Mipiro yenhimbe iropa reropa remibato yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi nderimwewo ramativi anodzorwa zvikuru eSarudzo dzeAmerica. Mitemo inodzora iyo inogona kupa, mari yainogona kupa, uye inofanira kuziviswa yakarongedzerwa kuchengeta kuoneka, kudzivisa ushati, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vose vanotora rutivi vanotamba nemitemo yakafanana. Vapi, vanopa, uye matare ezvamatongerwe enyika, vanonzwisisa iyi mitemo inokosha mukuteerera nokusimudzira chivimbo chavose mumuitiro wevhota. Nyaya ino inogovera kupfupikisana kwakakwana kwemitemo inokosha inofanira kuziva, kubva pamiganhuro yehurumende inogadzwa neFedera EC kunzvimbo yebasa rehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo inowedzera kuoma.

Nhoroondo Yokugadziridzwa Kwemari Kwemushandirapamwe

Garandi yemipiro yemari muUnited States yachinja zvikuru muzana ramakore rapfuura. Nhamburiko dzapakuvamba dzakanangidzirwa pakurambidza mipiro yesangano, kuchiguma muChibvumirano cheTillman cha1907, icho chinorambidza masangano namabhangi enyika kuita mipiro yakananga kuvatengi. Federal Ecoupment Campaigment Act (FECA) ya1971) ya1979 yakaita miganhu yazvino uno, kugadza miganhu yemipiro, kuisa miganhu yemipiro, kuzivisa zvinodikanwa, uye REvo imene. Chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro reDare rapamhesvuro mu [[FLT: 0] v. Valton[FLT][FF:] [FLT] [1]] [5] [5] [5] [7] inobvumira mitengo inodzo inodzo inopfuudza miganyirira kupfurikidza nemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti ive.

Mitemo Yakarongwa Pamipiro Yenhimbe

FEC isangano rinozvisarudzira rinotarisira kugadza mitemo yemipiro yehurumende. Rinopa miganhu yemipiro, rinoda kushuma kwenhambo nenhambo, uye kunzvera kuputswa. Sangano racho rinoshanda navamiririri vatanhatu (vasati vari vanopfuura vatatu kubva paboka rimwe) kuva nechokwadi chedzikamo yebipartis. Mitemo yeFederal inoshanda kuvamiririri veU.S. House of Servements, Dare, uye Purezidhendi, pamwe chete nematare ebato rezvamatongerwe enyika (PAC). Nheyo yenheyo ndeyokuti mipiro inofanira kuitwa nokuzvidira, pasina kumanikidza, uye inofanira kujekeswa zvizere.

Miganhu Yezvipo Nokuda Kwevanhu Nemapoka

Miganhu yemupiro inogadziridzwa makore maviri oga oga nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo. Sezvokutenderera kwesarudzo 2023-2024, miganhu mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Mipiro inopa mutengi : $3 300 pasarudzo (yapari, yavose, yakadzima, zvichingodaro, nhamba imwe neimwe yakaparadzana).
  • [ Mipiro inopa mipiro kudare rebato renyika : $41,300 pagore rekarenda.
  • hwerengedzo inoteverwa kuvada kufunda namatare akabatanidzwa: Muganhu webiggreat uyo wakaparadzwa muna 2014 (Mccheon v. FEC[FLT]), naizvozvo vanhu zvino vanoshaiwa hwerengedzo yekepisi yose.
  • PAC mipiro kumutendi [[FLT: 1]: $55 000 pasarudzo.
  • MIPIRO kudare rebato renyika [[FLT: 1]: $15 000 pakarenda yegore.
  • Matare ebato reruwa (ezvemaakaundi ehurumende): $10,000 pagore nokuda kwemubatanidzwa wemipiro kuvadaviri nokuchinjirwa kumamwe matare.

Mitemo iyi inoshanda ku “mari yakaoma” — mari inopiwa zvakananga kuvanoda kupiwa kana kuti vanhu vaiitirwa nhimbe. Mitemo chaiyo inoshanda ku“ mari inodzorwa” (inoshandiswa nokuda kwemabasa okuvaka mapato) yakarambidzwa zvikuru neBipartisan Champaign Reform Act ya2002 (BRA), pamwe chete nezvimwe zvaisaitwa nehurumende uye zvomunzvimbomo.

Matare Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Akasiyana

Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana - siyana ematare kunokosha kune vapi.Marudzi makuru anosanganisira:

  • Komiti dzeChomboro: Nhimbe yapamutemo yomukwikwidzi. Vanogona kugamuchira mipiro mukati meganhuriro uye vanofanira kunyora mishumo yenguva dzose.
  • Action Committee (PAC): Masangano anosimudza ndokushandisa mari kuvasarudzi kana kuti kukunda. MaPC egamuchidzanwa ane ganhuriro dzemipiro. Anogona kuva akabatanidzwa kumasangano, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, kana kuti masangano ezvokutengeserana, kana kuti kusava akabatanidzwa (anowirirana).
  • [[FULT:0] PACS: Matare angakwidza zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye masangano — asi haafaniri kubatira pamwe navanoda kufunda kana kuti mapati. Anozivikanwawo samatare okuzvimirira endyiko bedzi.
  • [[[FOL:0] .Leadership PACS: Yakasikwa navezvamatongerwe enyika kutsigira vamwe vanoda kubhapatidzwa. Vanozviisa pasi peganhuriro dzimwe chetedzo sePCs dzegamuchidzanwa.
  • Matare echikamu [[FLT:]: National, State, uye masangano ebato romunzvimbomo. Ane ganhuriro dzakakwirira dzemipiro uye anogonawo kuita ndyiko dzakabatanidzwa.

Ganhuriro Nemipiro Inorongwa

Mamwe manyuko namarudzi emipiro zvinorambidzwa chose chose pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa. ganhuriro huru dzinobatanidza:

  • Nyika dzokuMamwe: Zvisingabviri (kunze kwevagari vemo vechigarire vanotenderwa, ndiko kuti, zvibati zvekadhi regirini) hazvigoni kupira kurusarudzo rupi norupi rwehurumende, hurumende, kana kuti rwomunzvimbomo. Ikoku kunobatanidza mipiro yemari kana kuti chinhu chipi nechipi choukoshi.
  • Kutora nokubatanidza vashandi: Havagoni kupa zvakananga kuvada kutevedzerwa kana kuti madare ebato vachishandisa mari yavo yose yokuisa mari. Zvisinei, vanogona kutanga ndokushandisa PC dzinosimudza mipiro yokuzvidira kubva kuvashandi kana kuti mitezo. Pashure pe [[FLT:] Citazens United, vanogona kupedza zvitsama zvisingagumi pakuzvibhadharira.
  • Makongiri ehurumende : Vanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti mabhizimisi ari kukurukura kana kuti kuita zvibvumirano nehurumende yehurumende inorambidzwa kuita mipiro kumasangano api naapi ezvamatongerwe enyika, mutevedzeri, kana kuti dare.
  • Vapi vemipiro [[FLT: 1]: kupa mupiro muzita romumwe munhu, kana kuti kudzosera mumwe munhu nokuda kwomupiro, hausi pamutemo. Mipiro yose inofanira kuitwa kubva mumari yomupi amene.
  • Mipiro yeCash: Mipiro inopfuura $100 haigoni kuitwa mumari. Cheki, makadhi okukwereta, uye kutumira kwamagetsi kunodikanwa.
  • Mipiro yakawanda[: Vapinyi vanofanira kuzivikanwa; mipiro inobva kumanyuko asingazivikanwi anopfuura $50 ingava inodzorwa nemirairo chaiyo kana kuti kurasikirwa.

Mukuwedzera, mipiro haigoni kuitwa navaduku vanoshandisa mari yavo vamene kutoti iri yakawanwa.

Kushandisa Zvokushandisa uye Kushuma Zvinodiwa

Mipiro yose yakapfuvura chikumbaridzo inofanira kushumwa kuFEC. Nokuda kwevanoda kupiwa mari uye matare makuru, mitemo inokosha inosanganisira:

  • sutue rekuisa [: Mipiro ye $50 kana kuti kupfuura mukati megore rekarenda inofanira kunyorwa — kureva kuti dare rinofanira kushuma zita romupi, kero, basa, uye mushandirwi.
  • [ Rudungwe rwekugadzira rudungwe: Matare anonyora mishumo yenhambo nenhambo (zvikurukuru, sarudza, uye gore) pamwe nemishumo yapashure pesarudzo. Vatevedzeri vePuersiona vane zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera.
  • PACS namatare ebato: Anofanirawo kuzivisa zvikanganiso zvavo, kubatanidza ndyiko dzakazvimirira, ndyiko dzinobatanidzwa, uye kutama.
  • Dare remari rinopa mari nematare endyiko akazvimirira: Vanonyora pasi vanoshuma kuti vapi vose vanogovera $200 kana kuti kupfuura, kubatanidza mari yavo.
  • Kusvika kwePublic: Mishumo yose inowanika pawindo yeFEC ( http://www.fec.gov/data/) nokuda kwokunzvera kwavose. Mashoko anorevererwawo muuwandu hwenzvero.

Kukundikana kushuma kana kuti kushuma kusina kukwana kunogona kuguma nefaindi, kuongorora, uye kunyange kuongorora utsotsi.

Hurumende Nemitemo Yomunzvimbomo

Mimwe mitemo inoisa mipiro yakaderera pane yehurumende, asi dzimwe nyika hadzina miganhu.

  • [[FLT: 0] Miganhu yokugovera [[[FLT: 1]: Uniteds yakadai seCalifornia neNew York ine ganhuriro dzakaderera, nepo nyika dzakafanana neTexas neVirginia dzichibvumira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa mumadzinza ehurumende (vanoda kuzivisa vapi).
  • Manyuko akaziviswa[: Dzimwe dzinorambidza mipiro inobva kuvagamuchiri kana kuti masangano anoita bhizimisi nehurumende. Dzimwe dzinoisa zvirambidzo pamipiro yesangano inopfuura mutemo womubatanidzwa.
  • Mari yemari [[FLT: 1]: Nyika shomanene (mutoo, Arizona, Maine, Connecticut) inopa mari yavose kuvada kupedza ganhuriro ndokurega mipiro yapachivande.
  • [ Zvikumbaridzo: Mukana wokuisa mupiro unosiyana; dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuziviswa kwemipiro yakaderera se $100, nepo dzimwe dzichitanga pa $500 kana kuti kupfuura.
  • Mundyiko dzinotsamira pamunhu[[FLT: 1]: Dzimwe nyika dzinodzora paPC huru zvikuru zvikuru kupfuura mutemo womubatanidzwa, dzichida kuziviswa kwavapi vose vapakuvamba ( “kutambanudzwa kwechinjo” mutemo).

Vapi navapindi vanobatanidzwa muhurumende kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika vomunzvimbomo vanofanira kunzvera mitemo chaiyo youdzori hwavo. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) inogovera chiono chinobetsera ( https//www.ncsl.org/electation--campaigns/campaign-fectornce[).

Kumanikidzwa Nokupiwa Basa

FEC ine chiremera chokunzvera kuputsa kunobvira ndokuisa zvirango zvevagari vemo. Zviito zvokumanikidzira zvinogona kumuka muzvikanganiso zvinoshumwa, zvirevo zvinopiwa navanhu, kana kuti zvirevo zvakabva kumamwe masangano. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza chaizvoizvo:

  1. [ Matter Under Review (MVUR): FEC inovhura murwi kana pane chikonzero chokudavira kuputswa kwakaitika. Mupinduri anopiwa banza rokupindura.
  2. Chisakiso chakarurama[: Kana Komishoni ikawana chisakiso chinobvira chokuputswa, inoedza kusvika chibvumirano chokuyananisa — mugadzikiso unobatanidza chirango nezviito zvokururamisa.
  3. [ Chirango cheCIVIL[: Zvakaisvonaka zvinosiana zvakavakirwa parudzi noukombi hwekuputswa. Somuenzaniso, ganhuriro dzemupiro dzinopfuura dzinogona kuguma nechiyero chakaisvonaka chienzaniso chakawedzerwa, kubatanidza fariro.
  4. Audits: Kuongorora kweFEC kwamatare akasarudzwa, zvikurukuru nhimbe dzapurezidhendi. Mitemo yemipinduro inogona kutungamirira kukuwanwa kwezvirango zvinopesana uye zvinotevera.
  5. Mitongo yemitemo [[[FLT: 1]: Muzvinoitika zvokuputsa nokusazvidira (muchib., kubatana kusiri kwapamutemo, vapi vouswa, mipiro yokumwe), FEC inganongedzera nhau yacho kuBato reRuramisiro nokuda kwokurovererwa.

Mamwe masangano ezvemari akatsaurira masangano ezvemari (seCalifornia Fair Political Practicals Commission), nepo mamwe achivimba negweta guru rehurumende kana kuti munyori wenyika.

Kubudirira Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura uye Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu

Mumakore achangopfuura, zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakaumba nzvimbo yacho:

  • Mari yedark[: Kukwira kwa 501(c) uye mamwe masangano enzanga enzanga asingaiti mhindu anopinda mukushandisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika pasina vapi vanoisa pamutemo zvakatungamirira kudanidziro dzokuva nokujeka kukuru. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoda kuziviswa kwamanyuko apakuvamba emari.
  • Kuzivisa kwokuzivisa [[[FT: 1]]: The Honest Ads Act (yakaziviswa asi isina kupfuudzwa) kungada zvikuva paIndaneti kuti zvichengetedze mapepa avose okushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuzivisa mari. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo yakafanana.
  • Dare rinoita chisarudzo chedare: Dare rinopfuurira kuchenesa mutemo wemari. Muna 2022, yakatsigira kurambidzwa kwaMontana kwemipiro yemasangano yakananga mu American for Procession Foundation v. Bonta [Kushanda nokupa mupiro nokuda kwemari inoyamura], uye muna 2024 yakanzwa [[[FLT:]EC]FY] E v. Cantalmment Center yemitemo yeBaiglique [ pamusoro pekunonoka kuendesa mutemo.
  • Mupi muduku akafanana[: Maguta akawanda nehurumende zvakagamuchira mapurogiramu anowirirana nemipiro miduku nemari yavose, senzira yokukudza nayo inzwi ravagari vemo vemo vemo veAvhareji. Purogiramu yeNew York City yakafanana muenzaniso wakatanhamara.
  • Nhiviso yemirwi yemirwi yenhumbi: Nhimbe dzePresidenti inoda nhimbe dzapurezidhendi kuti dzizivise vanhu vanounganidza mipiro inobva kuvamwe. Mutemo uyu unovavarira kuvhenekera vatsigiri vemari vane simba.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kuchinja, Congregational Research Service inobudisa mishumo ine udzame pamusoro pemari yenhimbe ( https//crstates.conv/product/pdf/R/R41542). Zvikarakadzo zvemitemo zvinoshingaira zvinobatanidza DISCLOSE Act neF People Act (H.R. 1), izvo zvingaisa miganhuro yokuwedzera yemipiro.

Kukumbira Kunobatsira Vapi Nevatsigiri

Kuisa mitemo yenhimbe yemari kunoda kushingaira. Vashandi vanofanira kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvokungwarira zvemipiro yose, vachisimbisa kuti havasi pasi peganhuriro (muchib., muvaki womunyika yokumwe kana kuti wehurumende), uye kudzivisa kupa zvinopfuura muganhu wapamutemo. MaCandidete namatare anofanira kushandisa ganhuriro dzomukati kutarira mipiro, vashandi vezvitima, uye mishumo yenguva. Miuyo yekusawirirana kupfurikidza nokushatisa vanhu vose kusvikira kuchirango chakakomba chapamutemo.

Vaya vanoenda kunzvimbo iyi kuti vazviise pasi:

  • Nguva dzose simbisa simba rako rokupa mupiro (mugari weUnited States kana kuti ane makadhi egirini, kwete mugadziri wehurumende, zvichingodaro.)
  • Shandisa kadhi rokutenga nechikwereti kana kuti nzvera akaundi — usatongoshandisa akaundi yebhizimisi nokuda kwemipiro yomunhu oga.
  • Usatongogamuchira mari inodzorerwa kana kuti kupa mari inopfuura $100.
  • Usatarisira maPaC makuru paunenge uchimhanya kuti utsvake basa.
  • Faira yose yaida mishumo neFEC kana kuti sangano rehurumende rakakodzera.
  • Shandisa zviwanikwa zveFEC, kubatanidza ganhuriro peji yaro inogoverwa uye mapeji okufambisa [, nokuda kwenhungamiro.

mhedziso

Mitemo yemipiro iripo kwete yokudzivisa kutora rutivi asi kuva nechokwadi chokuti sarudzo dzinoramba dzakasununguka, dzakarurama, uye dzinooneka. Nepo mitemo ichioma uye ichichinja, nheyo huru — kuziviswa, ganhuriro, zvirambidzo pasimba renyika dzokumwe nerokudzika, uye kuchengetwa — zvinokosha nokuda kwechivimbo chavose. Nokunzwisisa iyi mirau, vapi navaparidzi vanogona kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira vachiramba vari mukati memiganhu yomutemo. Sezvo nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika inovamba nezvimiro zvitsva zvokushandisa nekurukurirano, kungwarira nokupfuurira nedzidzo zvinotsoropodza. Kugara vazivirwa kupfurikidza namanyuko ane chiremera seFEVC namasangano ehurumende ndiko gadziriro yakanakisisa nokuda kwavatori vose vanotora rutivi.