Table of Contents

Masangano ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari vemo muUnited States.Kubva pakubudisa marezenisi ebhizimisi kuti abvumidze kuisa mitemo yemhoteredzo, aya masangano ehurumende anoita zvisarudzo zvisingaverengeki zvinotapura mabasa avanhu, chengeteko, uye garikano.Anonzwisisa kuti masangano ehurumende anoita sei izvi zvisarudzo (negadziriro yapamutemo inodzora zviito zvawo (hmaken, mabhizimisi, uye masangano anoshandisa mitoo yokutarisira uye anodzivirira maruramiro awo.

Iyi nhungamiro inobatanidza zvose inotsanangura muitiro wapamutemo unotsigira kuita chisarudzo chesangano rehurumende mumutauro wakajeka, uchifukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva kumitemo yehwaro iyo inotungamirira zviito zvamasangano egadziriro dzakananga dzinofanira kutevera, uye kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinofanira kutora rutivi ndokudenha izvi zvisarudzo.

Hurumende Ndeipi Iri Kuda Kuzvidzora uye Chii Chainoita?

Masangano ehurumende masangano ehurumende akaumbwa nematare ehurumende kuti aite mitoro chaiyo uye kuti ape mitemo inoitwa nedare remitemo.

Masangano anotarisira anowanzoumbwa kudzivirira fariro yavose panzvimbo pokureverera maruramiro omunhu oga. Anoshanda munharaunda dzakasiyana - siyana kubatanidza dziviriro yemhoteredzo, utano hwavanhu, kuchengetedzwa kwebasa, vatano yavashandi, zvokufambisa, dzidzo, uye mabasa enzanga. Sangano rimwe nerimwe rine chibvumirano charo chakananga chinorondedzerwa nemirau iyo yakariita.

Masangano ehurumende anoita mabasa matatu makuru ayo anoratidzira mapazu matatu ehurumende. Anopinda mukuita mitemo (basa rorudzi rwomutemo), kuisa pamutemo (basa rorudzi rwokutonga), uye kudzikamisa (mubato worudzi rwomukuru mukuru). Masangano mazhinji akazvimirira anoshanda seshanduro duku dzehurumende yehurumende yetrartite, ine chiremera ku "legiste" kupfurikidza nokugadzira mitemo, "kutonga" kupfurikidza nokutonga, uye "eacrect" nharidzano dzokutarisira kupfurikidza navashandi vanotarisira vamasangano.

Zvisarudzo Zvehurumende Zvinoitwa Nemitemo

Chiremera chavo chinomanikidzirwa nezvinodikanwa zvakawanda zvapamutemo zvinovimbisa kuzvidavirira, kururamisira, uye kunamatira kukutonga kwomutemo.

Migariro Yebumbiro reMitemo

Pamwero wakakwirira zvikurusa, masangano ehurumende anofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa neyose iri miviri United States Constitution nebumbiro remitemo. Dziviriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzakadai semuitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye rusununguko rwokutaura dzinoshanda kumabasa esangano. Pasinei zvapo namasimba makuru amasangano, masangano ehurumende anofanira kungoita mukati memiganhu yeBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo.

Bhuku rinonzi Adreat Process Claus of the 5 Amendment kana kuti Gefement yechi14 rinogona kurayira kuti kufarira kuri kuvimbiswa kuitwe kana kuchikosha zvakakwana kana kuti, pasina kunzwa, kune mukana wakasimba wokuti mutetereri wacho acharambwa nokukanganisa kufarira ikoko.

Mabasa Okutarisira Ehurumende

Gadziriro yokutarisira yehurumende (hurumende APAs) inodzora miitiro yokuti masangano anodzora ehurumende akarakadze ndokubudisa mitemo, kukakavadzana kwemhesvadzo, uye kugovera hwirudzuro yedare yezvisarudzo zvesangano. Hurumende iri yose ine shanduro yayo imene yemuitiro wokudzora, kunyange zvazvo hurumende APAs ichipingurirwa paAdministrative Procedure Act (APA), iyo inodzora gadziriro yehurumende yamasangano ehurumende.

Hurumende iyi APAs inobatira somutemo wenheyo unosimbisa masangano makuru emitemo anofanira kutevera. Administrative Procedure Act inogadza miitiro yokuita mitemo nemipimo nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende, nezvinodikanwa zvakarongedzerwa kupa vanhu banza rine revo rokutora rutivi mukugamuchirwa kwemirau yehurumende.

Nepo gadziriro chaidzo dzichisiyana munzvimbo nehurumende, hurumende zhinjisa APAs dzinokurukura misoro mikuru yakafanana kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvemitemo inokarakadzwa, nhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose, miitiro yokunzwa, mipimo yezvisarudzo zvesangano, uye muitiro wokutonga wezviito zvesangano.

Mitemo Yakanaka Nemabasa Anoronga

Gadziriro dzinoitwa kupfurikidza nemirau yadzo dzimene, iyo inogadza mitemo mitsva, uye mukuita kudaro, inogadzira masangano akasiyana - siyana kuti adudzire, ashandise, uye atsigire mitemo iyoyo mitsva. Iyi mitemo inogonesa kurondedzera ukuru hwechiremera chesangano, inozivisa kuti zviitoi izvo sangano rinogona kuita, uye kazhinji kazhinji inoraira miitiro yakati iyo sangano rinofanira kutevera.

Chiremera chemasangano ehurumende ehurumende chinobva mumirau yawo yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvipenyu, uye chinofanira kuva chinotsinhirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo uye ukuru hwechiremera chinopiwa nomutemo. Nheyo imwe cheteyo inoshanda kumasangano ehurumende — iwo anogona bedzi kushandisa masimba akapiwa kwavari nedare rinopa mitemo.

Sangano rinoita zvinopfuura chiremera charo chapamutemo rinotaurwa kuva rinoita "zvinoshatiswa" (kupfuura masimba aro), uye zviito zvakadaro zvinogona kuderedzwa nematare pakuhwirudzurwa.

Mitemo Yakarongwa Nemitemo Yacho

Masangano amene anoita mirau ine simba romutemo mukati menharaunda dzawo dzechiremera. Masangano akawanda ehurumende eUnited States ane chiremera chehurumende chokupa mitemo, nemirau inozivisa ukuru hwechiremera chesangano rokuita utongi, miitiro inofanira kuteverwa kumitemo inodzorwa, uye chiremera chesangano chokuchengeta. Masangano ehurumende anoshanda nenzira yakafanana mukati mesimba rawo.

Mitemo yemitemo yesangano rimwe nerimwe yakasiyana nemitemo yeDare, inodzora kuwirirana kwedare uye mimwe mitongo. Iyi mitemo yetsika inogovera udzame hwokuwedzera pamusoro penzira iyo sangano rinoita nayo bhizimisi raro, kunyange zvazvo richifanira kuva rinowirirana nemuitiro wokutarisira wehurumende uye mimwe mitemo inoshanda.

Kutonga

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinodudzira mutemo zvinoumbawo rutivi rwegadziriro yemitemo. Apo matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvesangano, zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogadza mienzaniso iyo inotungamirira zviito zvesangano zvomunguva yemberi nenzvero dzedare dzinotevera. Iyi mienzaniso inojekesa mutauro wemitemo usinganzwisisiki, inorondedzera miganhu yechiremera chesangano, uye inogadza mipimo yeicho chinoumba muitiro wesangano wakafanira.

Marudzi Maviri Anokosha Echisarudzo Chokuongorora

Kunzwisisa musiyano uri pakati pokuita mitemo nemhiko kunokosha pakunzwisisa kuti masangano anoita sei zvisarudzo.

Kutonga: Kuumba Mipimo Mikurusa

Kugadzira mitemo muitiro uyo masangano anoita nawo mitemo inoshanda zvikuru kumapoka avanhu kana kuti migariro. Iyi mitemo ine simba romutemo ndokutanga mipimo yavose inodzora mufambiro womunguva yemberi. Somuenzaniso, sangano remhoteredzo ringagadza mitemo inobvumira mwero mikuru yokushatisa inobvumira nokuda kwamaindasitiri akati, kana kuti dare rinogadzira dzidzo yokuwana rezinesi.

Administrative Procedura Act inodzora muitiro uyo masangano ehurumende anotanga nawo ndokupa mitemo, achikurukura zviito zvakadai sokubvumira mashoko emitemo, marezenisi, uye mvumo.

Kuita Ruramisiro yamasanga (Notice- and-Comment)

Chimiro chakakurumbira zvikurusa chokugadza mitemo kuisa mitemo yamasanga, inozivikanwawo sokuita zviziviso nekomupiyuta. APA ino udzame miitiro isingawanzoshandisiwi nokuda kwemitemo yakarongwa pamwe chete nezvinodikanwa zvokuita mitemo isina kurongwa, umo mirau mizhinjisa yesangano inobudiswa.

Mududziro dzehurumende dzeAPA nedzekutonga dzeAPA, masangano anokarakadza kupinda mubasa rokuita mutemo anofanira kupa ziviso yokuita mutemo kunokarakadzwa asati agamuchira mutemo wokupedzisira, uye mutemo wokupedzisira unofanira kutevera kukura kune mufungo kwomutemo unokarakadzwa uye anofanira kuratidzira kurangarira kwamasangano tsinhiro dzose dzakagamuchirwa ndokuhwirudzurwa.

Muitiro wamasanga wokuita mitemo unobatanidza aya matanho:

  1. Tsvene yokuita Hurumende Yakagadzirirwa: Sangano racho rinobudisa chiziviso chinozivisa vavariro yaro yokugamuchira, kudzosa, kana kuti kudzosera mutemo. Chiziviso ichi chinobatanidza mashoko etsika inokarakadzwa, chiremera chepamutemo chomutemo, uye mashoko pamusoro pokuti vanhu vanogona kutora rutivi sei.
  2. Nguva yePublic Decture: Sangano racho rinogovera nhambo umo vanhu vanofarira vanogona kupa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa. Iyi nhambo yokutora rutivi kwavose ingasava mazuva anopfuura 60 mudzimwe nharaunda, kunyange zvazvo kureba kunosiana nehurumende.
  3. Exapency Review and Response: Sangano rinohwirudzura tsinhiro dzose dzinogamuchirwa ndokurangarira kana kugadziridza mutemo unokarakadzwa wakavakirwa panyuko.
  4. Kutonga kwoUkuru: Sangano rinobudisa kutonga kwokupedzisira pamwe chete nokutaura kunotsanangura hwaro nedonzo zvomutemo nokugamuchira tsinhiro dzinokosha dzakagamuchirwa.
  5. Zuva remiuyo [: Mutemo unova unoshanda pamusi wakatarwa, zvikurukuru pashure penhambo yokumirira kubvumira vanhu vanotapurwa kugadzirira kuzviisa pasi.

Kuumba Kutonga Kwomuitiro

Mimwe mitemo inoda masangano kutungamirira kuisa mitemo yakarongwa, iyo inobatanidza kunzwa kwakafanana nokutonga nouchapupu uye kunzvera. Chipikirwa chinobatanidza kunzwa kwakafanana nokutonga nouchapupu, chinyorwa chakanyorwa, uye chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Zvisinei, kuisa mitemo kwakarongwa hakuwanzoshandiswa nemhaka yokuti kunowirirana nenguva uye kunodhura.

Kuparadza: Kusarudza Mhaka Imwe neimwe

Nepo kugadza mitemo kuchigadza mipimo yavose, chibvumirano chinobatanidza kushandisa mitemo nemirau kuvanhu chaivo kana kuti masangano mumigariro yakati.

Masangano akawanda ehurumende yeUnited States ane simba rokuvimbisa, zvikurukuru kutonga pakumbiriso nokuda kwebetsero yakati kana kuti rezinesi, kana kuti kusimbisa mitemo mukati menharaunda dzawo dzakati dzesimba rinogoverwa.

Mienzaniso yebumbiro remitemo inobatanidza kusarudza kana aizopa rezinesi rebhizimisi, kusarudza kukodzera betsero dzavose, kurayira zvirango zvokuputsa mutemo, kana kuti kupedza gakava pakati pemapoka anotungamirirwa.

Kubvisa Muitiro

Zvibvumirano zvemitemo zvinodzorwa neAdministrative Procedure Act, 6854, 556-557, uye zvinoratidzira muitiro wegamuchidzanwa wokupupurira nouchapupu, chinyorwa chakanyorwa, uye chisarudzo chokupedzisira chinoitwa nomutongi womutemo wehurumende ("ALJ").

Kuvimbisa kunoda zviito zvimwe chetezvo sokuita mitemo kwakarongwa, kubatanidza ufakazi hunotangwa pachinyorwa, nechiziviso chinopiwa kunhau yomunhu oga kurumbidzo rwetsika, kubatanidza nguva, nzvimbo, uye rudzi rwokutongwa, chiremera chapamutemo nechiremera, uye nhau dzeidi nemutemo zvakasimbiswa.

Zviratidzo zvemiitiro zvinogovera dziviriro dzemipimo dzinokosha kubatanidza maruramiro okupa ufakazi, zvapupu zvakapazanwa zveaxitamine, zvinomirirwa nezano, uye kugamuchira chisarudzo chakanyorwa chakavakirwa pachinyorwa. Kunzwa kwemagariro (uye kuisa mitemo) zvinotungamirirwa neMutongi woMutemo (ALJ).

Kurapa Kwamasanga

Kubatanidza kwemasanga kunongova kumwe kutaurirana kusiri kwechirongwa uye kunogona kuva nyore kana kuti kuratidzika kuva kunotevedzera zviitiko zvakarongwa, uye chinhu chiri chose chiri pakati pacho.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuvimbisana kusina kurongwa kunogona kusiyana zvikuru pasangano nesangano uye kungabatanidza chinhu chipi nechipi kubva pakuongorora mapepa akapfava kusvika pakunzwa kusina kurongwa nedziviriro shoma.

Chisarudzo chokutarisira chinoitwa chingava chakasiana - siana kubva pakunzwa kwakarongwa, kwakafanana nokuedza uko kunoguma nemirangariro yakanyorwa ine udzame, kusvikira kumisangano isina kurongwa pakati pavanhu vanotapurwa navashandi vesangano inoguma bedzi nokutaura kupfupi kwechakasarudzwa.

Kufambira Mberi Kusarudza Kuita Kuti Kuve Nechiito

Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzakananga dzichisiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwechisarudzo uye nesangano rinobatanidzwa, vakawanda vanoita zvisarudzo zvesangano racho vanotevedzera nzira yakarongwa kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvakarurama, kujeka, uye kuomerera pazvinodiwa nemutemo.

Danho 1: Kuziva Zvinodiwa Kuti Tiite Chiito

Muitiro wokuita chisarudzo unowanzotanga apo sangano rinozivisa dikanwo yokuita chiito. Ikoku kungava nemhaka yokuti mutemo unoda kuti sangano rigamuchire mirau, nemhaka yokuti sangano racho rinogamuchira kumbiriso nokuda kwerezinesi kana kuti mvumo, nemhaka yokuti sangano rinowana kuputswa kungabvira kwomutemo, kana kuti nemhaka yokuti migariro inochinja inoda kuvandudza mitemo iripo.

Miitiro yakawanda yokutarisira inoita kuti munhu upi noupi akumbire sangano kuti rimutore, rimutsidzire, kana kuti rimudzorere mutemo.

Danho 2: Kuunganidza Mashoko Nokutsvakurudza

Izvi zvingasanganisira kuongororazve zvidzidzo zvesayenzi, kuongorora mashoko ezvemari, kubvunza nyanzvi, kuongorora zvimwe zvinhu mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kana kuongorora zvimwe zvinhu zvine chokuita nenyaya yemunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Kuti ape mitemo, masangano anowanzotsvakurudza kuti anzwisise dambudziko raari kuedza kugadzirisa, kuona kuti zvingangobatsira sei kuti agadzirise zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.

Danho 3: Kupa Chicherechedzo Chavose

Kuona chitarisiko inheyo yomutemo wehurumende. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kupa ziviso kumativi anotapurwa uye vanhu vasati vaita zviito zvinokosha. Chimiro nechirongwa chokuzivisa zvinosiyana zvichitsamira parudzi rwechiito.

Kuitira kuzivisa vanhu zvakananga vanobatanidzwa, masangano acho anofanira kuzivisa mashoko akakwana kuti vanhu vanofarira vanzwisise zviri kurehwa nesangano racho uye kuti vangatora rutivi sei mubasa racho.

Danho 4: Kubvumira Kupindura Pachena

Kutora rutivi kwavose kunokosha kukuita chisarudzo chesangano chapamutemo. APA inosimbisa basa rayo mukudzivirira maruramiro avanhu okutora rutivi mumuitiro wokuita mutongo.

Masangano anowanzopawo matare anoona vanhu panzvimbo yavanopa uchapupu hwemashoko. Pashure pokubudisa Ziviso Yokuita Kutonga Kwakarongwa asi pamberi pokuzviisa pasi peDare Romubatanidzwa, sangano racho rinofanira kuitisa dare ravose kuti rigamuchire chipupuriro chinotaurwa uye chakanyorwa kuti chibatanidzwe mune dzimwe nharaunda.

Mumhiko, kodzero dzokubatanidzwa dzinotsamira pakuti basa racho ragara richiitwa here kana kuti harina kurongwa. Zvibvumirano zvinopa kodzero dzakakura dzokubatanidzwa kusanganisira mukana wokupa uchapupu uye zvapupu zvinopa uchapupu hweaximine. Kupindira kwemasanga kungapa mikana yakaganhurirwa zvikuru yokubatanidzwa.

Nhano 5: Kuhwirudzura Nokunzvera Mashoko

Masangano anofanira kurangarira zvapachokwadi muuyo waanogamuchira kubva kuvanhu. Haagoni kungova zvake nomuitiro wokukumbira tsinhiro dzokonokei odzifuratira. Dare rinoongorora zvisarudzo zvesangano rinonzvera kana sangano racho rakarangarira zvine revo kutsinhiro dzinokosha neitiro hanya zvinomutswa mukati megadziriro yokutora rutivi.

Kuhwirudzura uku kungatungamirira masangano kuti achinje zviito zvawo zvinokarakadzwa mukupindura mashoko avose, kana kuti kugovera tsananguro dzechikonzero nei ari kupfuurira pasinei zvapo nokunetseka kunomutswa navatsinhiri.

Danho 6: Kuita Chisarudzo Chokupedzisira

Chibvumirano chacho chichangopedzwa nomushumo wakanyorwa une mashoko echokwadi uye mhedziso dzemutemo, pamwe chete pamwero wehurumende nehurumende.

Kana riri dare, sangano racho rinobudisa mutemo wokupedzisira pamwe chete nemashoko anotsanangura hwaro hwaro nechinangwa charo.

Zvisarudzo zveagency zvinofanira kutsigirwa nokurangarira kwakakwana noufakazi. MuCitizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakati kuti kuti uwane zvisarudzo zvesangano zvisina kurongwa mumhiko, matare anofanira kutanga kurangarira kuti chisarudzo chacho chakavakirwa parangariro yezvinhu zvinokosha uye kana pakanga pane mhosho yakajeka yorutongeso.

Nhano 7: Kushandiswa Nokumanikidzwa

Kubva pamitemo, izvi zvinoreva kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vanotonga vanowirirana nezvinodiwa zvitsva.

Kodzero Dzapamutemo Nedziviriro Mugadziriro Yokutarisira

Kunzwisisa kodzero idzi kunogona kubatsira kuti pave nokubatwa zvakanaka uye kungaita kuti pave nemabasa asingadiwi anopikisa masangano.

Kodzero Yokucherekedza

Kuitira kuti chibvumirano chizivise vanhu vanobatanidzwa zvinosanganisira mashoko pamusoro pezvakaita zvinhu, chiremera chepamutemo chiri kuitwa pasi pazvo, nguva nenzvimbo yokuteerera chero kupi zvako.

Chiziviso chacho chinofanira kuva chakakwana kubvumira vanhu vakatapurwa kugadzirira mhinduro yakakwana.

Kodzero Yokutora Rutivi

Vanhu vane maruramiro okutora rutivi mumasangano anoita zvisarudzo. Nokuda kwokuita mitemo, ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okupa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa pamitemo inokarakadzwa. Nokuda kwechibvumirano, maruramiro okutora rutivi anosiana zvichitsamira pakuti muitisi wacho unorongwa here kana kuti usina kurongwa uye kana munhu anenge achida kutora rutivi ari boka rakapiwa zita kana kuti boka rechitatu rinofarira.

Kana munhu ari oga akamira kuti akwidzire chisarudzo, vanenge vaine kodzero yokupindira pakumuudza zvokuita.

Kodzero Yokumirira

Kupiwa kodzero iyi kunoratidza kuti vanhu vanogona kukurukura nyaya dzavo nokudzivirira zvavanofarira, kunyanya pavanenge vachiita nyaya dzakaoma dzepamutemo uye dzezvounyanzvi.

Kodzero Yokunzwa

Kune nzira mbiri idzo munhu anogona kuwana nadzo maruramiro okunzwa mukuita chiito: The Bate Ecss Claussle inogona kuraira kuti teerero iitirwe kana fariro yacho ichikosha zvakakwana, kana kuti kunzwa kunogona kudikanwa kana mutemo uchiita kuti sangano racho ripe kutongwa kwapamutemo apo rinodudza nhau dzakati.

Mukuru mukuru anofanira kuva asina kwaakarerekera uye haagoni kuva nedanda pacharo kuti ape uchapupu, aongorore zvapupu, uye ataure zviri pamutemo.

Kodzero Yokusarudza Kwakaitwa Nechikonzero

Chisarudzo chacho chinofanira kuvakirwa paufakazi huri muchinyorwa uye chinofanira kutsanangura kuti sangano racho rakasvika sei pamhedziso dzacho.

Ichi chinodikanwa chine zvinangwa zvakawanda: chinovimbisa kuti masangano anofunga chaizvoizvo kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvawo, chinobvumira vanobatanidzwa kunzwisisa chikonzero nei chisarudzo chakaitwa, uye chinogovera hwaro hwehwirudzuro yokutonga kana chisarudzo chacho chichidenhwa.

Kodzero Yokuwana Mashoko

Mitemo iyi inokurudzira vanhu kuti vaone kuti zvinhu zviri kurongwa sei uye inobvumira vanhu kunzwisisa kuti masangano ari kuita zvisarudzo sei.

Kune marudzi akati akasiana zvikurukuru amashoko, akadai samashoko okuvandika omunhu oga, zvakavanzika zvokutengeserana, zvinyorwa zvokuchengetedza mutemo, uye zvinhu zvinorerutsa.

Kodzero Yokukwezva Kana Kuti Kutsvaka Kuhwirudzura

Apo sangano rinoita chisarudzo, mapati anotapurwa zvikurukuru ane maruramiro okutsvaka kuhwirudzurwa kwechisarudzo ichocho. Nokuda kwamamwe masangano, kunogona kuva nemwero yakasiyana - siyana yokuita zvisarudzo nehwirudzuro; somuenzaniso, nokuda kwokutsunga kwechengeteko yenzanga, kunogona kuva nemipimo mina yokuhwirudzura mukati megadziriro yechengeteko yenzanga pamberi pekukwirira kudare.

Pamusana pokukwirira kwehurumende, vanhu vanogona kutotsvaka kutongwa mudare.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga Kwezvisarudzo Zveagency

Matare anoita basa rinokosha rokutarisira mumutemo wokutarisira kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvesangano kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo.

Zvisarudzo Zveagency Zvingashorwa Mudare Ripi?

Hachisi chiito chesangano chiri chose chinogona kudenhwa nokukurumidza mudare.Kazhinji kazhinji, boka rinofanira kubvisa mishonga yezvokudzora iripo risati ratsvaka hwirudzuro yedare.Izvi zvinoreva kupfurikidza nemiitiro ipi neipi yebumbiro romukati risati raisa mhaka mudare.

Mukuwedzera, matare anongodzokorora bedzi zviito zvesangano racho zvinomirira nzvimbo yakarurama yesangano uye zvine miuyo yapamutemo nokuda kwebato rinobatanidzwa. Nhano dzokutanga kana kuti dzepakati mumuitiro wokuita zvisarudzo kazhinji kazhinji hadzisati dzichiva pasi pehwirudzuro yokutonga nokukurumidza.

Mubato unotsvaka kuhwirudzura unofanirawo kuva ne "ikamira"() danda rakaringana mukuguma kwokururamisa kuunza mhaka. Ikoku kunoreva kuti munhu wacho anofanira kuva akakuvadzwa nechiito chesangano kana kuti achatapurwa zvakananga naro.

Dare Rinohwirudzurei?

Paanoongorora zvisarudzo zvemasangano, matare anoongorora zvinhu zvinoverengeka:

  • Ibhukwana reProcedical: Ko sangano racho rakatevera miitiro inodikanwa here? Rakagovera chiziviso chakakwana here? Rakabvumira kutora rutivi rwavose here? Rakatonga apo kwaidikanwa here?
  • Sata mudzidzisi wechiremera: Ko sangano racho rakanga rine chiremera chapamutemo chokuita chiito charakaita here? Rakaita muukuru hwamasimba aro akagoverwa here?
  • Concialialical Compaliation: Chiito chesangano racho chakaputsa kodzero dzipi nedzipi dzebumbiro remitemo here?
  • Tsigiro yezvemari: Chisarudzo chesangano chinotsigirwa noufakazi hwakakwana muchinyorwa here?
  • [ Kuva akakodzera[: Chisarudzo chacho chine mufungo uye chine mufungo here? Ko sangano rarangarira zvinhu zvinowirirana here?

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Pane mipimo mitatu yokuhwirudzura: (1) ufakazi hwakasimba; (2) ufakazi hwokusafunga uye hwokuchinja - chinja; uye (3) kududzira mutemo.

Mupimo Woufakazi Hunokosha

Nokuda kwezviito zvakarongwa, zvisarudzo zvesangano zvinofanira kutsigirwa ne "ufakazi husingachinjiki" pashure pokunge dare rarava "chinyorwa chose," icho chinogona kuva zviuru zvamapeji kwenguva refu, noufakazi hwakajeka hunopa matare rusununguko rwokurangarira kana zvisarudzo zvesangano zvechokwadi nezvemiitiro zvakadikanwa mukuwirirana namashoko ose pamberi pesangano panguva yechisarudzo.

Kuwana maidi mubvumirano dzokutarisira hakusungiri kutoti kuchitsigirwa noufakazi chaihwoihwo, nehwirudzuro yokutonga yakaganhurirwa kumibvunzo yomutemo bedzi.

Mipimo Yakashata Neyakaipa

APA inoda kuti itsaure zviito zvesangano zvisati zviri mumiitiro yakarongwa yakafanana nokuedza (zvichireva kuti kuisa murairo), dare rinofanira kugumisa kuti murairo wacho ndi "kudzorwa uye kusachinja, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwoungwaru, kana kuti zvimwe kusati kuri mutsinhirano nomutemo".

Mupimo we "majee neasina kujeka" unoshandiswa zvikurukuru mukuitwa kwemitemo isina kurongwa. Muuyu mupimo, matare anonzvera kana sangano racho rakarangarira zvinhu zvinokosha, kana pakanga pane mhosho yakajeka yorutongeso, uye kana sangano racho rakagovera tsananguro ine mufungo nokuda kwechisarudzo charo.

Kuhwirudzura Nouti

Mumigariro yakaganhurirwa, matare angahwirudzura zvisarudzo zvesangano de novo, kureva kuti anoita chisarudzo chokuzvimirira pasina kunongedzera kuchisarudzo chesangano. Ikoku kunowanzoitika apo inohwirudzura mibvunzo yakachena yenhau dzomutemo kana kuti dzebumbiro remitemo.

Mishonga Inowanika Kupfurikidza Nokuhwirudzura

Dare parinowana kuti sangano raita zvisina kufanira, rinogona kugovera mishonga yakasiyana - siyana. dare rinohwirudzura rinofanira kumanikidza chiito chesangano chai "risiyirwa zvisiri pamutemo kana kuti kunonozeka zvisina mufungo" ndokuwana chiito chesangano chisiri pamutemo uye "chinoisa parutivi zviwanwa, zviwanwa, uye mhedziso" izvo zvine mufungo, zvinopesana nekodzero yebumbiro remitemo, mukusachengeta muitiro unodikanwa nomutemo, kana kuti zvisina kutsigirwa noufakazi chaihwoihwo.

Matare anogona kuputsa mitemo yesangano, kubvisa zvisarudzo zvokupikisa, kuraira masangano kuita chiito nenzira isiri yapamutemo iwo akaramba kuita, kana kuti kudzorera nhau kusangano nokuda kweimwe dare nokuda kweimwe mhedziso inowirirana nechisarudzo chedare. Kazhinji kazhinji, apo chiito chesangano chinoregwa pasi pomupimo wokuzvidira nowechienzi wokuhwirudzura, chiito chinodzoserwa kusangano kutsigira chinyorwa.

Mienzaniso Yakakurumbira Yezvisarudzo Zvehurumende Zvekuongorora

Kunzwisisa mimwe mienzaniso inozivikanwa nevanhu kunogona kuratidza kuti basa rokutarisira rinoshanda sei.

Kupa Uye Kubvumira Zvisarudzo

Masangano akawanda ehurumende anopa marezenisi uye anobvumira kuti vanhu nemabhizimisi vaite mabasa anotarisirwa.

  • Marezenisi ebasa [[FLT: 1]: mabhodhi ehurumende anonyoresa vanachiremba, magweta, vakoti, vatarisiri vemari, mainjiniya, vagadziri, uye vamwe vanamazvikokota vazhinji. Masangano aya anogadza zvinodikanwa zvedzidzo neruzivo rwokuzviwanira, anopa zvicherekedzo, anonzvera zvichemo, uye anogona kubvisa marezenisi etsika dzisina kururama.
  • Marezenisi ebhizimisi[[FLT: 1]: Maraise ezvirongwa amarudzi akasiana - siana emabhizimisi kubatanidza maresitorendi, mabhawa, nzvimbo dzokutarisira vana, uye mimwe mizhinji. Muitiro wokunatsa unobatanidza kuhwirudzura, kunzvera, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana noutano, chengeteko, uye mimwe miraudzo.
  • [[[NT: 0] Zvibvumikiso zvemitemo [[FLT: 1]: Masangano emhoteredzo anobvumidza mibato ingatapura kunaka kwemhepo, kunaka kwemvura, nzvimbo dzakachena, kana kuti zvimwe zviwanikwa zvemhoteredzo. Izvi zvisarudzo kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza kunzverwa kwounyanzvi kwakaoma uye kudzikamisa ndangariro dzezvemari nemhoteredzo.
  • Calformation Rebles[[FLT: 1]: Madhipatimendi okuvaka nenhau dzemasangano okuronga zvinobvumidza basa rokuvaka, kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana nebumbiro remitemo rokuvaka, mirau yokuronga, uye urongwa hwenzvimbo.

Batsirwa Nokutsunga Kubvuma

Masangano ehurumende anotungamirira mapurogiramu akawanda anobatsira vanhu uye anoita zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuti ndiani akakodzera kuwana betsero:

  • Programs dzePublic I Transplace: Zvirongwa zvinosarudza kukodzera kwepurogiramu dzakadai seMedicaid, yamuro yezvokudya (SNAP), yamuro yemari yechinguvana (TENF), uye mamwe mabasa enzanga. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kuhwirudzura, kusimbisa mari nepfuma, uye kushandisa mitemo yakaoma.
  • [ Betsero Dzokusashanda[[FLT: 1]: Masangano ehurumende okushaikwa kwemabasa anosarudza kana vanhu vamwe navamwe vachikwanirisa nokuda kwebhadharo yourovha, kusarudza zvitsama zvebetsero, uye kakavadzano dzemhesano pakati pavashandi navashandirwi.
  • Kubatanidzwa kwavashandi[[FT:1]: Mabhodhi okudzosera mari anotema kana kuvadziko dzebasa dzichigona kugadziriswa, kusarudza ukuru hwourema, uye kupedza gakava pamusoro pokurapa nebetsero.
  • Betsero dzisingachinji[[FLT: 1]: Kosita dzinoyera kukumbirwa nokuda kwebetsero dzourema, kutema kana vakwiri vachisvitsa rondedzero yapamutemo yourema uye vane maruramiro okubetsera.

Zviito Zvokumanikidza

Masangano ehurumende anodzika mitemo nemirau munzvimbo dzawo dzechiremera, achiita chiito mukurwisana nokuputswa:

  • Kushatiswa neSafety Traps[[FLT: 1]: Madhipatimendi outano anonzvera maresitorendi, zvipatara, misha inochengeterwa vakwegura, uye zvimwe zvivako, kubudisa zvibvumikiso uye zvirango zvikuru nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo youtano nekotsekano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuputsika kwendangariro[[FLT: 1]: Masangano emhoteredzo anonzvera zvinoitika zveshatiso, nhau yeziviso dzokuputswa, uye anogona kuisa faindi kana kuti kuraira chiito chokururamisa nokuda kwokupunzwa kwemitemo yemhoteredzo.
  • Ronderstal Misterogment: Mabhodhi anofeyafeya nyunyuto dzinorwisana nenyanzvi dzine rezinesi uye anogona kuisa chirango chinovambira pakutsiura kusvikira kurezinesi rokurega kuputsa mipimo yenyanzvi.
  • Mutemo unoputsa [: Masangano ebasa anodzika mitemo inobhadharwa neawa, zvinodikanwa zvekotsekano yebasa, uye dzimwe dziviriro dzamabasa, achinzvera zvichemo uye achiraira zvirango nokuda kwokuputswa.

Kugadzirwa Kwemwero Nokugadziridzwa Kwemari

Mamwe masangano ehurumende anodzora mwero inotengwa nemishonga yemagetsi nemamwe maindasitiri akadzorwa:

  • Mwero yokusashanda[[FLT: 1]: Masangano ezvishandisiro zvehurumende anogadza mwero yemagetsi, gasi romusikirwo, mvura, uye mabasa okukurukurirana nefoni, anodzikamisa kudikanwa kwezvinoiswa mumagetsi kuti uwane mari inotakurwa uye kuwana dzorero ine mufungo nokudikanwa kwokudzivirira vatengi kubva kumwero yakanyanyisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mwero yeInishuwarenzi[[FLT: 1]: Kuhwirudzura nokubvumira mwero yemarudzi akasiyana - siyana einishuwarenzi, kuva nechokwadi chokuti yakakwana, hainyanyi, uye kwete kusarura zvisina kururama.

Kushandisa Nyika Nezvisarudzo Zvokuzvitutumadza

Masangano ehurumende neomunzvimbomo anoita zvisarudzo pamusoro penzira iyo nzvimbo inogona kushandiswa nayo:

  • [[FOLT:0] Kuzivisa Variances[[FT:1]: Mapuranga okusarudza kana achizopa vapfumi vadzo vabvumire varidzi venzvimbo kushandisa munda wavo munzira dzisingawirirani chaizvoizvo nemirau inodzorwa.
  • SAUBREVICES: Masangano anoronga anohwirudzura ndokubvumira gadziriro dzokukamura nyika kuva mapasuru maduku okuita.
  • Chitendero Uself Urects: Zvirongwa zvinosarudza kana zvichibvumira kushandiswa kwakati munharaunda umo izvo zvisingabvumirwi sezvakarurama asi zvingabvumirwa mumigariro yakati.

Zviitiko Zvemazuva Achangobva Kuitwa Mumutemo Wokutarisira

Mutemo unodzora unopfuurira kuchinja kupfurikidza nechinjo dzemitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye kuchinja mumashandire anoita masangano.

Chinjo Mukupesana Kwokutonga

MuLoper Bright, Dare Rapamusoro Rakasarudza kuti Chevron Pedzero Inopfuura nhungamiro dzakarongwa muAdministrative Procedire Act, matare achifambira mberi asingabvumidzi kuzviisa pasi kududzirwa kwemitemo kwamasangano okutarisira, asi panzvimbo pezvo kududzira nenzira yokuzvimirira mutemo uye kuparira kuda kweCongress inozviisa kumiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Nepo nhau yeLoper Bright yakataura kumasangano ehurumende, ingapesvedzerawo kuti matare ehurumende anoongorora sei zvisarudzo zvesangano rehurumende.

Kuwedzera Kukoshesa Kuona Zvakatipoteredza

Masangano akawanda ari kubudisa mashoko akawanda paIndaneti, anoita kuti pave nemakombiyuta anoita kuti pave nezvirongwa zvehurumende, uye anoshandisa ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu kuti vanhu vakwanise kupindira.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu Kunorayira

Mitemo yakawanda yakatanga nhamburiko dzokuvandudza miitiro yayo yokutungamirira, kazhinji kazhinji nenharidzano yokuderedza mitoro yokutungamirira apo inenge ichichengeta dziviriro dziri madikanwa. Iyi chinjo ingabatanidza zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokunzvera mutengo, gadziriro dzokuvira kwezuva nokuda kwemirau, kana kuti kutarisirwa kwemitemo kwemasangano.

Mazano Anoshanda Pakuronga Basa Rokutungamirira

Kunzwisisa pamutemo kunokosha, asi kuziva nzira inobudirira yokushandisa nayo purogiramu yokutarisira kunogona kuita musiyano chaiwoiwo mumigumisiro.

Ramba Uchiziva Nezvezviito Zvokuongorora

Kunyorera mabhuku aya kana kuti kugara uchiongorora mawebsite emasangano esangano kunogona kukubatsira kuti urambe uchiziva nezvezvinhu zvingakukanganisa.

Masangano akawanda anonyorawo mapepa kana kuti matsamba evanhu vanofarira dzimwe nyaya.

Itawo Chimwe Chinhu

Kutora rutivi kwavose kunogona kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvesangano. Kupa tsinhiro dzinofungwa, dzinofungwa zvakanaka pamitemo inokarakadzwa kunogona kutungamirira masangano kugadziridza zvikarakadzo zvawo. Kutora rutivi mukutongwa kunogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti murangariro wako unonzwiwa.

Pakupa tsinhiro, taura zvakananga pamusoro pokuti chiito chakakarakadzwa chingakutapura sei, govera tsigiro chaiyoiyo nokuda kwenzvimbo dzako, uye karakadza dzimwe nzira dzekongiri kana ukashora chikarakadzo chesangano racho.

Nzwisisa Mitsetse Yakafa

Kutadza kunyora nguva yokukwidza nyaya kana kuti yokupa mhinduro kunogona kuita kuti upedze kodzero yako yokuita chisarudzo.

Kana uchida nguva yakawanda, masangano akawanda achawedzera kana ukavakumbira nguva yacho isati yapera uye opa chikonzero chakanaka.

Chengeta Mazita Akanaka

Kana uchida kukwidza chisarudzo kana kuti kutsvaka dare, zvinokosha kuti unyorese zvose zvaunenge wanyora.

Kunyange zvazvo kukurukurirana zvisina kurongwa kungava mumabhuku epamutemo, zvaunogona kunyora zvinogona kukubatsira kuyeuka mashoko anokosha, uchiziva musi wacho, nguva, munhu wawakataura naye, uye zvaakataura.

Ziva Nguva Yokutsvaka Betsero Yapamutemo

Nepo miitiro yakawanda yokutarisira ichigona kushandiswa pasina gweta, mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoda betsero yapamutemo yavanachiremba.

  • Nyaya yacho inosanganisira mari yakawanda kana kuti kodzero dzinokosha
  • Nhau dzepamutemo kana kuti dzemitemo dzakaoma kunzwisisa
  • Uri kutarisana negadziriro dzakarongwa dzakafanana nedzokuedza
  • Uri kuronga kuongororazve chisarudzo chesangano
  • Sangano racho rine magweta anomiririra nzvimbo yaro

Masangano akawanda ebhawa anopa magweta mabasa, uye mamwe masangano epamutemo anopa rubatsiro rwepachena kana kuti rwemari shoma kuvanhu vanokodzera vachishandisa mari.

Shandisa Zviwanikwa Zviripo

Masangano akawanda anopa mapepa okutungamirira, anowanzobvunza mibvunzo, uye zvimwewo kuti abatsire vanhu kunzwisisa mashandiro azvo.

Dzimwe nyika dzine mahofisi evamiririri anogona kubatsira kugadzirisa kusawirirana nemasangano kana kuti nzira dzakaoma dzekutungamirira.

Kukosha Kwomutemo Wokutungamirira Mukutonga Kwehurumende

Mutemo unodzora wakakura zvikuru mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20, sezvo masangano emitemo emitemo munyika yose akaparira masangano ehurumende akawanda kuti adzore mativi enzanga, ezvemari neezvamatongerwe enyika omubatanidzwa wavanhu. Nhasi, masangano anotarisira anotapura anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwazvino uno, kubva kuchengeteko yezvokudya zvedu nemvura kusvikira kukuvadziko dzenyanzvi, kubva kudziviriro yemhoteredzo kusvikira kumipimo yezvemari.

Chirongwa chemitemo chinodzora chinoitwa nesangano rinoita zvisarudzo zvinobatira mabasa anokosha anoverengeka mugadziriro yedu yedemocracy. Iro rinovimbisa kuti masangano anoshandisa masimba awo anogoverwa nenzira ine mufungo uye mukati memiganhu yemitemo. Kunopa kujeka kuti vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvinovatapura zvinoitwa sei. Kunoparira mikana yokutora rutivi kwavose, kuchibvumira avo vanotapurwa nemirau kuti vave nenzwi mukukura kwavo. Uye inogadza mitoo yokuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokukumbira kwedare.

Mumutemo wokutarisira, dzikamo inochengetwa zvakanaka pakati pechiremera chemasangano ehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu nemabhizimisi, zvinotsigirwa nemashandiro akadai sokuongorora kwokutonga, kunopa kuongorora zvinoitwa nemasangano okutarisira uye kunosimbisa zvisarudzo zvemasangano, kusanganisira zvemasangano anotungamirira, zvinoomerera kumitemo yokururamisira uye yokururamisa zviri pamutemo.

Kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinoita sei kunoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mugadziriro yokutarisira, kudzivirira kodzero dzavo, uye kuita kuti hurumende izvidavirire.

Mamwe Mari Yokudzidza Zvakawanda

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pomutemo wokutarisira uye kuita zvisarudzo zvesangano, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika:

  • State Government Websites: Hurumende zhinjisa dzinochengeta mawebsite akakwana ane mashoko pamusoro pamasangano, mabasa awo, uye nzira yokushanda nawo. Tsvaka manyuko ehurumende apamutemo enzvimbo kana kuti masangano ehurumende imwe neimwe.
  • Acts Procedia codementare: Kurava muitiro wokutarisira wehurumende yako kunogona kugovera nzwisiso inokosha mumasangano emitemo anofanira kutevera. Iyi mirau inowanika chaizvoizvo paIndaneti kupfurikidza namawebsite emitemo ehurumende.
  • [[[NHAU: 0] .Legal Aid Organizations[[FLT: 1]: Masangano mazhinji eyamuro yapamutemo anogovera mashoko nebetsero zvine chokuita nenhau dzemitemo yokudzora, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzinotapura vanhu vanowana mari shoma zvakadai sebetsero dzavose, dzimba, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano.
  • Maraibhurari emitemo: maraibhurari omutemo, kubatanidza ayo ari muzvikoro zvemitemo namamwe maraibhurari avose, ane zvinyorwa, mirayiridzo, uye zvimwe zvinhu pamutemo wehurumende. Vatarisiri vemitemo vazhinji vanofara kubetsera mitezo yehurumende kuwana zvinhu zvinokosha.
  • Hurumende [: Masangano akasiyana - siyana asingabudiriri anoongorora masangano ehurumende uye anopa mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yokutonga nekodzero dzevagari vemo.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende nokujeka kwehurumende, ungawana izvi zviwiro zvichibetsera: Cornell Legal Information Institute's Administrative Law , EPA] peta yeAdministrative Procture Active Act, uye .

mhedziso

Masangano ehurumende ane simba guru rokuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura vanhu, mabhizimisi, uye nzanga.

Kana ukaziva kuti masangano anoita zvisarudzo sei, anofanira kutevedzera maitiro api, uye kodzero dzaunadzo pakutarisira, unogona kunyatsofamba nemasangano ehurumende, kubatanidzwa mukuita kuti zvinhu zvienderere mberi, uye kudzivirira zvaunoda paunenge uchibatsirwa nezvinenge zvasarudzwa nemasangano.

Kana uchishanda nokuda kwerezinesi, uchitsinhira pamirairo inokarakadzwa, uchifadza kuramba betsero, kana kuti kungoedza kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, zivo yegadziriro yokutungamirira inokosha. Gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwemirairo yehurumende inobudirira nedziviriro yekodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Nepo ingaratidzika kuva yakaoma padzimwe nguva, nheyo dzayo dzinokosha, kutora rutivi, kuita chisarudzo, uye kuzvidavirira.

Savagari vemo munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, tose tine njodzi mukuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano anodzora anoshanda zvakanaka ndokubatira fariro yavose.