Kuumbwa Kwapamutemo Kwesimba Rakadzikama

Munhau yose, kuiswa kwesimba mumaoko mashomanene zvikuru kwakatungamirira kuudzvinyiriri, ushati, uye kuparadzwa kwerusununguko rwomunhu. Gadziriro yemitemo, apo yakagadzirwa zvakanaka ndokumanikidzirwa, inoshanda sedziviriro inodzivisa kuisa ngwariro kwakadaro kupfurikidza nenheyo dzokuita zvinhu, masangano, uye miitiro zvinoparadzira chiremera nokuisa kuzvidavirira. Njere huru ndeyokuti hakuna munhu, dare, kana kuti bazu rehurumende rinofanira kuvimbwa nesimba risingadzorwi. Panzvimbo pezvo, simba rinofanira kuganhurirwa, nomutemo, uye kudzorwa noutariri hwenguva dzose. Nyaya ino inonzvera gadziriro huru dzapamutemo idzo dzinovimbisa kuti munhu anounganidza chiremera chakanyanyisa, anonzvera gadziriro yemitemo, kuongorora kutongwa, uye mutemo senheyo yenzanga dzakasununguka.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Dzidziso yeparadzano yakakurumbira zvikurusa nemuzivi weFrance Montesquieu mu Mudzimu weMitemo , inodavira kuti chiremera chehurumende chinofanira kukamurwa pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana: chigadziro, mukuru wedare, uye dare. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa basa guru, kuisa mitemo, uye kutsanangura mitemo imwe chete. [5] Pasi pokukwanisa kudzora rimwe bazi. United States Constitution inobatanidza iyi nheyo muZvikamu I, II, uye III, kugovera masimba chaiwo nemabasa kuDare, uye matare enyika. Mumiririri wehurumende anoisa pamutemo anoisa pamutemo, mukuru mukuru, mukuru, uye chiremera chomuviri mumwe chete muboka rimwe muboka rinokoka kupesana nokuparadzana.

Mavambo Nenzvimbo

Montesquieu akacherekedza kuti “apo masimba emitemo neanotungamirira akabatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo, kana kuti mumutumbi mumwe chetewo wavatongi, hakugoni kuva nerusununguko.” Iyi nzwisiso yakapesvedzera zvakananga vagadziri veU.S. Constitution, vaitya kuenzanisa chiremera chose chose chehurumende yeBritain. James Madison, muFederalist No. 51, akanyora kuti “vavariro yenguva dzose ndeyokukamuranisa ndokuronga mahofisi anoverengeka nomutoo wakadaro sekuti mumwe nomumwe angava nzvereve pane mumwe.” Kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti simba rokuita mitemo, kuiuraya, uye kunetsa zvigaro zvakaparadzana mumaoko akaparadzana, gadziriro yemitemo inodzivisa mutambi upi noupi kubva mukuzvibetsera kuti azvibetsere amene.

Kushanda Kunoshanda

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoreva kuti chibvumirano chedare hachigoni kuita mitemo yacho pachacho; mukuru mukuru haagoni kuita chiremera chake chapamutemo; uye vatongi havagoni kuita mutemo nomutoo mumwe chetewo sedare remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Congress ingaita mutemo wemitero, asi bazu raPurezi guru rinounganidza mari, uye matare anopedza gakava pamusoro pokushanda kwomutemo. Kugovera uku kunoshanda pamwe nokujeka. Kana bazi rimwe rikadarika miganhu yaro yaro, vamwe vanogona kudzivisa kupfurikidza nemitoo yesangano, zvakadai sokuramba kumanikidza mutemo usingashandisiwi kana kuti mutungamiriri wedare kudzonga.

Kutonga kwoMutemo

Mutevedzero womutemo ipfungwa huru inoomerera vanhu vose, masangano, uye masangano — kubatanidza hurumende imene () inozvidavirira kumitemo inoziviswa pachena, inodzorwa zvakaenzana, uye yakapinzwa pasi. Nyanzvi yemitemo yeBritain A.V. Dicey yakazivisa nheyo nhatu huru: ukuru hwomutemo wenguva dzose pasimba risingatendi, kuenzana pamberi pomutemo, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare. Kutonga kwomutemo kunorwisana zvakananga nomutemo kana kuti nezvido zvomutungamiriri ane simba. Iro rinovimbisa kuti kunyange vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kuita mumiganhuro yapamutemo.

Kunyanyisa Kwomutemo

Hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo. Iyi nheyo inoreva kuti chiito chipi nechipi chehurumende chinofanira kuva nehwaro hwapamutemo uye chisati chichigona kuputsa mitemo yakafanotaurwa kana kuti ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Munyika dzine mitemo yakasimba, matare anogona kubvisa zviito zvehurumende zvinopfuura chiremera. Somuenzaniso, Dare gurusa reU.S. mu Dare repwere reTechrown Comment / Tube Co. v. Sayyer[[ [1952] raidavira kuti muteveri mukuru mukuru wehurumende Truman anobata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea rakanga risina mvumo yedare.

Kuenzana Mutemo Usati Wasvika

Kuenzana mutemo usati warambidza maropafadzo chaiwo nokuda kwavane simba uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yapamutemo inoshanda zvakafanana. Mugadziriro inodzorwa nomutemo, bhiriyoni, mushumiri wehurumende, uye mugariwo zvake anotarisana nemipimo mimwe cheteyo yapamutemo yomufambiro woutsotsi, kuchengetwa kwebvumirano, kana kuti misengwa yemitero. matare eependero navachuchisi vanofanira kushandisa mutemo kunyange nechiokomupata. Pasina uenzani hwakadaro, tsika yepamutemo ichava chishandiso chevakakwirira, inoderedza mano awo okunzvera simba.

Kuronga Kwakakodzera uye Kuronga Zvakanaka

Mutemo unofanira kupiwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoruramisira. Gadziriro yapachikwaniriso inovimbisa kuti pasave nomukana wokunzwiwa, muiti wechisarudzo asina kupindira, uye kodzero yokukwirira. Iyi dziviriro yetsika inodzivisa kutsaurwa kwoupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, Reformation Reformation yeshanu neyegumi nerechigumi nerechinayi kutevedzerwa kuti pasava nomunhu “anotenderwa muupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Iyi inodzoro inoshanda kuvatambi vehurumende vose, ichiita kuti simba iroro rishandiswe mukuwirirana nemitemo inojeka, inojeka panzvimbo pokuzvidzora kwomunhu oga.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchiparadzanisa chiremera, kunzvera nedzikamo zvinobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira rimwe. Uku kutamba kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyowanda ndokukurudzira batira pamwe. Bumbiro reMitemo reU. U.S. rinopa mienzaniso yakawanda: Purezidhendi anogona kuita mutemo; Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapamutemo; Congress inogona kubvisa uye kubvisa Purezidhendi navatongi vehurumende; uye vatongi vanogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri pamutemo. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rinogona kushanda pamwe chete munzvimbo dzinotambudza.

Vane Chinzvimbo Chikuru VaVito naVane Mitemo Vanoshata

Purezidhendi angapaidza mari yezvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa neCongress, asi Congress inogona kukurira vheto nevoruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Iri simba rinomanikidza mukuru mukuru kukurukura nedare romutemo ndokupa Congress nzvero yokupedzisira paidzo yeidzosi. Simba reveto harina kutongorina kuganhurirwa; chinodikanwa chapamhene chinovimbisa kuti bedzi, zvivako zvikuru zvezvipurendi zvinogona kuisa mitemo pamusoro pechirambidzo chapurezidhendi, nokudaro kuchidzivisa mukuru mukuru kumisa mutemo wakakurumbira nokusingaperi.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare kunopa simba rokuparadza mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803], ibwe rekona romutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. judicary inoshanda somuturiki mukuru webumbiro remitemo uye rinogona kuputsa mutemo unopfuura chiremera chedare kana kuti kutyora kodzero dzinokosha. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reUnited States v. Nixon[FLT:] [3] [77]) akaraira Purezidhendi Nixon kuti apedze matepi eMarizimu, achisimbisa kuti Purezidhendi wacho haasati ari pamusoro pomuitiro wapamutemo. Chirevo chidzodzo chekuongorora chidzo mu [FLT] United States.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Dare rinogona kubvisa Purezidhendi, Vice Purezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti zvimwe Zvitsotsi zvakakwirira naMisdemears.” Imba inovamba kushora, uye Dare rinotonga dare. Uyu muitiro unobatira sechisakiso chokupedzisira mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vanoshandisa zvisina kufanira simba ravo. Nepo kusawirirana mumugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika kunopa gadziriro yemitemo yokuzvidavirira apo dzimwe mitoo dzinokundikana. Chityisidziro chokubvisa chinogona kudzivisa mufambiro wakaipa uye chinobetsera kuchengeta perero yebasa ravose.

Midziyo Inozvimirira

Vatongi vanozvimirira vanokosha kuti vachengetedze mutemo uye vaongorore simba. Vatongi vanofanira kudzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, chiokomuhomwe, uye kutyisidzira kuti vape zvisarudzo zvokusasarura zvakavakirwa pamutemo namaidi. Dziviriro huru dzegadziriro inobatanidza upenyu hwose (nokuda kwavatongi vehurumende muUnited States), dziviriro yemubhadharo, uye zvirambidzo zvokuderedza muripo wavatongi mukati mebasa ravo. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti vatongi havatyi kutsiva mitemo isingafarirwi. Vatongi ndivo bazi rehurumende rinokwanisa zvikurusa kudzivisa kupindira kwehurumende kana kuti miganhuro, asi kuzvimirira kwavo kunofanira kuchengetwa kupfurikidza nezvinodiwa nehurumende uye kuvimba navanhu.

Nguva Yokurarama Nedziviriro Yokutengesa

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa kugadzwa kwevatongi vehurumende kwoupenyu hwose “kubatira mufambiro wakanaka” uye chinorambidza kuderedza mibhadharo yavo. Uku kudzorwa kubva mukubviswa neCongress kana kuti Purezidhendi kunobvumira vatongi kutonga mukurwisana nehurumende pasina kuisa mungozi mabasa avo. Munyika zhinji, kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunodzivirirwa zvakafanana kupfurikidza namashoko akatemwa, kugadza kwakavakirwa pahwaro hwakafanirwa, uye madare anozvimirira anotarisira anotarisira chirango nesimutsidziro.

Basa Remitemo Yokutonga

Mitemo yemitemo inoda kuti vatongi vazvipindure vamene apo vanenge vane fariro yomunhu oga kana kuti yemari munhau. Iyi mitemo inodzivisa rwisano dzefariro idzo dzingasekesa. Mitemo yomufambiro, yakadai seAmerican Bar Association’s Model Code of Judicial Apporation Epidence, inosimbisa nheyo yokuti vatongi vanofanira kushandisa mutemo nenzira isina revi, kwete kuita savatsigiri vebato ripi neripi. Gadziro inoshivirira vatongi vane shanjero haigoni kunzvera nenzira inobudirira nemhaka yokuti zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvinova maruramiro zvinova motokari nokuda kwechiziva.

Chirongwa Chokushandira Kumwe Sesimba Rinoisa Michina

Kuparadzana uku kwakananga kwemasimba kunodzivisa hurumende yepakati kudzora chiremera chimwe chete uye kunobvumira mapoka amarudzi kushanda semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. MuUnited States, Tenth Amendment inochengeterwa hurumende dzose dzisingapiwi hurumende. Nyika dzine mitemo yadzo, mirauriro, vakuru vakuru, uye vatongi, izvo zvinogovera dzimwe nzvero pasimba renyika.

Kuongorora Kwakajeka Uye Kwakasimba

Federalism inoparira chengeteko yakapetwa kaviri: haisati ichingova bedzi mapazu ehurumende yapakati akaparadzana, asi hurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzinogona kunzvera. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinogona kudenha mitemo yehurumende mudare; nenzira inopesana, hurumende yehurumende inogona kudzikamisa mipimo yorudzi, yakadai sedziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo, apo hurumende dzinokundikana kuitsigira. Uku kuoma kunovimbisa kuti simba harina kuiswa pamwero mumwe wehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakareverera kazhinji kazhinji iyi gakavaro, richisimbisa ganhuriro yemitemo yechiremera.

Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Nedziviriro Dzoga Dzoga

Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rinodudza kodzero dzevanhu rinoshanda sechinomanikidzirwa chakananga pasimba rehurumende. Kodzero dzakadai sekutaura norusununguko, rusununguko rwegungano, kodzero yokutakura zvombo, dziviriro pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari, uye kodzero yokutonga zvakanaka zvinopa simba vagari vemo kuti vadzivise kutsoropodzwa nehurumende.

Kutaura Nenhau Dzakasununguka

maruramiro akasununguka eratidziro anogonesa vagari vemo nezvinobudisa nhau kutsoropodza zviito zvehurumende nokufumura kusakafanira. Mupepeti wenhau unobatira sechinorinda, uchizivisa voruzhinji nokunyandura kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zviitiko zveLandmark zvakadai seNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]]) zvinodzivirira kutsoropodza kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kubva murusutu, uye [[FLT] New York Times Co. United States [71] [71]

Kodzero Yechinoitika Chakafanira uye Kutongwa Kwakarurama

Kodzero yokutonga kwakarurama inobatanidza pfungwa yokusava nemhaka, kusvika kuzano rapamutemo, vatongi vasingasaruri, uye maruramiro okunangana neZvapupu. Mitemo yechitanhatu ne 14 inovimbisa idzi maruramiro emitemo, ayo anodzivisa Hurumende kushandisa gadziriro yapamutemo kutambudza vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti vasina simba pasina dziviriro dzakakodzera. Kutonga kwokubvisa mhaka, uko kunopa ufakazi kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo, kumwe kuganhurira mutemo kunonyengera.

Misangano Yepamutemo Nokushandisa Michina

Kupfuura matare, mubatanidzwa wemasangano epamutemo anomanikidzira kuzvidavirira nokunzvera simba. Iwaya anobatanidza masangano anozvimirira, vamiririri, vaongorori vehurumende, vamiriri vekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye matare okutonga. Somuenzaniso, Dhipatimendi reSahlulero reHurumende yeU.S. rinoongorora kusazvibata kwevachuchisi vehurumende. Vachuchisi veIndependent (mazano anokosha) vanogona kuongorora vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu vapamusoro vasingadzorwi mune zvematongerwe enyika. Idzi dzino dzino dzinovimbisa kuti simba rishandiswe pasina kuongororwa.

Mutemo Wokutarisira Nokutonga

Masangano anotarisira akadai seNdengedzo yeProvity Agency kana kuti Secureties and Exchange Commission() inoshandisa chiremera chine revo panharaunda dzakati dzemiitiro. Kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira, Administrative Procedire Act inoda masangano kutevera miitiro yokugadza mitemo yakajeka, kubvumira tsinhiro yavose, uye kururamisa zvisarudzo zvavo. Matare anohwirudzura zviito zvesangano nokuda kwechiremera chekuzvidzora kana kuti kunyanyisa. Iri boka romutemo, rinozivikanwa somutemo wokutonga, vimbiso dzinopa simba rinogoverwa rinoshandiswa nokuzvidavirira.

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Nyika zhinji dzinotanga mahofisi ekodzero dzinonzvera zvichemo mukurwisana nezviremera zvavanhu. Muombudsman mukuru akazvimirira anogona kurumbidza chiito chokururamisa, kunyange zvazvo asingamanikidzi kubvumirana. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano ekodzero dzavanhu anotarisira kuwirirana kwehurumende nemipimo yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu. Iyi miitiro isiri yemitemo inozadza misiyano apo matare angasava anosvikika zvikuru kana kuti apo nhau dzegadziriro dzinoda chinjo huru.

Mutemo Wenyika Yose Nekodzero Dzevanhu Zvinodzorwa

Zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvamarudzi ose zvinodzivisawo simba remhuri kupfurikidza nokuita kuti nyika dzizvidavirire kumipimo yokunze. Tsananguro dzakadai seInternational Ssavenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations Convention on Traptung, uye Roma Scriminance yeDare reNyika Yose inoita misengwa inoganhurira chiremera chapamutemo chapamutemo wapamutemo. Nepo kudzika matare aya kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji akaneta, anogona kupa matare omudzimba simba rokududzira mutemo wenyika yose mutsinhiranowirirana nemise. Mune dzimwe nyika, kodzero dzavanhu dzinobatanidzwa zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende, achigovera kudzivirirwa.

Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende Kupfurikidza Nokusarudza

Sarudzo dzenguva dzose, dzapachena, uye dzinoruramisira itsororo huru pasimba ravamiriri. Voters vanogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera chavo kana kuti vanokundikana kubatira fariro yavose. Miganhu yeSarudzo, mirau yemiitiro yemari yemari, nemiitiro yokuvhota inojeka zvinodzivisazve kudzorwa nokudzorwa neboka rimwe. Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora miitiro inosarudzwa kupfurikidza nemitemo pamusoro pokuvhota, kunyoresa, kunyoreswa, uye kurasa. Independent comment comment commentations commentspective reconvorationss reconvoration uye tracestion is traceroctive traces requenceriedoult uye haisi motokari yesimba rekubatana.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yetsika yapamutemo yokudzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kusaunganidza simba rakanyanya iri pagadziriro inowirirana yenheyo namasangano: kuparadzana kwamasimba, kutonga kwomutemo, kunzvera nokudzikamisa, dare ramajangaridhi, udzori hwebumbiro remitemo, maruramiro emitemo, utarisiri, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Chidzidzo chimwe nechimwe chinosimbisa zvimwe, kuvamba kweganhuriro zvinodzivirira kudzivirira udzvinyiriri nokudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Hapana gadziriro yakakwana; dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinoda tsigiro yavose yakangwarira nokudzikamisa kwokuzvimirira. Apo aya masangano anovimbisa kuti simba rinoramba richiparadzirwa, richibvumirwa nomutemo wehurumende. Chidzidzo chinogara chiripo ndechokuti hachizati chakakwana pasina tsika yokuremekedza mitemo iyoyo, asi kuvaka kwapamutemo kunogovera rusununguko runoita kuti ruve runobvira.