Tsananguro yemitemo mutoo uyo matare anosarudza kutemwa kwomutemo kunoitwa neparamende kana kuti musangano. Iro nderimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa uye anowanzoshandiswa, nemhaka yokuti mirau ndiwo manyuko makuru omutemo wazvino uno. Pasina mutoo unowirirana newenheyo wokududzira, mutemo waizoshorwa nokusashurikidzwa uye kuoma kwemitemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti matare anodudzira sei ndokushandisa mirau, anofukidza basa guru rokududzira, basa revavariro yemitemo nemashoko akapoteredza, pesvedzero youzivi hwokutonga, uye zvinetso zvinomuka.

Hwaro Hwokududzira Zvirevo

Papfundo rayo guru, kududzira kwapamutemo kunotsvaka kupindura mubvunzo mumwe: Chii icho mutezo wemitemo wakaronga apo waibudisa mashoko aya?

Muitiro unovamba norugwaro rumene. Mumiitiro yapamutemo mizhinjisa. (_kazhinji-kazhinji iyo iri mugamuchidzanwa remitemo yavose) nzvimbo yokutanga ndiyo [ inoreva mutemo. Kana mashoko omutemo akajeka uye akajeka, dare rinofanira kuashandisa seakanyorwa, pasina kutendeukira kuyamurano dzokunze dzakadai senhau dzemitemo. Uyu mutemo unoremekedza kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba: ibasa rechigadziko kunyora mitemo, uye jadiary kuatsiridza sezvakanyorwa.

Zvisinei, mashoko anogona kuva asina kujeka, asina kujeka, kana kuti anoshandiswa mupfungwa younyanzvi yakasiyana nomutaurowo zvawo.Pazvinoitika, matare anofanira kutoita zvinopfuura mashoko acho kuti afunge nezvenhau dzakapoteredza, chinangwa, uye yokuronga mitemo.

Basa Rokuronga Kutonga

Zvisinei, nhasi, vatongi vakawanda nenyanzvi vanopanikira kuti vavariro yakadaro iripo, nokuti mubatanidzwa wedare une mitezo yakawanda. Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa yedonzo inoramba iri ngano inobetsera. Matare anoedza kubvisa donzo rechokwadi kubva kurugwaro rwomutemo, chivako chawo, ukama hwaro nemimwe mitemo, uye zvishandiso zvipi nezvipi zvinowanika zvemitemo.

MuUnited States, Dare Rapamusoro rave richivimba kazhinji kazhinji nemishumo yamadare, kurukurirano dzapauriri, uye mamwe nhau yemitemo kuti ripedze kusaruramisira.

Kukosha Kwemashoko Akapoteredza

Matare haadudziri mashoko ari oga. Rugwaro rwakapoteredza, chirongwa chakafara chemitemo, uye mashoko akapoteredza enzanga nemitemo panguva yokugadza revo yose. pamutemo wesocis — shoko rinozivikanwa nekambani yainochengeta — uye genestiris manyoro apamutemo (apo mashoko anozivikanwa namashoko akananga anotevera, mashoko makuru aganhurirwa kukirasi imwe cheteyo) zvishandiso zvinobetsera matare kuwana revo kubva mumashoko akapoteredza.

  • Mashoko anokosha[ - Shoko riri rose rinofanira kupiwa revo; hapana rutivi runofanira kuva runopedzeswa.
  • Kupfuura chivako chose – Masumo, mavambo, uye nhamba dzezvikamu zvinogona kujekesa ukuru hwakarongwa.
  • [ Nhoroondo yenhau yakagadzwa[ - mishumo yeDare, zvitatiso zvapauriri, uye madhiropu apakuvamba zvikuru anozivisa donzo.
  • [ Rabhisa mitemo [ – Mitemo panhau imwe cheteyo inorangarirwa nenzira inotsinhirana.

Mitoo Mikuru Yokududzira Zvisarudzo

Nzira imwe neimwe inoratidza pfungwa yakasiyana pamusoro pebasa rakakodzera revatongi uye manyuko erevo yepamutemo.

Kutonga Chaiko

Mutemo chaiwoiwo unoraira matare kushandisa revowo zvayo yomutauro wemitemo, kunyange kana ikoko kuchitungamirira kumuuyo usingadikanwi. Uyu mutemo usati waibvira mumitemo yakakurumbira zvikurusa. Somuenzaniso, munhau yakakurumbira yeEngland Fisher v. Bell (1961), mutemo unorambidzwa kupa zvombo zvakati kuti zvitengeswe. dare raidavira kuti ratidziro yeshopu yakanga iri “chibvumirano chokurapa” uye kwete“ chiteshi, naizvozvo hapana kuputswa kwakaitika. Revo chaiyoiyo yakateverwa pasinei zvapo nokukurira donzo romutemo riri pachena. Mutevero chaiwoiwo unosimudzira uchokwadi noukuru hwemitemo, asi unogona kuita miuyo isina mufungo.

Kuitira Vamwe Zvaunoda Kuti Vakuitire

Mutemo wendarama ichinjo yemutemo chaiwoiwo. Unobvumira dare kubva parevo chaiyoiyo kana kutevera mutauro wakajeka kuchiparira muuyo usina mufungo. Ipapo dare rinogamuchira revo ine mufungo inodzivisa upenzi. Somuenzaniso, kana mutemo ukataura kuti munhu “akarova mumwe” ane mhaka, asi mupomeri akawira netsaona pabanga achiribata, mutemo wendarama ungabvumira dare kurava mudikanwo yedonzo. Mutemo wendarama unoshandiswa nenzira inodzivisa, nemhaka yokuti unopa vatongi rusununguko runogona kusekesa vavariro yemitemo.

Kutonga Kusina Kururama

Mutoo wekare, mutemo wakaipa unobvunza, kuti: Ndeupi wakanga uri “chikanganiso” kana kuti kushata mumutemo wapakuvamba kuti mutemo wakarongedzerwa kugadzirisa? Dare ipapo rinogadza mutemo wokudzivisa kuita zvakaipa ndokufambisira mberi mushonga. Uyu mutemo unobetsera zvikurukuru apo rugwaro rwunenge rwusina kujeka uye nhau yemitemo inozivisa zvakajeka chinetso. Rwakava rwakaiswa zvikurukuru mumiitiro yazvino uno.

Kusvika Kunokosha

Nhasi, mutoo wakagamuchirwa navakawanda zvikurusa inzira yokushandisa. Panzvimbo pokunangidzira ngwariro pamashoko bedzi, dare rinotarira chinangwa kana kuti chinhu chomutemo. Muchiratidzo Pepper v. Hart [[FLT]] (1993] mhaka, Imba yaMasande yakataura kuti matare angagona kunongedzera kuzvinhu zvemitemo kuti anzwisise chinangwa. Gare gare gare, R. Munyori weHurumende yeBato reHome, edition Simms [1999]), Ishe Hoffman akataura kuti matare anofanira “kuverenga mashoko omutemo mumashoko omutemo uye mabhishopu yakagadzirirwa kuti ie."

Masuo Okuvaka

Kupfuura nzira huru dzokududzira nadzo, matare anotsamira pamashoko anozivikanwa semitemo yokuvaka.Idzi ipfungwa dzokufungidzira pamusoro pokuti mutemo unofanira kuraviwa sei.

  • Expressio unius exclussio reginius – Kutaura kwechinhu chimwe kunoreva kurambwa kwezvimwe.
  • Ejussem generis - uko mashoko avose anotevera mashoko akananga, mashoko avose akaganhurirwa kurudzi rumwe cheterwo.
  • [ Reddendo elula welulis[[FL:1] - Mundaza, shoko rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda kuchinhu charo chakafanira.
  • Kutonga kwechipo [ - Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, mirau isina kujeka inodudzirwa nokuda kwomukwirirwi.
  • Chirango chinorwisana nokubudiswa kweropa – Mashinari anofungidzirwa kushandiswa bedzi nenzira inokarirwa kutoti kuchirangarirwa nenzira yakajeka.
  • Chirango chokuti mirau haiputsi mutemo wamarudzi ose – Dare richadudzira mirau kudzivisa rwisano nemisengwa yamarudzi ose kana ichibvira.

Manyoro haisi mitemo yakasimba asi mirayiridzo inobetsera. Anobatira sefungidziro dzapamhene idzo dzinogona kusimudzirwa noufakazi hwakasimba zvikuru hwedonzo risipo. Nokuda kwendaza yakakwana, Cornell Legil Information Institute [[[FLT: 1] inogovera chiono chakaisvonaka.

Basa Retsono Nenyeredzi Zvinoparadza

Stee decisis + chiLatin nokuda kwo “kumira mukuwirirana nezvinhu zvasarudzwa” iri nheyo yehwaro yemiitiro yavose yemitemo. Kana dare rangodudzira mutemo, kududzira kunova kunosunga pamatare maduku mumhaka dzomunguva yemberi dzinobatanidza mutemo mumwe chetewo. Ikoku kunotsigira kusachinja, kufanodeya kujeka, uye kusaruramisira. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusoro-soro (kana kuti dare rapamusoro-soro) rinogona kudzora migariro yaro kana richisarudza kuti kududzira kwapakuvamba kwakanga kwakanganisa kana kuti migariro yakachinjwa inoda kurava kutsva.

Somuenzaniso, mu New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakadudzira First Amendment kuida mupimo wakakwirira nokuda kwokuzvidza kwezvinotaurwa navanhu. Tsananguro iyoyo yakaumba mutemo wejeri kwamakumi amakore. Dzidziso yokutarisisa decis yakasimba zvikuru munhau dzemitemo nemhaka yokuti Congress inogona nguva dzose kukunda dudziro yomutemo. Naizvozvo, matare anowanzongwarira pamusoro pokuputsa mipimo mirefuro mirefu, inosiya kudare.

Kuora Kwenyeredzi Kwakakwira Uye Kunoyera

Kutarira kwakananga kunoreva kuti matare echiduku anofanira kutevera tsananguro dzematare epamusoro musimba rimwe chetero.

Uzivi Hwokutonga Netapuro Yahwo

Uzivi huviri hunokwikwidza mumitemo yazvino uno yeAmerica hunoreva mashoko emagwaro uye kudavira mashoko echirungu (dzimwe nguva hunonzi kufungidzira).

Kunyora mashoko

Tsamba dzinotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kunangidzira ngwariro chose chose parugwaro rwomutemo sewakaitwa, pasina kurangarira nhau yemitemo kana kuti donzo. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akanga ari mutsigiri mukuru. Vanzveri vanoramba kuti rugwaro bedzi rwakapukunyuka muitiro wemitemo uye kuti kutendeukira kukurukurirano kana kuti mishumo kunopa ukoshi hukuru zvikuru kumirangariro yavaiti vemitemo. Vanowanzoshandisa manyoro akanyorwa uye vanorangarira revowo zvayo yamashoko panguva yokuitwa kwemiitiro yemitemo. Murangariro wakakurumbira wemagwaro ndi [FLT: 0]th v. United States[FLT:] (1993), umo Dare rakarangarira kuti kushandisa pfuti mukutsinhanhanha nokuda kwemiriro yemirimo yakaitwa “kushandisa chibharo chepfuti.

Kutsvaka Mari Nechinangwa

Vatongi vanotaura kuti mashoko oga haana kukwana uye kuti vatongi vanofanira kurangarira donzo rose remutemo. Vanoda zvikuru kubvunza nhau yemitemo, mishumo yedare, uye mamiriro enzanga akamutsa mutemo. Mutongi Stephen Breyer akanga ari muparadzi akatanhamara. Mu United Selvers v. Weber[FLT] [FLT] [1997]), Dare rakanzvera Theot VII of the Civil Rights Act ndokugumisa kuti Congress aingabvumira kubvumira kubvumira kubvumira kudzora kuzviisa pasi kwokuzvidira, kunyange zvazvo mutauro weStalog ungagona kurambwa kurambidzwa kurambidza zvose zvinosarudzwa nedzinza. Vatsoropotesi vanoti protesitationss inopa simba rakanyanya simba rokutonga kunyorazve.

Nharo Yacho Nhasi

Gakava remashoko rinopfuurira. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakachinjira kumavara emagwaro, zvikurukuru munhau huru dzakadai se Bostock v. Clayton County [20], apo Dare raidavira kuti “shex” muTitle VII inobatanidza revo nechiratidzo chevatano, kutsamira parevo yakajeka yeshoko racho. Zvisinei, nyaya iyoyo inoratidzawo kuti rugwaro runogona kutungamirira kumiuyo inopfuudzwa munzanga. Nokuda kwenzvero ine udzame, [FLT:] STUS[FFUS]

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa Mududziro Yemitemo

Pasinei nemazana emakore okubudirira, kutsanangura pamutemo kunoramba kwakaoma, zvimwe zvacho zvinosanganisira:

  • Kujeka nokusajeka - Mitemo ingashandisa noune mutauro usina kujeka kuti isvike bvumirano. Matare ipapo anofanira kuzadza zvikamu.
  • Zvirevo pakati pemirairo[ - Apo mirau miviri inotaura nhau imwe cheteyo nenzira isingawirirani, matare anofanira kusarudza kuti idzorii, kazhinji kazhinji achifarira mutemo wakananga zvikuru kana kuti wapashure.
  • Mipimo yenzanga inowirirana - Mutemo wakaitwa muna 1950 ungava namashoko akashanduka. Matare anofanira kusarudza kana aizotevera revo yapakuvamba yavanhu kana kuti nzwisiso yapanguva imwe.
  • Dzvinyiriro yokusarudza nhau dzezvino uno – chinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu (g., kuvandika kwemichina, AI) inomanikidza matare kushandisa mitemo yekare kumigariro mitsva, pane dzimwe nguva kudzvinyirira mutauro.

Chinetso Chokunyarara Kwomutemo

Kana mutemo usingatauri nyaya yakati, matare anofanira kusarudza kana kunyarara ikoko kunoreva kuti chibvumirano chemitemo chine chinangwa chokubvisa nhau yacho kana kuti hachingofungi nezvayo. Dare re expressio unius pane dzimwe nguva rinoshanda, asi rinowanzobudiswa nouchapupu hwechinangwa. Somuenzaniso, Chiratidzo cheCopyright yeU.S.Act hachina kududza zvakajeka Internet, bva matare akadudzira purogiramu dzayo kufukidza kukopa makombiyuta.

Zvidzidzo Zvinoshanda Zvevazivi Vezvemitemo

Nokuda kwamagweta, kududzira kunzwisisa mitemo kunokosha nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kurongwa kwenhau nekuita chibvumirano chemitemo. Pakukakavadzana mhaka, magweta anofanira kukarira mutoo wokududzira nawo dare. Vanofanira kududza manyoro anotsigira, muenzaniso wakakodzera, uye, apo vanobvumirwa, nhau yemitemo. Mumirau yokunyora, kujeka kunokosha zvikuru: mashoko anoparira kutsanangurwazve kwedare, uko kungadzongonyedza vavariro yemitemo.

Uyezve, mutemo wenyika yose uye wokuenzanisa unowedzera kutapura kutsanangurwa kwemhuri.

mhedziso

Madudzirire nokushandisa matare haasati achingovawo zvawo mubvunzo wedzidzo nedzidzo. Inotapura zvakananga kodzero nemisengwa yavanhu namasangano. Mitoo yokududzira yakurukurwa pano inopa nzira yakarongeka yokuti vatongi vapedze nayo kujeka apo vanoremekedza kuparadzana kwamasimba. Kunyanduka pakati perugwaro nebumbiro remitemo kunoratidzira kurukurirano dzakadzama pamusoro pokudzora kwokutonga nokuronga. Pakupedzisira, nharidzano ndeyokubudisa tsananguro dzakatendeka kumutemo, dzinoteererwa mukushanda, uye dzinogamuchira ruramisiro. Sezvo mitemo inopfuurira kuiswa ndokupindwa pasi, iyi nharaunda yomutemo icharamba iri pakati pezviito zvapamutemo zvazvino unowirirana nezvinoitwa nemitemo zvazvino uno.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Cornell Information Institute inogovera nhungamiro pfupi kumanyoro matsvene, nepo NPR] ufakazi [ hunopa tsananguro inowanika nokuda kwevasiri vatsvene.