Democracy, muzvimiro zvayo zvakawanda, inoramba iri gadziriro huru yokutonga munyika yose, bva miitiro iyo zvisarudzo zvedemocracy zvinoitwa nayo zvinosiana zvikuru. ""%ssion" misiyano iripo nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (jenasendi) inoisa nzira dzakajeka dzokushandura nadzo zvinhu zvakakurumbira mugadziriro yavose. Kusarudza pakati peidzi gadziriro dzinoumba kwete bedzi zvimiro zvegadziriro yetsika inoitwa asiwo kushanda kwayo zvakanaka, kuva kwayo youngwaru, uye dzikamo yenhambo yenguva refu. Nyaya ino inogovera kuenzaniswa kune udzame kwemienzaniso yadzo mbiri, mipimo yavo, mano, uye kushandisirwa kwenyika chaiyoiyo mukuita. Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro mumwe nomumwe unoshanda sei, vagadziri vemiitiro, nyanzvi, uye vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kushambadza kwadzo dzakarengungungunguri mumasangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa.

Kunzwisisa Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Konsenus democracy muenzaniso wehurumende inodzorwa inodzora inoisa wirirano yakafara uye kuva nechokuita namapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika namagariro akasiana - siana mumiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo. Panzvimbo pokuvimba nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo kusarudza miuyo, mutoo uyu unotsvaka kuvaka pedyo nebvumirano yenyika yose, kazhinji kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye simba. Zvisakiso zvebvumirano yedemocracy zvinoumbwa navose zvinorondedzerwa zvikuru nanyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika Arendimphart, uyo anoisiyanisa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vazhinji mubasa rake rinopesvedzera zvikuru. [[FLT:]. Masangano ehurumende inodzorwa.. Masangano emitemo yehurumende inodzorwa anodzorwa zvikurukuru murudzi, mitauro, kana kuti nzanga dzakakamuraniswa, umo nzanga dzogaroruzhinji rungagona kutungamirira kunzvimbo yechigarire yerwisano yerwisano yerwisano yehondo.

Mativi Makuru Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

  • Simba rinobatanidza mibatanidzwa: Hurumende dzinoumbwa zvakatanhamara namapoka akawanda anomirira zvikamu zvakasiyana zvenzanga, panzvimbo pebato rimwe chete rinowina ruzhinji.
  • Miitiro yeProtoography (PR) yemiitiro yejekiseni: Miitiro yeEctoral yakadai somurongi womubato PR kana kuti vhoti imwe inotamiswa inovimbisa kuti mubatanidzwa weparamende uratidzire kuparadzirwa kwevhoti, kupa masangano maduku inzwi.
  • Miltipatract macabhabhabhu: Simba reBasa rinogoverwa pakati pavakwanyina vakabatana, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvegadziriro izvo zvinogovera ushumiri nemitemo.
  • Kuisa mubatanidzwa nokuisa mutemo: mibatanidzwa yamarudzi ose (maruwa, maruwa, macanton) ine udzori hunokosha, uye zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinowanzoitwa pamwero mizhinji yehurumende.
  • British Camerocal nevetoes shoma: makamuri echipiri angapfuura nzvimbo duku, uye mapoka maduku pane dzimwe nguva ane simba pamusoro penhau huru dzakadai sekuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti maruramiro omutauro.
  • Tsanangudzo yokutonga: matare eBumbiro reMitemo anowanzotarisira mutemo wokudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji uye kuva nechokwadi chokunamatira kunheyo dzinokosha.

Simba Routongi Hunosarudzwa Navanhu Mukuita

Muenzanisiro webvumirano unopa betsero dzinoverengeka idzo dzinobetsera zvikuru munzanga dzakaoma, dzakasiana-- siyana. Chokutanga, inoita miitiro ine maruramiro makuru: nemhaka yokuti mhatsa yavanhu vanopinza njodzi yakabvunzwa uye vakabvumirana kumuuyo wacho, kubatira mapikicha kunotarisana netsungiriro shomanene uye kufarikanya tsigiro yavose. Chechipiri, kubvumirana kwehurumende inoderedza ngozi yokuparadzana nemasimba masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokupa mapoka maduku danda mugadziriro ino. yechitatu, miitiro inova inova inova yakatsigarira zvikuru kumira, sezvo iwo ari muuyo wokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, sezvingabvira kudzorwa pashure pechinjo muhurumende. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro inowirirana nezvinotsamira papasi penyika yakaitwa nemitemo yenzanga inopfuutsa.

Utera Hwokutonga Kwehurumende Yechidhori Mukuita

Pasinei zvapo nokusabatanidza kwayo, democracy inobvumirana inogona kuva inononoka uye inorema. Kudikanwa kwokukurukura pakati pavatambi vakawanda kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kurumano, zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi apo kuita zvisarudzo nokukurumidza kunokosha. Mukuwedzera, kuparadzirwa kwesimba kunogona kudzikatidza kuzvidavirira: vavhoti vangakuwana kwakaoma kusarudza kuti iboka ripi kana kuti mukwanyina womubatanidzwa ane mutoro wokukundikana kwemitemo yakati. Sangano rinodawo kutsigira mugariro, sezvo chinjo ipi neipi ichifanira kujekesa mifungo mizhinji. Munyika dzakadai seBelgium, kuumbwa kweboka rimwe chetero kwakawanda kungakuwana kuva kwakaoma kudzora uye kunyange makore anokangaidzwa.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzinoratidzira bvumirano yedemokrase, kubatanidza SSWItzland , uko hurumende yehurumende inoshanda kupfurikidza nemitezo inomwe yecollegial iyo inobatanidza mapoka makuru ose; Beligium[[[FLT:], nebvumirano dzayo dzakaoma kuwirirana pakati pemasangano eDutch- nechiFrench; uye [[FLT: 4.] Germany[[FL:5], apo chivako chehurumende nedare remitemo inodzorwa zvikuru. Nenyika dzakadai seNorway neSweden dzinobatanidzawo mativi emitengo, mawirirano, uye kurangarira namapoka makuru. [FT][5]

Kunzwisisa Utongi Hwoutongi Hukuru

Utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu hukuru, hunozivikanwawo sehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeWestminster pashure pomuenzaniso weBritain, hwakavakirwa panheyo yokuti zvisarudzo zvoruzhinji zvinofanira kukurira. Mutsika ino, mubato kana kuti mubatanidzwa unowana zvigaro zvapaparamende zvakawandasa unoita hurumende uye unogona kuita zvirongwa zvawo necherekedzo shomanenenene pasimba rayo. Iyi mibairo yomuenzaniso yokutsunga, budiriro, uye kuzvidavirira kwakajeka zvinogona kutusa kana kuti kuranga boka rinotonga pasarudzo inotevera. Mitezo yezvigaro yavafundisi yavose munyika namakwikwi ane mitezo miviri mirefu, zvakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, (kusvikira muna 1990), uye yaichimbova nyika dzeBritain dzakawanda.

Mativi Makuru Oubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

  • Hurumende imwe kana kuti mubatanidzwa muduku: rimwe boka rinowanzowana zvigaro zvakakwana zvokutonga riri roga, kana kuti mubatanidzwa muduku unoumbwa nomubiyako mukuru.
  • Gadziriro yemisi yakapfuura-post (FPP) inosarudzwa: maruwa ari mumativi mamwe namavhotera mazhinji anowanzoparira gadziriro yezvikamu zviviri uye kuwedzeredza mugove wechigaro chomuwinwi.
  • Simba ravakuru vakuru rakarongwa: Dare rinotorwa munenge chose chose kubva mubato rinotonga, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende anotonga zvikuru purogiramu dzemitemo.
  • Unicameral kana kuti chirema chinoderera: makamuri echipiri, kana aripo, ane simba rakaganhurirwa rokudzivisa mutemo, uye mukuru mukuru anowanzodzora nguva yeparamende.
  • Hurumende dzakaiswa muhurumende: Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine kuzvimirira kuduku, uye muitiro unosarudzwa zvikurukuru pamwero wenyika.
  • Tsvakurudzo yakarongwa yokutonga: Matare anowanzova anowirirana neparamende panhau dzemitemo, zvikurukuru apo pasina bumbiro remitemo rakasimbiswa riripo (somuUnited Kingdom).

Simba Rehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Yavatungamiriri Mukuita Mitemo

Muenzanisiro mukuru unopfuura apo chiito chikuru chinodikanwa. Munguva dzehondo, njodzi yemari, kana kuti migariro youtano yavose, hurumende ine chikamu chimwe inogona kusunda kupfurikidza nomutemo pasina kutaurirana kwarefu. Somuenzaniso, kukurumidza kuvhara kweUnited Kingdom murakatira weCHOID yakaitwa kuti ive nyore nehurumende imwe yeparamende. Uyezve, kuzvidavirira kwakananga: vavhoti vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani anofanira kupomera kana kuti mubayiro wemigumisiro. Uku kusimbisa kuvimbisa kwoutongi hwehurumende ndokukurudzira mapoka kubudisa zvipikirwa zvechiuto. Masangano avana makurusa anoreve anorevesa anoparirawo kuparira Hurumende imwe inowirirana yeparamende yehurumende inogona kushandisa purogiramu inowirirana pamusoro penhambo inosarudzwa zvizere.

Utera Hwoubati Ushe hwaMwari Hukuru Mukuita Mitemo

Rutivi rusina kutsiga rwokutsunga ibviro yokuderedza vanhu vashomanene namashoko okushora. Nemhaka yokuti muwindi anogona kukurira zvirambidzo, mitemo ingafuratira zvinodikanwa kana kuti maruramiro ezvikamu zvikuru zvavagari vemo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kunyongano yenzanga, sezvinoonekwa muNorthern Ireland mukati menhambo yokutonga kwePurotesitendi muzana ramakore rechi 20. Masangano avakuru avana mativi makuru ava anokombamirawo ku “kutora zvinhu zvose” zvinodzongonyedza basa rehurumende yapfuura, kutanga kusagadzikana uye Zengedzi. Mukuwedzera, FPTPPPP Poratalter system inowanzobudisa miuyo miuyo migumisiro misingataro mikuru muzana muzana muzana, inotaura, 35 muzana yevhotera yezvigaro.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Vakuru

Mienzaniso yemienzaniso inobatanidza [[[FLT: 0] United Kingdom , apo Boka reRevolution kana kuti reLabour party rinowanzotonga riri roga; Canada[[[FLT:]], iyo inoshandisa FPTP] uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inobudisa Hurumende dzeLiteral kana kuti dzeConservative; [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FT: 5]], apo Baratiya ruzhinji muLob Sabbata ’ resttingstingsssssssss, [Flateinst] [Fop], [Foctive]

Kuongorora Kunoenzanisa Kuitwa Kwemitemo

Kuyera kubudirira kwomuenzaniso mumwe nomumwe, tinofanira kurangarira nzvimbo yemiitiro, mashoko akapoteredza echikaro, uye mipimo nokuda kwebudiriro. Kushambadza kukurusa kuri pakati pe kubatana uye kumhanya. Pazasi tinoenzanisa mienzaniso miviri inopesana nemitezo yakakomba yokuita mutemo.

Kukurumidza uye Kutsunga

Hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ine betsero yakajeka apo nguva ichava yechaimo. Hurumende imwe inogona kupfuudza bhajeti, kuzivisa mugariro wekurumidziro, kana kuti kushandisa chinjo dzegadziriro mukati mevhiki. Mubvumirano, kurukurirano dzebvumirano nedikanwo yetsigiridzo yeyambuko inogona kunonotsa chiito kwemwedzi. Somuenzaniso, kuumbwa kwehurumende yeBelgium kwakatora mazuva 494 /a urema hwakakomba hwakakomba mukati medenda. Zvisinei, kumhanya pasina kutenga kwakafara kunogona kutsiva: kupfupika mitemo mikuru kana kuti kudenhwa mudare, pakupedzisira kunonoka kugadziriswa kwenhambo yenguva refu.

Kuva Noushamwari uye Kumirira

Konsenus democracy inopa mikana yakawanda zvikuru pakusawirirana. Kumirira kwechiPropotigamendi kunovimbisa kuti kunyange mapoka maduku anomirira mapoka akaderera `kadai semapoka maduku edzinza, vakadzi, kana kuti vanoona nezvemhoteredzo(vane nzvimbo yokugara patafura.) Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumitemo inowirirana zvikuru, yakadai sekodzero dzomutauro weboka duku remitauro kana kuti chiverengero chavarume nevakadzi. Mugadziriro dzechikwata chavana, mapoka aiiswa munzvimbo dzakati kuti dzeruwa angawana mumitemo, asi mashomanene anoparadzirwa kazhinji kazhinji anofuratirwa. Mitemo inoratidzira zvisarudzo zvevori vezvinobudisa nhau muboka guru, vachifuratira zvinodikanwa zvavamwe vanhu.

Kusimba uye Kufanodeya Kutaurwa

Nenzira inopesana, gadziriro dzavakuru dzinogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri dzikamo nekusatsiga. MuSwitzerland, inogovera hurumende dzakatsiga dzine chikamu chimwe mukati menhambo, asi mirau inochinja pashure pokuita sarudzo SENCOM(*) hurumende itsva iri yose ingabvisa basa rakare. Masangano eConsensus, mukupesana, kusimudzira kupfuurira kupfurikidza nokubvumirana pane zvataurwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja muhurumende. MuSwitzerland, miitiro mizhinji inoramba ichiwirirana kwamakumi amakore pasinei zvapo nokuchinja kwemibatanidzwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, , kutsigadzikama kwemigariro huru dzegadziriro dzezvipfupi nezvikuru dzinogona kushatiswa kana varasikidzwa vachinzwa vabviswa zechigarire, sezvakaitika munyika dzakawanda dzeAfrica pashure pokuzvimirira.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunopa mitsetse yakajeka yokuzvidavirira: vavhoti vanogona kuranga vatsigiri musimba pasarudzo inotevera. Mumiitiro yokubvumirana, vakwanyina vakabatana vanogona kupomerana mhaka, vachiita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuvavhoti kugovera mutoro. Zvisinei, kuzvidavirira kukuru kunouya pamutengo: nemhaka yokuti mubatanidzwa unodzora unodzora zvikamu, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hapachine nzvimbo shoma nokuda kwokunzvera nokukakavadzana kwemitemo. Konsenuss dzinoratidzira masangano akawanda nokuda kwokurangarira (matare echibvumirano, mabhii makuru, mabhii ehurumende ehurumende, masangano ehurumende ehurumende akabatana) anogona kuwedzera kujeka asi kudererawo zvisarudzo.

Kusarudza Kupesana uye Kudyidzana Munzanga

Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, democracy inobvumirana inorangarirwa zvikuru seyakakwirira nokuda kwokudzora rwisano. Kupfurikidza nokupa mapoka ose anokosha danda mukutonga, kunoderedza sundo yamasimba masimba kana kuti kuva noushamwari. Good Friver Authment yeNorthern Ireland yakatanga simba rinopfuudza rakagumisa makumi amakore erwisano dzesekete. Mukupesana, democracy yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji muFiji mukati me 1990 svacader tar neIndo-Fijian, inotungamirira kukupandukira hurumende. Zvisinei, kubvumirana hakusati kuri kudzokororwa kwechipaice: kuradza kusingadzokeri iko imene imene inoparira vhiringidziko, uye miitiro mikuru yenzanga munzanga dzine mwero (g., Denmark) inogona kusimudzira kusawirirana kwenzanga pakati pedzimwe nzira.

Kuongororwa Kwenyaya Mumutemo

Pandemic Response: Kumhanya nemitemo

COVOID-19 yakaedza zvose zviri zviviri. Hurumende dzeMajortaria muUnited Kingdom, South Korea, uye Israel dzakaisa zvigadziko, zvirambidzo, uye kuraira kwokudzivisa. Mano avo okuita nenzira inowirirana akaponesa upenyu munguva pfupi. Zvisinei, dzimwe nhano dzakatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo kana kuti kunyanduka kwavose apo kubvunza kwaishaikwa. Konsenus democracys dzakafanana neSouth Africa (inoita gadziriro yeCquasi-senus pasi pomutemo wemitengi) dzakaona kupfaviswa kwakaderera asi kuwirirana kukuru nemhaka yokuti mitemo yakakudziridzwa mukurukurirano yamasangano amabasa, mapoka ebhizimisi, uye hurumende dzeruwa. Ganhuriro reGermany raida kubatira nzanga seSouth Africa, rinoparira kunonoka asi mumatanho enyika dzakagamuchirwa zvakanaka.

Muitiro Wemhoteredzo: Kuchengetwa Kwenhambo Refu

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inowanzoda kuzvipira kwenguva refu nebvumirano yakafara yenzanga neyakafara . Kuchinja kwesimba rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeSwitzerland, kubatanidza kubuda zvishoma nezvishoma kwesimba renyukireya, kwakawanikwa mumakore okukurukurirana uye mahesvo, zvichiguma nomutemo wakatsiga wakapukunyuka chinjo muhurumende. Mitemo yeMajoritarian inogonawo kupfuudza mitemo yegirini inoshuva, seUK’SClimate Change Act (2008), asi mutemo wakadaro unova nyore kudzorwa kana chiteshichi chinjo yecarbon carbon ikachinja transformation ichibva kuhurumende yakatevera, ipapo kudzorerwa neimwe, kuparira kusava nechokwadi nokuda kwavanonge vatengi.

Kuchinja Kwezveupfumi: Tsamba

Gadziriro dzavamiriri dzinoratidzika kuva dzakakodzera zviri nani nokuda kwechinjo dzemari dzinorwadza asi dziri madikanwa (somuenzaniso, kucheka mari inobetsera, kuderedza chikwereti chavanhu, kana kuti kuderedza chikwereti chavanhu) nemhaka yokuti hurumende inogona kutora ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokumanikidzira kupfurikidza nemitemo. Chile muhurumende yePinochet (kwete yedemokratiki) muenzaniso wakanyanyisa, asi zvinoitika zvakawanda zvedemocracy zvinobatanidza funguro reUnited Kingdom muUnited Kingdom mupasi petroritencey Leach. Konsenus democracy inowana zvakaoma zvikuru: kuedza kwechinjo dzependikiria dzechinjo dzeBelgium dzakakundikanazve kudzokorokodzera kuva dzakasimba zvikuru nemhaka yokuti dzinotsigirwa navaveridzi vemibato vazhinji vemibato. “muenzendo mukuru werwe rwerwendo rwokuvane renyika dzehondo dzinotungamirira kumibato. ”

mhedziso

Hakusati kuchibvumiranwa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu huru kusingakwaniswi; imwe neimwe inopa betsero dzakasiana-- siyana nedzisingachinjiki dzinotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. Konsenus democracy inopfuura zvikuru muzvose, zvakatsiga, uye rwisano ichiita gadziriro yokuita nayo, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera zvikurukuru nokuda kwenzanga dzakasiyana-- siyana asi ive yakananga kutungamirira kukurusa. Chisarudzo chavanhu chinodzorwa chinofanira kubudisa mwero mukuru, kuzvidavirira, kuzvidavirira, uye kutsunga, izvo zvinokosha munzanga, nhau dzenhau. Sezvinotarisana nezvinetso zvakaoma zvikuru sechinjo, kusaenzana, uye kuchinja, kunzwisisa kwemipimo wemiedzo youtongi hunoyera panzvimbo imwe neimwe kunokosha nokuda kwegadziriro yenjodzi.