Kuumbwa Kwoutongi hweAmerica

Hurumende yeUnited States inomira seimwe yemarepublic akaresa enyika ichishanda nguva dzose, yakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa chiremera mumativi akawanda esimba apo inochengeta rusununguko rwomunhu. Gadziriro yayo, yakaitwa muna 1787, inoratidzira mazana amakore ouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubvumirana pane zvinoshanda, uye kusava nechokwadi kukuru kwechiremera chakarongeka. Mugari wemo ari wose anobetserwa nokunzwisisa kwete bedzi zvivako zvepamutemo (mapazu matatu emitemo inosarudzwa nemitemo), gadziriro yekodzero dzekodzero, mutero wacho unoitawo munzanga yazvino uno. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana nzira iyo hurumende inoshanda nayo, kodzero dzinokosha dzaicho dzinoda kudzivirira nayo vagari vayo vayo, uye basa rakawedzerwa rainoita munzanga yazvino uno.

Mapazi Matatu Nemakemikari Nedzikamo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinokamura hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana: Legislative, Gurukota, uye Juji. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana, asi chiremera chinopfuudzwa chinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora. Iyi gadziriro (inozivikanwa sechekero nedzikamo) batira pamwe uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kuti zvitonge nenzira inobudirira.

Bazu Romutemo: Kuita Mitemo

Congress, Legislative Branch, ine mutoro wokunyora nokupfuudza mutemo wehurumende. Iro ibhiamaral, rinoumbwa neDare neImba yavamiririri. Dare rinoumba mitezo 100, miviri inobva munyika imwe neimwe, inobatira mashoko egore rimwe nerimwe. Imba ine vamiriri vanovhota 435, vanogoverwa navanhu, vanobatira zvitatiro zvamakore maviri. Makamera ose ari maviri anofanira kutendera zvikwereti zvakafanana asati atumirwa kuPrezidhendi.

Kupfuura kuita mutemo, Congress ine masimba anokosha okutarisira: inosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, inoita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapurezidhendi, inozivisa hondo, uye inodzora kupedzera mari kwehurumende kupfurikidza nesimba rechikwama.

  • Sayenzi: Chinosimbisa vanyori vedare, ruramisiro yeDare rapamusoro, uye nhume kupfurikidza nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo; batanidza zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri dzetatu.
  • Imba yaVamiriri: inovamba zvikwereti zvose zvemari, inovamba miitiro yokurayira, uye inosanangura Purezidhendi muchinoitika cheElectoral College defick.
  • Kommittees: Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinotsamira pagadziriro yedare() kumira, kusarudza, uye matare akabatana(kuvhota mutemo, kuitisa matare, uye kutarisira masangano anotarisira.

Kana kuri kuita zvakawanda pamuitiro wemitemo, shanyira dare .gov website, iyo inogovera zvikwereti zvazvino, rudungwe rwedare, uye magwaro enhau.

Bazu Rine Vane Chiremera: Kushandisa Mitemo

Purezidhendi anotungamirira Bazu reUdhumuchi, rinotsigirwa naMutungamiriri weSangano rePurezidhendi, Bitten, uye dare rehurumende rakawanda. Purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende, anoraira mauto ane zvombo, anoisa mutemo womubatanidzwa, anoitisa mutemo wokumwe, uye anoisa mutemo weChibvumirano cheSangano rePurezi,(8) thioft Congress inogona kukurira chiverengero chikuru nezvitatu mumakamu ose ari maviri.

Bazu reGuta Rinodzora rinobatanidza madhipatimendi 15 edare rehurumende — kubva kuHurumende kusvika kuVeterans Affairs — uye mazana amasangano akazvimirira akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) neFederal Communies Commission (FCC). aya masangano anonyora miraudzo ine simba romutemo, kududzira vavariro dzesangano, uye kutungamirira mapurogiramu anovambira kuchengeteko yenzanga kuenda kumapaki orudzi.

  • Akafunga makore mana ari ose achifamba kuElectoral College kusvika kuukuru hwemashoko maviri.
  • [ Mutungamiriri wehurumende: Anotungamirira Dare namatanho kana Mutungamiriri wenyika akaremara.
  • [[FT: 0] Cabinet: Vatungamiriri vemadhipatimendi makuru, vanoda kusimbiswa kweDare.

Website yeImba Yenyu inopa mashoko azvino uno pamusoro pemirairo yavakuru vakuru, zvokutanga zvokutarisira, uye kutaura kwapurezidhendi.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo

Bhazi Rokutonga, rinotungamirirwa neDare Gurusa, rinotsanangura mutemo womubatanidzwa neBumbiro reMitemo, richivimbisa kuti mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinowirirana nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinogadza simba rokutonga, asi Congress anogadza ukuru hweDare Gurusa ndokuita matare akaderera. Pari zvino, Dare Gurusa rinoumbwa nevatongi vapfumbamwe, vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vachizviisa pasi pomufambiro wakanaka(h) unovadzivisirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Matare maduku ehurumende anobatanidza matare 94 eruwa, uko kutonga kunoitirwa, uye 13 Dare reZvikumbiro, iro rinonzwa zvikumbiro zvakabva kumatare oruwa. Vateveri vangakumbira Dare Rapamusoro, iro rinonzwa inenge 1% yezvikumbiro gore negore. Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare ($([FLT: 0]]]] Marbury v. Madison [18])] Dare rinogona kurova mitemo nezviito zvapamusoro zvakawanikwa zvisingawiriraniswi.

  • [[NHAU] DAMBUDZIKO: Mupedzi wokupedzisira pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo; anosarudza kuti inhau dzipi dzokunzwa kupfurikidza nehwaro hwecertiorari.
  • [[FT:0] Matare amatunhu: Chisarudzo chezvikumbiro muvhoriyamu (dare rakazara) kana kuti munzvimbo dzinenge dziri nhatu dzinotonga.
  • Matare eruwa: Anobata kutonga kukurusa kwehurumende netsotsi(///na mapepa okutanga.

Mifungo yapamutemo namashoko emhosva anowanika pa SupmeCourt.gov.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yeU.S. hunova mukurukurirano yenguva dzose yesimba. Purezidhendi anogona kudzosa zvikwereti, asi Congress anogona kukurira zviremera zvikuru. Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi, asi Dare rinovasimbisa. Mitengo yeDare inobvumira hurumende, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mari kana kuti kuramba kuzvishandisa kudenha dare. Bhoro reReaucial ingarovanya mitemo, asi Congresssion inogona kukarakadza bvumirano yebumbiro remitemo kuti ipedzedze kutonga kweDare. Uku kupesana kunomanikidzira, kumanikidza kuronga uye kubvumirana pamberi pezviito zvipi nezvipi nezvipi zvebazu.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Mutemo Webumbiro Remitemo Unovimbisa

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights ($10 yokutanga kugadziridza kuBumbiro reMitemo) rinoisa maruramiro ekodzero anofanira kuremekedzwa nehurumende. Nokufamba kwenguva, kugadziridzwa kwezvimwe zvinhu, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye mutemo zvakawedzera nokujekeswa kweizvi zvinodzivirira. Pasi apa ndidzo kodzero dzakatanhamara zvikurusa mugari wemo ari wose anofanira kuziva.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Yokutanga

First Amendment inodzivirira rudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye kodzero yokukumbira hurumende. Inorambidza Congress kutanga rudzidziso kana kuti kurambidza kurovedza kwarwo kwakasununguka, uye inodzivirira kusabvumirana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika (kunyange kutaura kunowana vakawanda kuchishatiswa(h] kubva mukuongororwa kwehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira iyi gadziridzo kuganhurira chiito chehurumende pamwero yose.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira uye Kuparwa Kwemhosva

Rechina, reshanu, reChitanhatu, uye Resereh Amendments dzinodzivirira vanhu vari mugadziriro yemitemo yeutsotsi. Kunzvera kwechina kusina mufungo nehosha; mapurisa anowanzoda rugwaro runotsigirwa nezvikonzero zvingabvira. Rweshanu runorambidza kuzvitsiva, njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye runovimbisa kuti zvinofanira kuitwa upenyu husati hwava, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvinogona kutorwa. Chitanhatu chinovimbisa kutonga kwavose nedare risingasaruri, kodzero yokupa zano, uye kodzero yokutaura nechapupu.

Kupa Kodzero

Kodzero dzokupa mari dzakaregwa mudanho asi dzakachinja kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa uye mutemo.The 155th Amendment (170) yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota; 199 (1920) yakatambanudzira kuratidzira kuvakadzi; makumi maviri neFour64) yakabvisa mitero yokuvhota; uye nhambo yemakumi maviri ne81 yakadzikisa zera rokuvhotera kusvikira ku 18. The Voting Rights Act yeruwa ya19656 yakanga iri mutemo wetsika waibvisa miitiro mizhinji yokuparidha, kunyange zvazvo zvikamu zvakaderedzwa nezvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi Dare Gurusa.

Kupfuura Bhizi Rekodzero

Gare gare kugadziridzwa kwakatambanudzwa uye kwanangana nenhau dzouvaki. Kwechigumi namatatu kwakabvisa uranda; kwechigumi namana kwakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira mukurwisana nehurumende dzenyika; kwechigumi namashanu, sezvataurwa, kwakavhotera varume vaBlack. Dare reChipiri, rinodudzirwa mu Diquality of Columbia v. Heller [2008], rinodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwekodzero dzake. Dare rinopfuurira kuchenesa uku kukurambidzika kwamaruramiro aya, kudzikamisa maruramiro avose nefariro dzehurumende.

Ndaza yakakwana yegadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo inowanika pa USA.gov’s rekutungamirira kwokugadziridza.

Mitoro Yavagari Vemo: Mibato Inotsigira Ubati ushe Hwokutonga

Nyika inoshanda inotsamira pavagari vemo vanoshingaira vanoita mabasa avo anobatsira vanhu vose.Pazasi pane mitoro mikuru inoita kuti hurumende irambe ichizvidavirira, ichibudirira, uye ichiruramisira.

Kurumbidza Nokutora Rutivi Muzvisarudzo

Nzira yakananga zvikurusa iyo vagari vemo vanopesvedzera nayo hurumende iri kupfurikidza nokuvhota mukusarudza kwomubatanidzwa, kwehurumende, uye kwomunzvimbomo. Turnout muUnited States yakarerekera kuseri kwedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, asi kunyange vhoti imwe inogona kusarudza madzinza apedyo(zvikurukuru mumakwikwi omunzvimbomo). Kuvhota kwakapindwa muruzivo kunoda kunzvera vapindi, nhau dzinonzwisiswa, uye kusimbisa miganhu yokunyoresa.

Kuteerera Mitemo Nokubhadhara Mitero

Mitemo inoita gadziriro inoziviswa nokuda kwenzanga. Vagari vanokarirwa kuiteerera, kuvambira pamirairo yemotokari kusvikira kumirau yehurumende. Kuzvidza kwokuda kudzongonyedza kunosekesa nhevedzano yavose. Nenzira yakafanana, kuripira mitero(mubayiro), kutengesa, zvinhu() zvinofadza vagari vemo vanotsamira pai: migwagwa, zvikoro, dziviriro yorudzi, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, uye mambure enzanga. Kubvisa mutengo hakubvumirwi noukoshi hweboka rokubatira zvakanaka zvavose.

Kushumira Pamajuri

Mitemo yeJury ibasa rebumbiro remitemo. Painenge yadanwa, vagari vemo vanofanira kushuma nokuda kwengozi uye sezvinobvira kubatira mudare rinobetsera vatongi. Mitemo yechitanhatu neSecond Amendments inovimbisa maruramiro kudare redare mumhaka dzoutsotsi nedzevagari vemo zhinji. Pasina kutora rutivi mugariro wevagari vemo. Gadziriro yeruramisiro haigoni kushanda. Dare rinopa chaizvoizvo muripo muduku, asi basa iko rapa nsuka reruramisiro yedemocracy.

Kubatanidzwa Kusingasviki Mubhokisi Romutambo

Democracy inobudirira apo vagari vemo vanopfuura kuvhota. Kupinda misangano yehoro yetaundi, kunyorera vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa, kuzvipira nokuda kwemishandirandi, kumhanyira nzvimbo, uye kushanda pamabhodhi enzanga inzira dzose dzokuumba nadzo muitiro. COPIC] Masangano eCCOP[] .___Masangano omudzidzisi wevadzidzisi, madare omunharaunda, madare asingaiti mhindu , `reginwoiod purence'ss. Kuwedzera, vagari vemo vanofanira kuramba vachiziva nezvenhau dzinotendwa navanhu, kutaura zvinhu, uye kunzwisisa kusiyana kwepfungwa nemagazini.

Basa Renyika Nebasa Rehondo

Kunyange zvazvo basa rehondo richiitwa nokuzvidira, Savive Service System inoda varume vane makore 18182425 kuti vanyorese. Pachine njodzi yenyika, Congress yaigona kudzorera kunyoresa. Kunze kwechiuto, mapurogiramu ebasa renyika yose akadai seAmeriCorps uye Chivindi Chorugare anopa nzira dzokubatsira nadzo vanhu vasiri varwi kuzvinodikanwa zvemhuri uye zvemarudzi ose.

Kuremekedza Kodzero Dzevamwe

Vagari vanofanira kuremekedza maruramiro avavakidzani vavo, kunyange apo vasingabvumirani. First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kunovenga, asi inodzivirirawo mano avamwe okunamata, kutaura, uye kuungana pasina kunetswa. Kuva mugarika nokushivirira haisi misengwa yapamutemo mumativi mazhinjisa, asi inokosha nokuda kwechaunga chakanaka chevo yavanhu vazhinji. [[FLT: 1]] uye nzwisiso dzakasiyana - siyana dzinosimbisa hurukuro yavose.

Basa Rakawedzerwa Rehurumende Munzanga Yazvino Uno

Basa rehurumende yeUnited States rakura zvikuru kupfuura nyika duku inorinda usiku inofungidzirwa navavambi. Nhasi, hurumende yehurumende yehurumende(alongdensi) nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo (inoita mativi akafara emabasa anobata rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa iri basa kunobetsera vagari vemo kuyera zvirongwa zvokutengesa uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire.

Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu Vose uye Kuzvidzivirira Kwenyika

Kugovera nokuda kwedziviriro yavose idonzo guru rebumbiro remitemo. Department of Defense inoshandisa hondo hurusa yenyika, nemauto akaiswa munyika yose. Kuchengetwa kwomutemo wedzimba kunobatanidza masangano akawanda ehurumende ne(FBI, DEA, ATF, US Marshals(aongorora mhosva dzinoparirwa nemhesvedzero). Mapurisa ehurumende nevanotonga vemo vanobata nhau dzeko dzakawanda dzekotsekano yezuva nezuva. Hurumende dzinopawo mari yemapato, mabasa ezvokurapa njodzi, uye mano okupindura neFMA.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Zvekufambisa

Hurumende dzeruwa, nyika, uye dzinovaka nokuchengeta migwagwa, mabhiriji, zviteshi zvendege, zviteshi zvengarava, gadziriro dzokufambisa vanhu, uye mibatanidzwa yakafara yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yapanyika. Interstate Highway System, yakavamba muna 1956, inoramba iri siginicha yehurumende. Mutemo wemitengo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wakatungamirira mazana emabhiriyoni kugadziridza gadziriro dzokukwegura, kuwedzera motokari dzinotakura mari, uye kuvandudza njanji. Pasina kuisa mari yehurumende, mitanhimira yezvo yezvokutengeserana uye kufamba kwezuva nezuva yaisazovapo.

Dzidzo Nokufambira Mberi Kwebasa

Dzidzo zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo, asi hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai seTitt I (zvezvikoro zvakaderera zvinowanwa) uye Pell Grants (zvavadzidzi vekoreji). Hurumende iri yose inoshandisa gadziriro dzayo dzimene dzemavambo, dzesekondari, uye dzedzidzo dzakakwirira, inogadza mipimo, dzechikoro, uye zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda. Hurumende inopawo mari mapurogiramu ebasa kupfurikidza neBato reBasa, mabasa okudzidzisa, uye zvikwata zvekoreji kuti ibetsere vashandi kuchinjika kutsika dzemari.

Kutarisira Utano Nemasangano Enzanga

Hurumende inoita basa guru mukutarisira utano. Medicare inogovera inishuwarenzi youtano nokuda kwavakweguru uye vanhu vakaremara; Medicaid inofukidza vanhu vanotambira mari shoma nemhuri; Affordhable Care Act (ACA) inofukidza inishuwarenzi kupfurikidza nokutsinhana nemari. Masangano outano oruzhinji anopa chipatara chawo. CDC, FDA, NIH, ZVINOGON, zvinobvumira zvinodhaka, kumuka kwezvirwere, uye magadziro ezvirongwa izvi. Pasina zvirongwa, mamiriyoni eAmerica aisazokwanisa kuwana mishonga.

Masangano enzanga anobatanidza kurega basa kweSocial Security nebetsero dzehurema, Social Nutrition Application Program (SNAP), mari yokupa dzimba, , CONCHARY for Need Families (TEF), uye inishuwarenzi yokusashanda.

Kugadziridza Kwemari Nedziviriro Yemutengi

Hurumende inodzora mabhizimisi kuti idzivirire vatengi, vashandi, uye mhoteredzo. EPA inogadza miganhu yezvokutengeserana yemari; Federal Reserve inogadza gadziriro yemari ndokutarisira mabhangi; Federal Trade Commission inomanikidzira mitemo inodzivisa kusashanda kwemitengo inonyengera uye inodzivisa kushambadzira kunonyengera; Department of Labor inoita kuti mari ibhadharwe shomanene nekotsekano yebasa; EPA inodzika miganhuro pamhepo nokushatiswa kwemvura; uye Consumer Product Safety Commission inoyeuka zvigadzirwa zvine ngozi. Regimentivement kururamisa kukundikana kwemisikamikoro yemisika, mativi okunze sechatapu, uye mashoko sechadvoswose, uye mashoko akadai semadvoret symmet .

Utariri Hwezvakatipoteredza uye Kushandiswa Kwesimba

Masangano eFederal akadai seEPA, Department of Energy, uye National Park Service anotarisira nyika dzavose, anodzora kubudiswa kwemagetsi, anosimudzira simba rinomutsidzirwa, uye anodzivirira zvinhu zvomusikirwo. Mitemo yakachena nemvura, dziviriro dzemhuka dziri mungozi, uye nzvimbo dzakachena zvikuru dzinoshandiswa nehurumende idzokupindira kwakananga. Simba rinobatanidza zvikoriro dzezuva, mhepo, uye simba renyukireya; mipimo yezvemari yemafuta; uye purojekita yemari. Nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze enzvimbo yakapoteredza yapasi zvazova zvinova zvinodenha zvikuru uye zvinokwikwikwidza zvikuru.

Kupesana Kwesimba

Gadziriro yeU.S. haisati iri yehurumende bedzi; irepabhuriki yehurumende umo hurumende dzinochengeta udzori hwakakura. Nyika dzinochengeta Tenth Amendment hadzina kupiwa hurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu. Ikoku kunobvumira nyika kushanda semarabhoritari ehurumende yedemokrati(idzori) ichiva nemitemo pamusoro petarisiro dzoutano, dzidzo, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye mitero. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo `marongedzero, maguta, maruwa ezvikoro, mapurisa, utsanana, mapaki, uye maraibhurari. Vagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji vane pesvedzero yakananga paiyi mwero yakaderera yezvoutano, umo vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vari pedyo zvikuru uye nhau dzinooneka zvikuru.

Nokuda kwokupinda kukuru muunani hwehurumende nekusagadzikana kwehurumende kwazvino uno, USA.gov zviwanikwa zvehurumende yehurumende zvinogovera batano kumitemo yapamutemo iri yose yenyika.

Kupedzisa: Kuita basa negadziriro yacho

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda sei mapazu edare (inoita zvibvumirano), zvibvumikiso zvayo zvekodzero, mitoro yevagari vemo, uye ukuru hwebasa rayo razvino uno .Nhevedzo yevanhu kuti vatore rutivi rune revo muupenyu hwavose. Sangano yacho haina kukwana, inowanzoshatisa, uye inoramba ichiita kupfurikidza nesarudzo, zvisarudzo zvedare, mitemo, uye chiito chevagari vemo. Asi inoramba ichitsungirira nemhaka yokuti yakarongedzerwa kuchinjirwa. Kudzivirira kwakanakisisa mukurwisana nedemocracyism kunopesana nekuva nyanzvi yehurumende inotonga uye kushingaira. Kana kuri kubatira padare redare rinobetsera, kubhadhara mitero, kupinda musangano wechikoro, kana kuti kungogara zvawo, mugari wehurumende ari wose ane simba rokuumba nhungamiro yerudzi. Hurumende haisati iri sangano risinganzwisisiki vanhu vanoshanda.