Kutanga: Chii Chiri Kuitwa?

Muitiro wakafanira ikombiri yegadziriro dzapamutemo dzinovimbisa ruramisiro, ruramisiro, uye dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga muchiito chehurumende inosarudzwa. Pamavambo payo, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu anonyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu kunze kwetsinhirano nemiitiro yakagadzwa yapamutemo nenheyo huru dzeruramisiro. Iyi haisati iri dzidziso inongova zvayo younyanzvi hwapamutemo; dzidziso mhenyu yakavapo kwamazana amakore kuti igadzirire kuti hurumende dzinofambidzana sei naavo vanotonga. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira mutemo nenhau, kunzwisisa muitiro wakafanira nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti chiremera chazvino unowirirana nerusununguko rwamadhirokudzora munhu mumwe nomumwe.

Shoko rokuti “kukurumidza” rinooneka zvakajeka muMitemo yeChishanu neMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeU.S. asi midzi yaro inosvika kure mumutemo weChirungu. Nheyo inodzivirira vanhu padanho riri rose repamutemo kubatira pamwe nemuedzo kumitemo nokuisa mirau muhurumende. Uku kuongorora kwakadzama kuchanzvera mavambo enhau, marudzi makuru maviri (kuumbwa kwemitemo neyapaduku), matare makuru, nhau dzedare repamusorosoro, uye kushandisira kunoshanda mudzidzo uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akaita Zvinhu Ainge Akodzera Kuitika

Mavambo Omutemo WechiNgezi

Murangariro womuitiro wakafanira une mavambo ekare, asi kutaura kwawo kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kunorumbidzwa kunowanwa muMagna Carta ya1215. Claus 39 weMagna Carta akazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona “kutorwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo... kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika." Iyi tsinhiro yokuti“ mutemo wenyika” ndiye mukare wakananga weicho zvino chinodana kuti muitiro wakafanira. Mumazana amakore anotevera, matare eEngland neParamende zvakakudza nheyo iyi kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvavose uye mitemo zvakadai seChirungu cheRight Regions (1628) uye Chirungu Chirevo.

Mutongi weEngland Sir Edward Coke akakudziridzazve pfungwa yokuti “mutemo wenyika” waireva kuti hurumende haigoni kuita nenzira yokuzvidira. manyoro ake akapesvedzera zvikuru vagari vomuAmerica, avo vakabatanidza mutauro unoshanda zvakafanira mumitemo yavo vamene namabumbiro emitemo.

Kukura muUnited States

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakarongwa muna 1787, pakutanga rakanga risina murairo wakajeka wegadziriro yemitemo. Zvisinei, Findrence, yakasimbiswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, yaigovera kuti “hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Iyi dziviriro yakashandiswa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Pashure peHondo yeChiviko, Genearth Amendment (1868) yakatambanudzira chirambidzo chimwe chetecho kuhurumende, ichiti hakuna nyika icha “kudzosera munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro womutemo." Iyi peshure pehondo inova chishandiso chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende pahurumende imwe neimwe.

  • 1215:[[FLT] Magna Carta inotanga nheyo dzapakuvamba dzegadziriro.
  • 1791: Mhedziso yeshanu inobatanidza muitiro wakafanira nokuda kwehurumende yomubatanidzwa.
  • 1868:[ Amendment yechi 14 inotambanudza dziviriro dzakafanira kumabasa ehurumende.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsanangura Dare Rekodzero Dzevanhu re14th Amendment richiti “rechinopa chibvumirano” zvizhinjisa zveBill of Rights zvairwisana nenyika, zvichishandisa mipimo yakakodzera mutsika imwe cheteyo munyika yose.

Marudzi Egadziriro Yakafanira

Due process is divided into two distinct but related categories: procedural due process and substantive due process. Each serves a different function in the legal system, though both aim to prevent government overreach.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira yetsika inobvunza, kuti imitooi inofanira kutevera hurumende isati yatorera mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu? Ibanza rokunzwiwa panguva ine revo uye nomutoo une revo. Zvinhu zvinobatanidza ziviso yakakwana, kunzwa kwakarurama pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asina rusaruro, kodzero yokupa uchapupu uye kudana zvapupu, uye kodzero yokumirira pamutemo. Zvinodikanwa izvi zvinosiyana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza /(criminame) zvinoda dziviriro dzakakomba zvikuru kupfuura kunzwa kwehurumende.

  • Thombo: Munhu anofanira kuziviswa nezvepomero kana kuti chiito chinokarakadzwa zvakajeka uye pachine nguva mberi.
  • [[[FT:0] Kunzwa: Banza rokupa nharo noufakazi pamberi pedare risina kusarura.
  • [[[FT:0] Kurudyi Nezano: kumirira kwapamutemo, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzoutsotsi umo kurasikirwa norusununguko kuri mungozi.
  • [[FT:0]Appal:[ Access kudare rapamusoro kuhwirudzura zvikanganiso mukupfuurira kwokutanga.

Mu MAthews v. Elditridge [77], Dare Gurusa rakatanga nzvero yakadzikama yokuziva kuti mutooi uri madikanwa: fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa, ngozi yokushaiwa kwakaipa mumiitiro iripo, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka nemutengo. Uku kuchinjika kunoratidza kuti mugariro uri wose haudi muedzo wakakwana.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira yakakomba inoganhurira icho hurumende inogona kuita, pasinei hapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa. Inodzivirira maruramiro akati okutanga padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, kunyange kana hurumende ichigovera dziviriro dzakakwana dzetsika. idzi maruramiro anorangarirwa kuva akasimba zvikuru kwazvo munhau yorudzi negamuchidzanwa zvokuti haagoni kuvharwa pasina fariro inogombedzera yehurumende.

  • [ Kururamira kuvanzika: zvisarudzo zvinopfuvura pamusoro pokudzivisa kubata pamuviri, roorano, uye kurera vana.
  • Kuwana maruramiro okuroora: Kuzivikanwa sekodzero inokosha mu [[FT:2]Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).
  • [[[FT:0] Kururama kwomuviri: Kubatanidza maruramiro okuramba kurapwa.
  • [ Kufamba chaiko: Rusununguko rwokufamba pakati penyika.

Dzidziso yacho yakavamba muma1920 nama1930, asi yakava yakatanhamara zvikuru muma 1960 nama 1970, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika pamusoro pekodzero dzokubereka nadzo uye kuzvitonga kwemhuri.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti muitiro wakafanira wakaderera unobvumira vatongi kurava mipimo yavo vamene muBumbiro reMitemo, nepo vatsigiri vachiikwidza kuti kunokosha kudzivirira rusununguko padzvinyiriro youdzvinyiriri hukuru.

Pamwe chete, muitiro wakafanira wokuisa murutivi rwawo nerwomuitiro unoumba nhoo huru iyo inodzivirira vanhu pazvose zviri zviviri miitiro yokuzvidira nemitemo yokuzvidira.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Mubumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

Constitution yeU.S. ine zvitsama zviviri zvikuru zvemiitiro. Findth Amendment inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende; Findreferance yechi 14th inoshanda kuhurumende. zvose zviri zviviri zvinoshandisa mutauro wakafanana: “Hapana munhu upi noupi achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.”

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu

Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, Gwendedzero reFindre yaAccess Claus rakaganhurirwa pakuvamba kumabasa ehurumende.Inobatanidzawo dziviriro dzakafanana dzakadai sekodzero kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi, dziviriro panjodzi mbiri, uye ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvitutumadza. Mumakore apfuura, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira chitsama chacho kuti chide kuti mitemo yehurumende ive yakajeka uye kuti miitiro yeutsotsi ive yakanaka zvikuru.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina

Gemende ye14th Amendment, yakagamuchirwa pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chese muna 1868, yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana nemuitiro wakafanira kuvanhu vose, zvikurukuru vaichimbova varanda. Kugadzirwa kwayo Muitiro waMabasa Claus kwazova mutoo mukuru uyo vanhu vanodenha nawo zviito zvehurumende nehurumende zvomunzvimbomo izvo zvinoputsa kodzero dzinokosha. Chitsama chacho chave chiri chinhu chinokosha ku “kudzivirira kwaMaruramidzo ekodzero dzavanhu vazhinjisaidzo mukurwisana nenyika, somuenzaniso, kodzero dzechitanhatu dzerusununguko rwokutaura uye kodzero dzechitanhatu dzechibvumirano zvino zvino kushanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza negadziriro yeGandementation Reformation.

  • Hurumende yehurumende: Applies kuhurumende yehurumende; inobatanidza kuzviparadzanisa umene nengozi dzakapetwa kaviri.
  • menduro ye14: Applies kuti izivikanwe; kubatanidza Kudzivirira Kukaenzana panzvimbo peClaus Claus.

Kushandiswa kwemativi maviri kunoreva kuti dziviriro dzakafanira dzakafanana mumitengo yose yehurumende, dzichivimbisa muganhu wakavakirwa wokururama munyika yose.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Zvinorehwa nemuitiro wakakodzera zvakaumbwa nezvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha zveDare Gurusa.Izvi zviitiko zvinoenzanisira kuti Dare rinodzikamisa sei kodzero dzomunhu oga mukurwisana nefariro dzehurumende uye rinorondedzera kufamba kwezvose zviri zviviri zvichibva mutsika uye zvakafanira.

[[FOL:0] Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966)

Mumhaka iyi yemifananidzo, Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti kudzivirirwa kweFindth Amendment pakuzvidzvinyirira kunoda kuti mutemo uzivise vanofungira kodzero dzavo vasati vabvunzurudzwa. Iyi “Minda rumbidzo” inobatanidza kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara, kodzero kugweta, uye kunzwisisa kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chakataurwa chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana navo. Chisarudzo chacho chakachinja miitiro yemapurisa uye chinoramba chiri iko redare retsotsi rama.

[[ITSO:0] Roe v. Wade[[[FLT] [1] (1973)

Dare rakaziva kodzero yomukadzi yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri sorutivi rwamaruramiro kuvandika, urwo runowira mumuitiro wakafanira. Apo Dare gare gare rakagadziridza mupimo mu Parenthood v. Casey [1992] uye pakupedzisira pakutonga Roe [ mu [[FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [[FLT:] 2022]), nhau yacho inoenzanisira kuti mutoo wakafanira unogona sei kudzivirira zvikuru zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga pamusoro pekodzero dzokubvisa mimba. Kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzokubvisa mimba kunoratidza muitiro unoshanda zvikuru.

Goldberg v.Kelly (1970)

Iyi nhau yairangarirwa kuti vagamuchiri vegarikano vane maruramiro okunzwa kwakajeka vasati vabetserwa vanogona kumiswa. Chisarudzo chakakudzwa nomutoo wakafanira wehurumende kubatanidza betsero dzehurumende sechimiro che “zvakafanira” zvisingagoni kuitwa pasina muitiro wakakwana. Yakabetsera kutanga nheyo yokuti gadziriro dzakakodzera dzinoshanda mumigariro yokutarisira, kwete bedzi matare.

[[FFLT:0] Gos v. Lopez[[FLT] [1] (1975]

Mumashoko edzidzo, Dare Rapamusorosa rakatonga kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chavose vanotarisana nenyomba vakafanirwa nomuitiro wakafanira, kubatanidza ziviso yepomero nebanza rokupa rutivi rwavo. Iyi nhau muenzaniso wakatanhamara womuitiro wakafanira mudzidzo, uchivimbisa kuti zvinhu zvavadzidzi nefariro dzorusununguko — zvakadai sekodzero yokupinda chikoro.__

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Dare racho rakataura kuti kodzero yokuroora ikodzero inokosha pasi peGungano reThe Claus rinonzi The Accomplification and Auncime Protection Clauses, ichida kuti nyika dzose dzizive michato yakafanana neyomuvatano. Iyi chisarudzo chinoratidzira kuti muitiro wakafanira unopfuurira sei kushandura kunzwisisa kutsva kworusununguko nokuenzana.

Nokuda kwokuravazve paidzi nhau, shanyira project uye Cornell Information Legial Institute.

Gadziriro Inodikanwa Mudzidzo

Muitiro wakafanira unokosha zvikuru muzvikoro, umo vadzidzi vanofarikanya maruramiro akati ebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kuti vadzidzi hava “nongedzeri pamutemo maruramiro avo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi rechikoro” ( TINker v. Des Moines[, 1969),. Zvisinei, muitiro wakafanira mumugariro wedzidzo kazhinji kazhinji unobatanidza zviito zvokuranga.

Chirango Chomudzidzi Nokushora

Mu Gos v. Lopez, Dare raidavira kuti nokuda kwokurerutswa kwamazuva gumi kana kuti pasi, vadzidzi vanofanira kugamuchira chiziviso chinenge chinotaurwa kana kuti chakanyorwa chepomero netsananguro youfakazi padziri, uye banza rokupa rutivi rwavo. Kudzinga kana kuti kudzingwa kunoda miitiro yakarongwa yakawanda, kubatanidza kutongwa uye maruramiro ezano remitemo mudzimwe nhau. Zvikoro zvinofanira kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwerunyaradzo nefariro dzavadzidzi nefariro dzepfuma mudzidzo.

  • Tsamba: Ronga mudzidzi kuti aifungidzirwa kuva asina mufambiro wakanaka.
  • [[FT:0] Kunzwa: Bvumira mudzidzi kuti apindure pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo.
  • [[[FT:0]Appal: Tsvaka muitiro wokudenha chisarudzo.

Vadzidzisi nevatungamiriri vanofanira kunzwisisa zvinodiwa izvi kuti vasaita kuti vadzidzi vasabatwa nemhosva uye kuti vabate vadzidzi zvakanaka.

Dzidzo Chaiyo NemaIEP

Pasi peAnness Act yeFungsa yeVane Urema (IEA), vadzidzi vakaremara vane kodzero yedzidzo yavose yapachena yakakodzera (FAPE) kupfurikidza nepurogiramu yedzidzo yavanhu vamwe navamwe (IEP). Mitemo yetsika inobatanidza kodzero yokucherekedza misangano, kodzero yokutora rutivi mukukura kweIEP, uye kodzero yokukakavadzana nezvisarudzo kupfurikidza nokunzwa. Idzi dzinodzivirira dzinovimbisa kuti vabereki navadzidzi vane inzwi muzvisarudzo zvedzidzo zvinovatapura.

Nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira mudzidzo chaiyo, ona U.S. Department of Education’s IDéeA peji.

Kufambira Mberi Kunoitika Mumatsotsi Nevagari Vemo

Matsotsi Anopfuurira

Gadziriro yakafanira mumutemo woutsotsi inoda kuti hurumende ibvumikise kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo, igovere mukwiridziri nedare ravose rapakukurumidza, uye kuva nechokwadi chamaruramiro okupa zano. Kudzivirirwa kweFreadter yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari kugoveresawo kupinda mumuitiro wakafanira kupfurikidza nokuda maruramiro akavakirwa pachingabvira. Mutemo wokurega unoramba ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kwamaruramiro iwawa. Zviitiko zvazvino uno, zvakadai sokufanira kuidzwa kweDNA mukuita zviitiko zvokupambwa, zvinopfuurira kuvandudza muitiro unowirirana nemutadzi.

Kupomerwa Kwehurumende

Munhau dzevagari vemo, muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira vatendi pachisarudzo chechisarudzo chechisarudzo chemufungo. Kunoda basa rakafanira romuitiro, ziviso yenhau, uye banza rokunzwika pamberi pomutongi kana kuti dare rinobetsera vatongi. Mupimo woufakazi munhau dzevagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji ingwariro youfakazi, asi dzimwe nhau dzakafanana nedziyo dzinobatanidza kubviswa kwamaruramiro avabereki akajeka uye anopwisa nemhaka yefariro huru iri padanda.

Mitongo Yevanhu Vanoshanda

Masangano ehurumende (g. Social Security Administration, matare okubudisira vanhu munyika, masangano ehurumende anogadzira vanhu vakasununguka) anofanirawo kutevera muitiro wakafanira pakuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura kodzero dzevanhu. Goldberg v. Kelly akagadza muenzaniso wokuti betsero nemhindu ifariro yezvinhu zvisingagoni kubviswa pasina kutongwa kwakarurama. Mitemo yacho chaiyo inotsamira pa Mathess [[FLT]] Kuyera fariro yomunhu oga, ngozi yemhosho, yemhosho, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwehurumende.

mhedziso

Muitiro wakafanira unopfuura zvikuru kutaura kwapamutemo kwechinosiyanisa gadziriro dzomutemo womutemo nedzoudzori husingarevi pamutemo. Kubva pamavambo awo muMagna Carta kusvikira kunharo dzazvino uno pamusoro pekodzero dzakavanzika nemiitiro yamapurisa, nheyo inovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinoremekedza chiremera chomunhu oga norusununguko. Zvingava mumatare, zvikoro, kana kuti masangano, muitiro wakafanira unogovera gadziriro yokupedza nharo dzakarurama.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, vachinzwisisa mhindumupindu yenhau, musiyano pakati pomuitiro wetsika newapashure wechakafanira, uye zvisarudzo zvikuru zveDare Gurusa zvinokosha. Kunokudza kuonga dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo ndokushongedzera vanhu kuziva nokudzivirira maruramiro avo. Sezvinoita nzanga inoshanduka, ndizvo zvichaitawo kutsanangurwa kwegadziriro yakafanira, asi chipikirwa chayo chikuru chekurapwa kwedaidzo pasi pomutemo chinoramba chiri chenguva dzose.

Kunzvera zviwanikwa zvokuwedzera, shanyira Chikoro choMutemo Wex pamiitiro yakafanira[[FT:1] kana kuti U.S. zvinhu zvedzidzo zvedare pamuitiro wakafanira.