Kutanga Kuzvibatanidza Nematare

Kuisa mutemo mugadziriro kazhinji kazhinji kunonzwa sokunge kupinda mugadziriro yemitemo yakawanda, miganhu, uye maitiro. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mugakava rapamutemo (kunyange somupurisa, mukwidziridziridziri, gweta, kana kuti mucherechedzi anofarira) kunzwisisa kufamba kwenhau yacho kunokosha. Gadziriro dzedare hadzina kuzvisarudzira; dzakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro, dzinopa vapa rimwe nerimwe banza rokunzwiwa, uye dzinoparira muuyo wakarurama wakavakirwa paufakazi nomutemo. Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inofamba nomunhambo huru iri yose yenhau yavagari vemo, kubva padiviso yokutanga kusvika pakukwidza, nenzwisiso inoshanda uye kurangarira uko kunogona kuita musiyano chaiwo muuyo.

Nepo iyi nzvero ichinangidzira ngwariro pamhaka dzavagari vemo (hadzisi dzoutsotsi pakati pavanhu, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano ehurumende), dzakawanda dzenheyo dzimwe chetedzo dzinoshanda kunhau dzoutsotsi, kunyange zvazvo ine mitoro yakasiana----phasiana yezvibvumikiso nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama pamusoro pokuti muitiro weutsotsi unosiana sei, U.S. website yedare [[FLT: 1] inopa kuenzanisa kwakakwana. Kana uri kufunda nokuda kwebvunzo yepa, kugadzirira kunyora mhaka, kana kuti kungoda kuziva bedzi pamusoro pegadziriro inotonga, kukubatsira kukarira izvo zvinouya uye kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva.

Chikamu 1: Kupedzisa Kunyunyuta – Kuzaruka

Mhaka iri yose yavagari vemo inovamba apo munhu kana kuti sangano (mutongi) anotanga nenzira yapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuisa rugwaro runonzi runotsanangura dare rakafanira. Kunyunyuta ikokukumbira kuvamba kunoisa rutivi rwenhau yacho: maidi anomutsa gakava, kutaura kwapamutemo (kunonzi “madonzo echiito”) kuchiva kunosimbiswa, uye nyaradzo yakananga yakatsvaka nenzira chaiyo mari, murairo (murayiro wedare kuita kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu), kana kuti rutongeso (mashoko ekodzero dzapamutemo).

Kunyunyuta hakuna kuoma sokunyora tsamba. Kunofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yorumano, kubatanidza kuumbwa kwakafanira, kuzivikanwa kwamativi, uye kutaura kwakajeka kwehurumende (nemhaka yokuti iri dare rakati rine chiremera chokunzwa nhau yacho). Mudare rehurumende, kunyunyuta kunofanira kugutsa “kusagona kuoneka” kwakatarwa neDare gurusa mu [FLT:] Bll Atlantic Corp. v. 2btly [2007] [FLT] uye [FLT:] Ashft v. Iqlb (20]), inoda udzame hwakakwana kuita kuti chiso charo.

Pamwe chete nokunyunyuta kwacho, mutongi anofanira kuronga kuti dare ripe mamons chiziviso chepamutemo icho chinozivisa mukwiridziridziri kuti ari kukwidzwa uye apo anofanira kupindura. Kuraira, pamwe chete nekopi yenyunyuto, zvinofanira ku “chengetwa" mukwirirwi mukuwirirana nemitemo yakananga (anowanzova munhu, kupfurikidza netsamba inobvumikiswa, kana kuti kupfurikidza nomusitiri webasa). Basa rakafanira rinotsoropodza; kana rikaitwa zvisina kururama, mupomeri angakwanisa kubvisa mhaka yacho pasina fungira mano akaipa, anomanikidzira mukwidza kutanga.

Kufunga Nezvokunyengedza

  • [ Kufunga nezveganhuriro: Kutaura kwose kune muganhu wenguva (kazhinji kazhinji makore maviri kusvikira kumatanhatu zvichitsamira parudzi rwenhau nechiremera. Kunonoka kunyange rimwe zuva kunogona kudzora donzo racho nokusingaperi.
  • Dare: Mapofu anofanira kunyorwa mudare rine zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chavanhu (g., dare rehurumende nokuda kwemibvunzo yehurumende, dare rehurumende nokuda kwezvirevo zvehurumende) uye chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwirirwi (akavakirwa pakwaanogara kana kuti pakuita bhizimisi).
  • FUURO: Kupa mari inotengwa. Matare oruwa anoraira mari yerindi (zvino inenge $42 (Zvemhosva yehurumende), uye mari yedare inosiyana. Vapendi vedare vangakumbira muparadzi.
  • Mazano eMitemo: Mamwe mafaira ezvisarudzo mu “manzvimbo anodiwa” (a muitiro unoda kuti zvitengwa (kana mutemo uchibvumira zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinoshanda.)

Chikamu 2: Zvakaitwa Nemudziviriri Womurwi Wokuti Apindure Kana Kuti Zvaaiita

Kana angopiwa, mukwirirwi ari pawachi. Mudare rehurumende, nguva inosvika mazuva 21 kubva pabasa (kana kuti mazuva 60 kana mukwirirwi ari hurumende yeU.S.) Hurumende inotonga zvakasiyana asi yakasiyana zvakaenzana chaizvoizvo, kubvira pamazuva 20 kusvikira ku 30. Mukwirirwi ane zvisarudzo zvitatu zvikuru:

  1. Firipi Mhinduro: Iyi imhinduro yakakurumbira zvikurusa. Mukwirirwi anobvuma kana kuti anoramba mhaka imwe neimwe mukunyunyuta uye angamutsa dziviriro dzinoregwa (mutoo, mutemo weganhuriro, kuregeredza kwokupa). Kuzvidzivirira kwakakomba kunofanira kududzwa mumhinduro kana kuti kungaraswa.
  2. Fire Asumo yokudzinga:[[FLT: 1] Panzvimbo pokupindura, mukwirirwi angakumbira dare kurasa zvose kana kuti rutivi rwenhau pazvikonzero zvapamutemo, zvakadai sokushaikwa kwehurumende, nzvimbo isina kufanira, kana kuti kundikano kutaura pamutemo. Kuedza kubudirira kugumisa nhau yacho nokukurumidza, asi mupoka angapiwa musindi kuti apedze kunyunyuta kana urema hwacho huchigona kupedzwa.
  3. Usaita chinhu: kana mukwirirwi akakundikana kutongopindura, mupurisa anogona kukumbira rutongeso rwakakomba. ipapo dare rinopinda munyasha dzomupoteri (kazhinji kazhinji pashure pokutongwa pane zvakashata). Zvisinei, matare haawanzopa zvakashata pasina kuvimbisa basa rakafanira.

Mapokani Nemapuranga

Mhinduro yomukwirirwi ingabatanidzawo dare rinotonga mudare − nepomerwo yemupomesi. Somuenzaniso, mukwirirwi mumhaka yemotokari, angapikisa mupomerwi ane mhaka chaizvoizvo ndokutaura kuva muparadziro. Counterclaims anogona kuva anomanikidzirwa (kudzorwa nechinoitika chimwe chetecho, anofanira kumutswa kana kuti kurasika) kana kuti kubvumirwa. Mukuwedzera, kana kune vakwirirwi vakawanda, mumwe angaisa muchinjiki panzvimbo yomuchinjikwa pamumwe mutendi wechitatu weparamendi, uye boka rimwe nerimwe ringaunza vakwiri vechitatu kupfurikidza nemutungamiriri wehondo.

Chivako 3: Kuwana Kunopa Uchapupu

Kuwana kazhinji kazhinji rutivi runotora nguva zvikurusa nerunodhura rwechiziviso, asi irwowo donzo rakakomba zvikurusa. Kubvisa “kutonga kupfurikidza nokuvandira” kupfurikidza nokubvumira mativi ose ari maviri kuwana ufakazi pamberi pokutongwa. Munyasi mativi eFederal Relagement of Civil Procedare, mapoka anofanira kuita yurusarudzo dzechinyakare [ pakuvamba] [=pane pamutemo kupa mazita ezvapupu, makopi ezvinyorwa zvinokosha, uye kuradziko. Pashure paikoko, ivo vanoshandisa zvishandiso zvokuwana zvepamutemo:

Zvishandiso Zvokuwana Zvikuru

  • Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa mumazuva 30. matare eFederal anoganhurira kubvunzurudza 25 (kubatanidza zvikamu zviduku), asi ganhuriro dzehurumende dzinosiana. Vabvunzurudzi vomuenzaniso vanobvunza nokuda kwamaidi makuru, ufakazi, uye mirangariro yenyanzvi.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubudiswa kwaManyoro: Pambani inogona kuraira kuti rumwe rutivi ruite maemail, zvibvumirano, marekodhi ezvokurapa, mapikicha, kana kuti humwe ufakazi hupi nohupi hunokosha. Kuwana kwemagetsi kwazova rutivi rukuru nemhaka youwandu hwemashoko emichina.
  • Nzvimbo: Chipupuriro chakanyorwa chinoitwa kunze kwedare, kazhinji kazhinji muhofisi yegweta. Majeri anobvumira magweta kubvunza zvapupu (kubatanidza mapoka, zvapupu zvine unyanzvi, uye maidi) munguva chaiyoiyo, uye chinyorwa chacho chinogona kushandiswa pakutongwa kupa uchapupu kana kuti ufakazi hwakananga mumamwe migariro. Chitsama chaichoiwo chinopedza maawa maviri kusvikira kumanomwe.
  • CHEPUROS for Act: Mubato unokumbira mumwe kubvuma kana kuti kuramba maidi akati. Kubvumidzwa kunowanzoshandiswa kupfupikisa nhau dzacho (somuenzaniso, kusimbisa kuti siginicha ndeyechokwadi, naizvozvo hakuna nyanzvi inodikanwa pakutongwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera kwendangariro nekwendangariro: Muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza mugariro womuviri kana kuti wendangariro womubato (mutoo, kuvadziko yomunhu oga), dare ringaraira kunzverwa kwezvokurapa kwakazvimirira (IME) nachiremba akasarudzwa nedziviriro.

Kuwana Gakava Nezvinonyengetedza

Kuwana hakushandisi nguva dzose. Dare ringadzivisa magwaro, kubvisa mhinduro dzinovanzika, kana kuti kuramba kupindura chose chose. Vari paboka reagluved vanogona kunyora mvumo yokumanikidza kukumbira mutongi kurayira kuteererwa. Kana dare rikawana kuti boka rakaita pasina ruramiso yakasimba kana kuti mukutenda kwakaipa, rinogona kuisa zvirango zvemari, kubatanidza zvirango, kana kuti kunyange kupinda murutongeso rwakakwana. [[FLT:] American Band Association yezviwanikwa zvezviwanikwa [[FL:3]] rinogovera nhungamiro pamiitiro yakanakisisa yokudzivisa nharo.

Chitayera 4: Kukurumidza Kutungamirira Kunozadzikisa Nhau Dzisati Dzatongwa

Pashure pokuwana, nhau yacho inowanzonanga kumuedzo, asi kwete pamberi pezvinoverengeka zvisati zvaitwa dare rapamberi pedare inogona kudzokazve (kana kuti mhedziso). Zviviri zvinokosha zvikurusa ndi kurangarira kwechisarudzo chepfupi uye motion in limine, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mazhinji aripo.

Kufamba Kwokusarudza Muchidimbu

Mukutonga kwaFederal 56, mumwe nomumwe anogona kuparira rutongeso rwokupfupikisa kana “pane gakava rechokwadi pamusoro peidi ripi neripi rezvinhu” uye boka rinosunda rine maruramiro okutonga senhau yomutemo. Mumashoko akajeka, kana maidi asingapokanidzwi achiratidza kuti mupokanidzi anofanira kuwina (kana kuti mukwirirwi anofanira kuwina), muedzo haudikanirwi nemhaka yokuti muuyo wakajeka. Chisarudzo chapachipfupiki chinowanzotsvakwa panhau dzakati (mue., muuyo) apo unosiya kuvadziko nokuda kwokuedza. Kana akabvumirwa pakutaura kwose, mhaka yacho inoguma ipapo napo.

Dare rinorangarira ufakazi muchiedza hunofadza zvikurusa kubato risingatami. Nokudaro, boka rinotama rinotakura mutoro unorema. Nhau zhinji dzinogara pausiku hworutongeso rwokupfupikisa nemhaka yokuti kutonga kunogona kuva kunokosha.

Kufamba Murimine

Uku kukwidza kunokumbira dare kubvisa ufakazi hwakati pakududzwa pakutonga, (kazhinji kazhinji nemhaka yokuti hahuna basa, hahuna kururama, kana kuti harveti isinganzwisisiki. Vatongi vanotonga pauku kutora nzira pamberi pokutonga, kureva kuti magweta anoziva ukuru hwoufakazi hunooneka pachine nguva mberi. Nhamo dzinozivikanwa dzinobatanidza kupara mhaka kwapamberi pekusashandiswa nokuda kwokusatenderwa), migove yezvipo, uye mifananidzo inoshatiswa.

Dzimwe Nhanho Dzinotangira

  • Motion to Continete: Kana kune nhau dzakawanda dzinowirirana, dare ringaabatanidza kuchengeta nguva ndokudzivisa mitemo inopesana.
  • Motion nokuda kweNhevedzo inodzivirira: Kana zvikumbiro zvokuwana zvichinyanyorema kana kuti kutsvaka zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi, boka rinogona kukumbira dare kuzviganhurira kana kuti kuzviramba.
  • [[FOLT:0] Commentaution for Sanctions: nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama wokururamisa, wakadai sokuparadza ufakazi (kushatisa) kana kuti kuisa zvikumbiro zvoupenzi.

Chikamu 5: Kutongwa Kwenyaya yacho – Chiitiko Chikuru

Kana pasina kurambwa kwenhau isati yaitwa, kutonga kunopfuurira. Miedzo inogona kuva miedzo yebhenji (kusarudza) kana kuti mitongo ye (kusarudza mibvunzo yeidi, kutonga mutemo). Ruramo rwokutonga mumhaka dzevagari vemo runovimbiswa neSand Amendel Amend Amend kuU.S. Bumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokutaura kuti $20 (asi masangano mazhinjisa anogoverawo miedzo yedare). Zvisinei, mapoka anogona kushatisa iyi zvakarurama kupfurikidza nebvumirano kana kuti kukundikana kuraira mutongi panguva yakafanira.

Kutongwa Kwomutevedzeri

  1. [[FFLT:0] Chisarudzo (Voir Dire): MaAttorney nomutongi vanopanikira vatongi vanobvira kubvisa rusaruro. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kurova chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chejurs (pasina chisakiso) uye chisina muganhu nokuda kwechisakiso.
  2. Kutaura kuvhura:[ Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa chiono chenhauro cheicho vanoda kubvumikisa. Hapana ufakazi hunopiwa pachine nguva ino(kungoti “mapu yemugwagwa.")
  3. Case-in-Chief: Bheni remheni neratidziro. Zvapupu zvinotanga kuongororwa (chakananga), ipapo kupiwazve nedziviriro, uye sezvinobvira kudzokororwazve.
  4. Chase-in-Chief: Dziviriro inopa ufakazi hwayo nezvapupu, zvadzorwa nenhevedzano imwe cheteyo yokunzvera.
  5. [[FOL:0] Anoramba uye Anobudisa mashoko: Mupurisa angadana zvapupu zvokuwedzera kuti arwisane noufakazi hwomudziviriri; mukwirirwi ipapo angapindura.
  6. Zvibvumikiso zvinozivisa: Vatongi vanopfupikisa ufakazi ndokukurudzira vatongi kuwana mufariro wavo.
  7. [[ITSOGURE] Mirayiridzo: Mutongi anorava mutemo wokuti vatongi vanofanira kunyora pamaidi. Vatongi vanozonyora voga vodzosera mutongo.
  8. judgment:[ Dare rinopinda mutongo wakavakirwa pachisarudzo. Kana iri kutonga bhenji, mutongi angabudisa nhau yezvakawanwa nemhedziso dzomutemo.

Miedzo inogona kugara kubva pazuva kusvikira kumwedzi, asi kutongwawo zvako mudare rehurumende mazuva matatu kusvikira kumashanu. Nokuda kwebhizimisi rakaoma, kutongwa kunogona kutambanuka kwevhiki. Mapati angabvumirana ne kutonga kwakarongwa [ dare rapakati kana akasvika panzvimbo yokugara.

Chitayera 6: Kufamba Kwapashure - Kuedza Nhungamiro

Kana mutongo wangoitwa chete uye mutongo watongerwa, boka rinorasikirwa haringoerekani rabvuma kukundwa. Kudzorwa kwedare pashure pedare kunopa mukana wokufungazve pamberi pekukwirira. Kudzokororwa kukuru kunosanganisira:

  • Commentation for Togument seMatter of the Law (JOL):[[FL] Mudare rehurumende, ichi chiito (ichi chainzi chisarudzo chakarairwa) chinokumbira mutongi kuchinja chisarudzo chedare redare kana pasina ufakazi hwakakwana hwapamutemo hunoritsigira. Chinofanira kumutswa zvakaenzana dare risati raenda kudare rinobetsera, kana kuti nokukurumidza pashure porutongeso.
  • Commentation for the New Tourt: Ikoku kunokumbira dare kuchengeta kutonga kutsva kwakavakirwa pazvikanganiso izvo sezvingabvira zvakatapura muuyo wacho (zvakadai sokubvuma kusina kufanira ufakazi, kusazvibata kwakaitwa negweta kana kuti mutongi, kana kuti chisarudzo chinorwisana nourefu hwoufakazi.
  • Commentaution to Alter kana kuti Amenid Rutongeso: Mukutonga kweFederal 59(e), boka rinogona kutsvaka kururamisa chikanganiso chakajeka chomutemo kana kuti idi mukati mamazuva 28 orutongeso.
  • [[FT:0] Kuwana Rusununguko Runobva muRutongeso:[[FT:1] Mukutonga 60(b), kusingawanzoshandiswa nokuda kwemigariro yechienzi yakadai senyengedzo, ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa, kana kuti rutongeso rwapachivande.

Chinotangira 7: Kukwirira – Kuhwirudzura Kwokupedzisira

Kana miitiro yapashure pokutonga ikakundikana, mubato unorashikirwa ungakwirira kudare rapamusoro. Kukwirira hakusati kuri kutongwazve; dare rinotonga rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo (mutoo, miraidzo yakashata yedare, kurasha ufakazi kusina kufanira, zvikanganiso mukushandisa mutemo). Zviwanwa zvenhau zvinopiwa kunonotswa kukuru; zvinopikiswa bedzi kana “zvakashata chose chose.”

Kufadza Kwazvinoita

  1. Notice of Appeal: Gwaro pfupi rakachengetwa nedare rokutonga munhambo yakakomba (sezvinganzi mazuva 30 mumhaka dzehurumende). Kurasikirwa nenhambo inorasikirwa namaruramiro okukwirira.
  2. Yakanyorwa paKukwirira: Manyoro okutonga, ufakazi, uye magwaro edare anounganidzwa ndokutumirwa kudare.
  3. Briefs: Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa nharo dzakanyorwa(mutongi) anotsanangura chikonzero nei dare rokutonga rakakanganisa; ambure (winner) inoramba rutongeso runofanira kumira. Amcus curiae (shamwari yedare”) mipfupikiso ingachengetwa namapoka anofarira echitatu.
  4. [[FT:0]ral Relation: Attorney dzinopa mapfundo makuru munguva yakaganhurirwa (kazhinji kazhinji maminiti 15-30 parutivi). Vatongi vangabvunza mibvunzo yakaoma.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Decision: Boka reApplicate (vatongi vatatu) rinopa murangariro wakanyorwa. Vanga vatsigiri [[FLT]]] (yakatumidzwa), [[FLT]]] yadzoka kudare nokuda kwokumwe kurangarira). Pane dzimwe nguva chinoitika chinotumirwa nokuda kwomuedzo mutsva.
  6. Kudzokororazve: Munhau dzisingawanzoitiki, kukwirirazve kudare guru rehurumende kana kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. kunobvira, asi certiori (hwirudzo yedariro) inobvumirwa bedzi nokuda kwemibvunzo inokosha yapamutemo.

Dzimwe Nzira: Kugadzirisa uye Kutsiva Kusarudza

Mitemo mizhinji yavagari vemo haitongoendi kutongwa. Nhamba dzinobva ku U.S. dzinoratidzira kuti isati iri 5% yenhau dzakachengetwa dzinopfuurira zvomenemene kutonga. Kugadzikisa kunogona kuitika padanho ripi neripi(kunyange mukati mokutonga. matare mazhinji anoda kuti vanhu vatsigire mu kurukurirano [[[FLT]] kana kuti [[FLT:]]] kuyera [ pamberi pokutonga. Muchiteshiviso, mapoka echitatu haaidzipinyi jaridzo. [FF]

mhedziso

Nzira yenhau yapamutemo kubva kunyunyuta kukwirira irwendo rwakarongeka kupedza rwisano dzakarongwa mumutemo. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe(kupedza rwisano) mamiriro ezvinhu, mhinduro, kuwana, kutwa, kutongwa, kutongwa, pashure pedare, uye chikumbiro) chinoshanda zvikuru mukuvaka chinyorwa uye kupfupikisa nhau dzacho. Nepo muitiro wacho unogona kuratidzika kuva unotyisidzira, kunzwisisa mufananidzo mukuru unopa vagadziri, magweta, uye midziyo yavose kuita zvisarudzo zvakarurama, zvingareva kusundira mberi, kugadzira nokukurumidza, kana kuti kugadzirira kutakura. Mutsigiridzi akasanosanova mureveri anobudirira zvikuru.

Nokuda kwenhungamiro dzine chiremera pamiitiro yedare, Mitemo yeChiviko yeProcedect namawebsite edare rehurumende ipfuma inokosha. Yeuka: Hurumende imwe neimwe ingava nemisiyano yomunzvimbomo, naizvozvo nguva dzose bvunza gweta kana kuti paralegal nokuda kwezano chairo reprocededual.