , unorambidza hurumende kushandisa ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina kutongwa kana kuti kubatwa nemhosva. Mutemo unoshanda mumatare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende, uye unogadzirirwa kudzivisa kusazvibata kwemapurisa kupfurikidza nokubvisa sundo yokuputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Pasina mutemo wokubvisa, Kugadziriswa kweChina kungava kuduku zvikuru kudarika chipikirwa chokufananidzira, sezvo pasati paizova nomuuyo unoshanda nokuda kwokukuputsa.

Mutemo wokuparadza une ganhuriro, zvisinei. Haushandi muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo, munhau huru dzedare rinobetsera vatongi, kana kuti muhabeas corpus hwirudzuro. Mukuwedzera, Dare Rapamusoro rakagadzira chiverengero chakati kuti chezvisingawiriraniswi, zvakadai se kutenda kwakanaka kunopesana[[, uko kunobvumira ufakazi kubvumwa kana vakuru vakuru vakavimba nenzira ine mufungo nemitemo yakashandurwa kuva isina maturo, kana kuti pamutemo uyo gare gare gare wakaziviswa kuva usina kuzviisa pasirioni. Muitiro uchiri kubatira muidziyo muzvinoitika izvozvi nemhaka yokuti vakuru vakuru vaiita mukutenda kwakanaka, uye muuyo wokudzivisa ufakazi ungava usina maturo.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi, mutemo wokubvisa unoramba uri dziviriro inokosha, unovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kuwana mhindu mukusatenderwa kwayo imene, uye unosimbisazve nheyo yokuti miuyo hairuramisiri mitoo.Vadziviriri vanogona kuratidzira kuti kunzvera kunoputswa kweGavhuro reChina kazhinji kazhinji kuchabudirira kuita kuti ufakazi hwakadzvinyirirwa hubviswe, kuchitungamirira kukudzingwa kwepomero kana kuti kukumbirwa kwakanaka.

Kufambira Mberi Kwazvakaita Munguva Yacho: Zvinetso Zvanhasi

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwachinja zvikuru mashandiro ezvokusecha uye mutemo wokubvurudza. Mashoko eInternat, kusanganisira maemail, mashoko emeseji, mashoko enzvimbo, uye nzvimbo yokuchengetera makore, anomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pezvinoumba ̴ earch ” uye miitiro inodikanwa. Dare Gurusa retende rakaziva kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika mukurukurirano dzavo dzemichina nemidziyo, kunyange kana madhiramu iwayo asati ari mutsika ̴ imba.”

Mu Riley v. California [2014, Dare rakabatana rakataura kuti mapurisa haagoni kunzvera chinoitika chorunhare rweserura kuti asungwe pasina maruramiro. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti maserura azvino uno ane zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko omunhu oga, zvinopfuura zvikuru chinhu chinooneka chakafanana nechikwama kana kuti bhokisi romudzanga. Dare rakagumisa kuti bhii rehurumende ’ fariro muchengeteko yamapurisa noufakazi hazvina kururamisa kuvanzika kwakavanzika kukuru kuti kunzvera serura kusina serura kwapamutemo kungagona kubatanidza. Ichi chisarudzo chakatanhamara chokuita kuti kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvitsva.

Nenzira yakafanana, mu Carpeent v. United States (2017), Dare rakaramba kuti zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi zvakachengetwa nebato rechitatu uye kuti nzvimbo refu inowana mabhii akawanda enzvimbo yakaiswa sero yakaumbwa neFrencement yeNternet. Dare rakaramba kutaura kuti mapepa ebhizimisi aingovawo zvawo mapepa eboka rechitatu uye raiziva kuti nzvimbo yakarebeswa inozivisa mufananidzo wapedyo womunhu anenge anenge anenge anzi nesero; mararamiro. Somugumisiro, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuwana maruramiro anotsigirwa nenhau dzinobvira kuti awanike musero mukuru wokuchengeta kuchengetedzwa kwemasero. Izvi zvinoratidza musero wokuchengetedza kudzivirira zvokuti systemgoteogration haishanduri.

Kuwanda Kwemari Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika

Zera remichina rinomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pepurogiramu dzakakura dzokuongorora, dzakadai sedzinoitwa pasi peFreigent Surveillance Act (FISA). Nepo fariro dzechengeteko dzenyika dzichida mwero wakati kuti, muitiro wakafanira unoda tarisiro, zvakadai setendero yedare inobva kuInternational Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISIC). Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuvanza mamiriro efiziyo efiziro nerobhatasipo anoshandiswa nechikamu 702 cheFiSA Amendments kuunganidza kurukurirano dzinoda kunzi U.S. Vanhu vangaputsa kodzero dzedare reSangano dzekukurukurirana kwePurcelligence Surveion Trence Surveial Court (FISILC). Vagari vane kurukurirano pakati pekuchengeteko napagaro dzinoramba dziri chinhu chinenge chakakomba chekurukurirano chakafanira chenguva yedu.

Misa uye Frisk: Kudzikamisa Rugareko neKodzero dzeBumbiro remitemo

Muitiro wokumisa nafurrisk, unozivikanwawo se Terry kumira (kubva Terry v. Ohio), inobvumira mapurisa kuvharidzira munhu mupfupi nemhaka yefungidziro ine mufungo yokuti mubato woutsotsi uri mutsoka, uye kuisa munhu mufukidzwa nokuda kwezvombo kana kune mufungo kuti munhu akashopera uye ane ngozi. Uku kupfigwa kunowana kupfupi kwokusungwa kwakazara uye hakudi pamutemo, asi kuchiri chinhu chinobvumwa pasi peGendo.

Muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti nyumwiro ine mufungo ive yakavakirwa pamaidi chaiwo, anodzorwa, kwete bedzi panzvimbo yevhu kana kuti pamavara okugara. Matare akakunda miitiro yokumisa nefrisk iyo inotsamira pamiitiro yedzinza kana kuti iyo inoshandiswa nomutoo wokusasarura. Mu Floyd v. City yeNew York [2020], dare reruwa rakawana kuti New York Police Department ̱ purogiramu inomira-furira mira yeChonda yechina newegumi na 1450 nokuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakanga vachimisa mitengo yavatema navanhu vatema pasina kunyumwidzwa. Chisarudzo chinodikanwa chinoraira kuratidzira vanhu vose nokusafanira kubatwa nokusaidzwa.

Kunyange apo kumira kunoruramiswa, ukuru hwefrisk hunoganhurirwa kudivi rezvipfeko zvokunze nokuda kwezvombo. Kana mukuru mukuru achinzwa chinhu chinooneka nokukurumidza sechinoiswa mungozi, chingabatwa pasi pe “ callute symboring anonzwa ” kunze. Asi kumwe kunzvera kupi nokupi kunoda kubvumira kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira. Muitiro wapapo unovimbisa kuti chinhu chinomira ndechechinguvana uye kuti chinonyumwiswa hachisi kunyadziswa kana kuti kunonotswa kusingadikanwa kusina kufanira.

Kugadzirira Kwakafanira Nokuzvidavirira: Basa Rematare Nevagari Vawo

Nepo gadziriro yapamutemo yezvibvumikiso, zvimwe chisakiso, uye zvisakafanira zvichikosha, muitiro wakafanira pakupedzisira unotsamira pakuchengetwa kune revo. Matare anoita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokuratidzira nhano dzokudzvinyirira ufakazi, kupfurikidza nokurairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo, uye kupfurikidza nokupa mirangariro inojekesa miganhu yesimba ramapurisa. Vagari vemo, vanogonawo kusimbisa maruramiro avo kupfurikidza nokuramba kunzvera, kupfurikidza nokukumbira gweta kana rakasungwa, uye kupfurikidza nokunyunyuta kana vanodavira kuti kodzero dzavo dzakaputswa.

Masangano akasiyana- siyana anogovera zviwanikwa kuti abatsire vanhu kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo. Somuenzaniso, ACLU̱s Zivai Peji Yekodzero Dzenyu inopa nhungamiro inoshanda pakubatana nokudzikamisa mutemo. Cornell Legil Information Institute inogovera pfupiso iripo yomutemo weGenestine Amendment. project [[FLT:]]

Masangano anodzika mitemo ane basa rokurovedza vakuru vakuru pamitemo yebumbiro remitemo uye kutora mitemo inodzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, makamera emuviri anogona kuita chinyorwa chinobatsira matare kuongorora kana kutsvakwa kana kuti kubatwa kwaitwa zvakanaka. Masangano anotarisira anogona kuongorora mufambiro wezvakaipa. Zvose izvi zvinobatsira kutsika dzakakodzera dzisati dzichingova dzetsika asi dzinoshanda.

Mupeto: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwemaitirwo Anofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira inovimbisa kuti simba rokutsvaka nokubata harishandiswi nenzira yamaune. Kupfurikidza nokuda magwaro akavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira, kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti zvisakafanira zviruramiswe nokudikanwa kwechokwadi, uye kupfurikidza nokugovera mishonga yakafanana nomutemo unoparadzanisa, Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira munhu ari wose ̱ maruramiro okusununguka pakuvhozhokerwa kwehurumende kusina mufungo. Muzera remifungo, idzi dziviriro dzinokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose, sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoita kuti vatangi vakwanise kufungidzira.

Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wakafanira unoshanda sei kunopa vagari vemo simba rokuita kuti hurumende izvidavire.

Kana kuzvipira ikoko kuchitsigirwa, kuongorora nokubatwa nepfari kunoramba kuri pamutemo uye kuine mufungo, uye chiremera chomunhu oga chinochengetwa.