Kutanga: Nei Kunzwisisa Mafambiro Emutemo Kuchikosha

Zviitiko zvishomanene zvinotyisidzira sezvinopinda mudare pasina nzwisiso yakajeka yezvichaitika. Ungave uri mudzidzi anodzidza nezvevagari vemo, mudzidzisi akagadzirira chidzidzo, kana kuti mumwe munhu anoda zvake kuva mugari wemo akadzidza, anonzwisisa zvinokosha zvematare uye matare zvinokosha. Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuputswa kwemigwagwa kuenda kubatanidzwa kwemasangano, uye miitiro yayo inosarudza kuti ruramisiro inoitirwa sei. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kumhanya kwakakwana, kwakajeka kwedare, muitiro wokutonga, uye mashoko anokosha aunoda kuziva. Panosvika mugumo, uchava nenheyo yakasimba yokufambisa zvinhu zvapamutemo, unotevera nhau dzedare munhau, kana kuti kunyange kugadzirira kutongwa kwokuseka.

Kuvambwa Kwegadziriro Yepamutemo

Mapazi Ehurumende Nebasa Rematare

Gadziriro yapamutemo haisati iri muchinhu chakati. Munyika zhinjisa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba rinokamurwa pakati pamapazu matatu: bazu rewisti (rinoita mitemo), bazu rehurumende (rinomanikidzira mitemo), uye bazu rokutonga (rinodudzira mitemo nokupedza gakava). Matare ndiwo masangano makuru ebazu rinotonga. Anosarudza kana mutemo waputswa, kana chibvumirano chichifanira kuchengetwa, uye kana mumwe munhu achifanira kubhadhara chirango kana kuti kutarisana nemhosva.

Manyuko Omutemo

Kuti unzwisise matare, unofanira kutanga kunzwisisa kwakabva mitemo. Kune manyuko makuru mana:

  • Mutemo weChibvumirano [ – Mutemo mukurusa wenyika, uchitanga gadziriro yehurumende uye uchidzivirira maruramiro makuru.
  • [ SSta Murairo womudzidzisi[ – Mitemo inopfuura namatare echigaro chomutemo (g., Congress, masangano emisiona yehurumende).
  • [ Mutemo womutemo [ – Mitemo yakaitwa namasangano ehurumende (mutoo, EPA, SEC) muchiremera chakapiwa nemirau.
  • Mutemo weCommon - Mutongi . Mutemo wakavakirwa pamuenzaniso (zvisarudzo zvedare). Ikoku kunokosha zvikuru muUnited States nedzimwe nyika negamuchidzanwa reAnglo - American.

Kupindirana kwemitemo nemutemo wevamwe kunogona kuoma, uye ndicho chikonzero nei nyanzvi dzezvemitemo dzichipedza makore dzichidzidza kuti ingatsanangurwa sei.

Kushandiswa Kwemagandanga

Kunzwisisa uyu mutungamiriri kunobetsera kufanotaura nzira yokukwirira mhaka kana kuti kukwirira mhaka.

Matare Okutonga

Dare rokutonga inhau dzinopinda. Kuno, mutongi (pane dzimwe nguva dare redare) anowanzonzi matare enhau (gadziriro yehurumende) kana kuti matare makuru. Kuno, mutongi (pamwe padzimwe nguva dare rinonzwa ufakazi, anonzvera zvapupu, uye anopa mutongo. matare edare anobata zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzevagari vemo nedzimhosva. Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, mune matare eruwa 94. matare edare ehurumende anotonga anosiana zvikuru muzita nehurumende asi anobatira donzo rimwe gurusariro.

Dare Rokubvunzurudza

Hadzisi dzose dzinorasikirwa dzinowanazve dare. Panzvimbo pezvo, dzinogona kukwidza chisarudzo chedare rinotonga kudare riri pakati pedare. Idzi matare haanzwi ufakazi hutsva; idzo dzinohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga kuti dzione kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitwa. Dzingatsigira chisarudzo chapakuvamba, kuishandura, kana kuti kudzorera mhaka yacho nokuda kwokutongwa kutsva. Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, matare eappelellate anonzi [[FLT: 0]] matare ekwidzamakurukota echikwidzo. Imo mune matunhuro 13.

Matare Makurusa

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muhurumende rinowanzonzi Dare Rapamusorosoro. muUnited States, Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinogara pamusoro pegadziriro yehurumende. Mitemo mizhinjisa inewo dare rapamusoro rehurumende (dzimwe nguva rinonzi dare rechisarudzo chokupedzisira). matare aya anonzwa chikamu chiduku bedzi chenhau dzinopiwa kwavari, zvikurukuru icho chinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti uko matare edare rehurumende akabudisa rutongeso runorwisana.

Matare Anokosha

Kunze kwevatungamiriri vehurumende vose zvavo, matare akawanda akagadzirirwa kubata marudzi akati emhosva nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • [ matare emhuri [[[FLT: 1] – chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana, uye kurera vana.
  • matare eBankruptic – matare eFederal anobata kugadziridzwa kwechikwereti nokuparadzwa.
  • [ matare eTraff [ – mhaka duku dzomumugwagwa.
  • matare eTax – Marefu nezviremera zvemitero.
  • [ matare eMirimo - Kutonga kusingatsivi kwevapari vemirimo vasina masimba masimba, kwakanangidzirwa pakurapa panzvimbo pechirango.

Aya matare chaiwo kazhinji kazhinji ane miitiro isina kurongwa yakawanda, asi nheyo huru dzomuitiro wakafanira dzichiri kushanda.

Vatambi Vanokosha Mudare

Vanhu vakawanda vanoita mabasa akasiyana - siyana, mumwe nomumwe ane mabasa ake.

  • [ Mutongi [[[FLT: 1] - Vatungamiriri pamusoro penhau, mitemo pakuramba, vanorairidza vatongi, uye (mukutonga kwebhenji) vanosarudza chisarudzo. Mutongi ndiye muchengeti womutemo uye anofanira kuramba asingasaruri.
  • [[FORT:0] Jury – Boka ravagari vemo (zvikurukuru 6 kusvikira ku 12 mumhaka dzoutsotsi) vanonzwa ufakazi ndokupa chisarudzo. Munhau dzehurumende, majaji angasarudza musengwa nekuvadziko.
  • Prose (mumhaka dzoutsotsi) - Gweta rinomirira hurumende, rine mutoro wokubvumikisa mhaka yomukwirirwi pasina panikiro ine mufungo.
  • Gweta redivi - rinomirira mupomerwi, richidzivirira maruramiro avo uye richidenha mhaka yehurumende. Mukwiri ari wose ane kodzero kumira sapamutemo; kana vasingagoni kutenga mumwe, dare rinofanira kugadza mudziviriri wavose.
  • Gweta rePlaintiff (munhau dzehurumende) - rinomirira boka rinounza dare, richitsvaka muripo kana kuti murairo.
  • [[[NHAU] Zano redivi)[[FL:1] - inomirira panenge pachikwidzwa.
  • [ Mutori wenhau - Chitsama chamashoko echinhu chiri chose chinotaurwa mudare.
  • [[FOL:0] BAILF - Chengeta nhevedzano, anokwiridzirwa, uye anotarisira vatongi.

Nhau Dzeutsotsi: Nzira Mbiri Dzakasiana

Kusiyana kunokosha zvikuru mumitemo kusiyana kwenyaya dzevanhu nedzeutsotsi.

Mhaka Dzeutsotsi

Mumhaka yeutsotsi, hurumende inopomera munhu (mukwidziridzi) kuti aputse mutemo. Muchuchisi anofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka kupfuura kusava nechokwadi kune mufungo, mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa weufakazi mugadziriro yapamutemo. Kana mukwirirwi akawanikwa ane mhaka, zvirango zvinogona kubatanidza faindi, kupiwa mhaka, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kunyange chirango chorufu mudzimwe nharaunda. Mienzaniso: kuba, kuuraya, kutengesa mirimo.

Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo

Zviitiko zvevagari vemo zvinobatanidza gakava pakati pemapati avanhu vamwe navamwe (vanhu, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano). Mubato unounza mhaka (mupoka) unotsvaka kuvadziko yemari kana kuti murairo unoda kuti mumwe munhu aite kana kuti kurega chimwe chinhu. Mutoro wechibvumikiso wakaderera: kurangarira ufakazi [, kureva kuti kungabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti mupomeri akatanirwa. Mienzaniso: kuputswa kwechibvumirano, kuvadziko yomunhu oga, chatanu, magakava echatanuro, mabhizimisi.

Zvimwe zviito, kufanana netsaona yokutyaira wakadhakwa, zvinogona kutungamirira kuzvose zviri zviviri pomero dzoutsotsi (kupfurikidza nehurumende) uye kutongwa kwemhosva kwehurumende (nebato rakakuvadzwa). Miuyo yacho yakazvimirira; mhaka youtsotsi ingaguma nokuregwa nemhosva apo mhaka yehurumende ichiri kuwana mupomeri achipomerwa mhaka.

Simba: Kutongwa Kweupenyu Hwose

Kunzwisisa mafambiro edare rokutonga kunobvisa zvakawanda zvezvakavanzika nefunganyo.Hezvino zvinoitika mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi muUnited States.

1. Kupfuurira Kwematare

Kare pamberi pezvitatiso zvokuzarura, magweta anopinda mukuwana, mabudisirwo, uye kutora. Kuwana itsinhano yetsika youfakazi pakati pamapati. Magweta angabatanidzawo kutenderera kwenhau, zvakadai se mhedziso dzokudzinga [ (kubvisa mhaka yacho kusava nehwaro hwapamutemo) kana kuti kurangarira nokuda kwechisarudzo chepfupikito [ (kusava namaidi anopanikira, naizvozvo mutongi anogona kutonga pasina muedzo). Zviitiso zvizhinji zvinogona kupedzwa mukati mouku kupfurikidza nokugarwa kana kuti kukumbira.

Kusarudza Zvenyu (Voir Dire)

Kana nhau yacho ikapfuurira kudare redare rinobetsera vatongi, nhano yokutanga ndeyokusarudza vatongi. Muitiro wacho unonzi commont (kubva muchiFrench nokuda kwe “kutaura zvokwadi”). Attorney nokuda kwemativi ose ari maviri anopanikira dare ringada kufumura tsvosvurira mativi angatapura kusasarura kwavo. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kushandisa nhamba yakaganhurirwa ye denho kudzinga vatongi pasina kupa chikonzero, uye nhamba isingaganhuri ye [[FLT:]] vhikingei . (g., kana jubr achiziva)

3. Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Vatongi vapikirwa, rutivi rumwe norumwe runowana nguva pfupi yokuratidzira chavanoda. muchuchisi kana kuti mutongi anotanga kuenda, achiteverwa nedziviriro. uku kutaura hakusi ufakazi; iko mapu emugwagwa kubetsera vatongi kunzwisisa chipupuriro chiri kuuya.

4. Uchapupu Hunoratidza Kuti Mwari Achazviita

Uyu ndiwo musimboti wemuedzo. Rutivi rune mutoro wechibvumikiso (kutonga kana kuti kufumura) runopa nhau yarwo pakutanga. Zvapupu zvinodanwa nokunzverwa pasi pemhiko. chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinopikiswa [ kunzvera kwakananga[ (nepati yakavadana), ipapo [[FLT:] mupan [[FLT]] mufekicha [[FLT]] mutezo [[FLT]], [mapepa, mapepa, uye zvombo zvinoratidzirwa semiraudzo, uye zvinoratidzirwa semiraudzo ipi neipi. [[FLT], mibvunzo inomutswa ne [FLT]] [FLT]]

Kugumisa Mashoko

Pashure pokunge mativi ose ari maviri azorora, gweta rimwe nerimwe rinopa nharo dzokugumisa richipeta ufakazi ndokutaura chikonzero nei vatongi vachifanira kutonga vachitsigira.

Mirayiridzo Yemazano uye Kurerutsa

Mutongi anorava miraidzo youzivi, achitsanangura mutemo unoshanda nomupimo webvumikiso dare rinobetsera rinofanira kushanda. Vatongi ipapo vanorega basa mukamuri rokuronga kukurukura nhau yacho vari voga. Vanofanira kusvika chisarudzo chimwe mumhaka dzoutsotsi (mumitemo mizhinji) uye kazhinji kazhinji mumhaka dzavagari vemo (kunyange vamwe vabvumira mhedziso dzoruzhinji). Kana vatongi vasingagoni kubvumirana, dare risingabvumirwi, uye nhau yacho ingaziviswazve.

7. Kupa Mhaka uye Kufamba Kwomunguva Yakapfuura

Vatongi vanodzokera kudare ndokuzivisa chisarudzo chavo. Mumhaka yetsotsi, mutongo we “usina mhaka” unoreva kupiwa mhaka; “mhosva” inotungamirira kutongera pakutonga kwapashure. Mumhaka yevagari vemo, vatongi vangatsiva kana kuti kusawana mutongo. Pashure porutongeso. Pashure pomutongo, varasikirwi vanogona kunyora misindo yedare, yakadai se [[FLT:] chibvumirano nokuda kwechisarudzo [[[FLT:]] kana kuti

Kukumbira: Kodzero Yokudenha

Mubato unorasikirwa unenge nguva dzose une maruramiro okukwirira, asi kukwirira hakusi kukwirira kwechipiri panhau yacho. Chikumbiro chinonangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvepamutemo izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakaitika mukati mokutonga. Muroori (anofadza) anonyora mafaira mapfupi anotsanangura chakaipa. Appelle (akahwina pakutongwa) mafaira mhinduro. Dare ringadavidza:

  • Africt (mubati) chisarudzo chedare rokutonga.
  • Dzivisa [ (kuchinja) chisarudzo.
  • [[FOL:0] Remand (dzosa nhau shure) nokuda kwokutongwa kutsva kana kuti kumwe kutongwa.
  • [ Kuderedza rutongeso (mutoo., kuderedza kuvadziko).

Dare rinoita nharo risingawanzonzwi zvibvumikiso zvokutaura pamhaka iri yose; zhinji dzinosarudzwa bedzi papfupi yakanyorwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, somuenzaniso, rinopa cortari (mwero yokunzwa) bedzi inenge 1% yezvikumbiro zvarinogamuchira.

Kurondedzera Kunokosha Kwemitemo

Kuziva mashoko makuru kunoita kuti magwaro epamutemo uye nyaya dzedare zvive nyore zvikuru. Hezvino mashoko anokosha:

  • [[FOR:0] Tradiff - Mubato anotanga kukwirira mhaka muhurumende.
  • [ Defanti – Phoka inopomerwa mhaka.
  • Complant – Mashoko akanyorwa epamutemo anotanga kukwirira mhaka kwehurumende, achionesa zvikumbiro zvomupurisa.
  • Kupa mhaka – A pomero yapamutemo yakabudiswa nedare guru rinobetsera vatongi, yaishandiswa zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba.
  • Subpoena – Murayiro wedare unoda kuti munhu aonekwe ndokupupurira kana kuti kubudisa magwaro.
  • Vict [ - Chisarudzo chakawanwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi kana kuti mutongi pashure pokutonga.
  • [[FFT:0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • [[[FURT:0] Appal[ – Chikumbiro kudare rapamusoro kuti rihwirudzure muuyo wenhau.
  • [ Kuwedzera kusava nechokwadi kune mufungo[[FT:1] – Mupimo wechibvumikiso mumhaka dzoutsotsi (dzakakwirira zvikuru).
  • Kurangarira ufakazi[ – Mupimo muzvinoitika zvehurumende (inopfuura 50% bviro).
  • Chitadzo [ – kunyunyuta kwomugweta kwakarongwa mukurwisana nomubvunzo, ufakazi, kana kuti muitiro.
  • [ Yakakodzera – Mutongi anobvumirana nechirambidzo.
  • Kutonga [ - Mutongi haabvumirani uye anobvumira mubvunzo kana ufakazi.

Nzira Yokudzidza Nayo Zvakawanda: Zviwanikwa Zvevadzidzi Nevadzidzisi

Kuvaka kurava nokunyora pamutemo muitiro unopfuurira, uye zviwanikwa zvinotevera zvinogovera mashoko akavimbika, ane udzame:

Mugumisiro: Kupiwa Simba Nokuziva

Gadziriro yapamutemo idimbu remitemo, mabasa, asi hakunzwisisiki. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza chimiro chamatare, nhano dzokutonga, uye mashoko makuru, munhu upi noupi anogona kusvika nhau dzemitemo nechivimbo chikuru. Kana uri kufunda nokuda kwebvunzo dzehurumende, kugadzirira chidzidzo chekirasi, kana kuti kungoda kunzwisisa nhau pamusoro penhau dzakakwirira, mashoko ari muiyi nhungamiro anopa pfundo rakasimba. Yeuka kuti mitemo inosiana novvumbiso, uye apo unotarisana nenhau yapamutemo, kubvunza gweta rezi nguva dzose inzira yokuchenjera. Asi nzwisiso yenheyo ye [FLT:] matare uye [FLD] inoitika mukati mokuedza [FFFF]