Kunzwisisa Kugadzirwa Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu

Gadziriro dzeElectoral dzinoumba mavambo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kusarudza kuti vhoti dzinoshandura sei kuva zvigaro uye kuumbwa kwehurumende pakupedzisira. Chisarudzo pakati pechikuru (chinonziwo kuva muzhinji kana kuti kumirira kwokutanga) uye kumirira (PR) kuratidzira kushambadza kukuru pakati pedzikamo nokusagadzikana, kuzvidavirira nokusiyana. Uku kunzvera kwakawedzerwa kunonzvera miitiro yose iri yose muudzame, kunyora paufakazi chaihwo hwesayenzi kuti ibetsere vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro kunzwisisa mirangariro yavo.

Gakava reReformation rakawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura sezvo hurumende dzinotonga dzapasi dzakatanga kurwisana nokuderera kwechivimbo chomuvhoti, kukwira kwepopulism, uye kuraira nokuda kwemimiririri mikuru. Mukuwirirana ne International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Application (IDEA), nyika dzinopfuura 80 zvino dzinoshandisa chimiro chakati chemimitezo yemipimo yemitemo, nepo gadziriro huru dzinoramba dzichiri huru mumarudzi anotaurirana neEngland akadai seUnited States, United Kingdom, uye Canada. Kunzwisisa aya masangano anokosha nokuda kwedzidzo yehurumende ipi neipi, yakaenzaniswa, zvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kudzora.

Mufananidzo Mukuru: Mitemo yeCore uye Michina

Kumirira kukuru kunonongedzera kumiitiro yevhoti umo mutengi kana kuti mubato anowana vhoti zhinjisa anohwina, kunyange kana ikoko kuchikundikana kusvika pachiverengero chikurusa. Chinoratidzirwa chakakurumbira zvikurusa ndechokutanga-shure-chiratidzo (FPTP), chinoshandiswa mumaruwa ari mutenhu rimwe. Mitemo miviri yezvikamu zvikuru, yakadai seiyo muFrance, inoda kutiza kana pasina mubatikana anosvika 50% mudenderedzwa rokutanga.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvikuru Zvegadziriro Dzikuru

  • nharaunda imwe chete: Nyika imwe neimwe inosarudzwa mumiriri mumwe, ichiumba batano yakananga pakati pavamiriri navanodzika mitemo vavo.
  • Uzivi kana kuti ruzhinji runodzora[[FLT: 1]: Mukundi ndiye anowana ane vhoti zhinjisa, pasinei zvapo nokuti ikoko kunoumba voti zhinjisa.
  • Tsika yetsika kumakwikwi maviri ane chikamu : Nemhaka yoMutemo waDuverger, gadziriro dzavakuru dzinoodza mwoyo vanhu vaduku nemhaka yokuti vavhoti "kudzosa" rugwaro rwavo pazvisarudzo zvisati zvichibvira.
  • Chivako chakapfava cherock: Mavoter anoratidzira chaizvoizvo mutezo mumwe, achiita kuti muitiro uve nyore kunzwisisa nokutungamirira.

Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzikuru

  • Miuyo inovapo[: Zvisarudzo zvinowanzoparira hurumende ine chikamu chimwe bedzi, kuchigonesa utungamiriri hwavakuru vakuru hwakajeka nechiito chemitemo.
  • Kubhadharwa mari [: Majekiseni anogona kuziva mumiriri wawo womunzvimbomo ndokuita kuti azvidavirire nokuda kwenhau dzenzvimbo yakakwirira.
  • Kudzora[[FLT: 1]: Makori haawanzoitika, anoderedza ngozi yokuvhara nokusarudza nguva nenguva.
  • Chishoro chakasimba[[FLT: 1]: Boka romumhanyi rinowanzobatira sechishoro chinobatira, richigovera vavhoti zvimwe zvakajeka.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzikuru

  • Kuchinja: Mapati ane tsigiro yakapararira anogona kuwina zvigaro zvakawanda nezvikamu zviduku zvamavhoti, nepo mapoka maduku anotsigira zvikuru angabviswa chose chose. 2020 fundo yakaitwa ne Reformation Society [ yakawana kuti kusarudza kweUK kwakaparira migumisiro mikurusarudzo pakati pehurumende dzakatangwa.
  • Kuitwa kwemapoka maduku : Kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzinogara mapoka mashoma kunogona kutungamirira kukupinzwa kana kuti kumirirwa kwawo mumaruwa chaiwo bedzi.
  • Mavhoti akaitwa: Majeri anokandwa nokuda kwavarasikirwi kana kuti nokuda kwavakundi vanopfuura vazhinji haasati achitapura goverano yezvigaro, sezvinobvira kudzvinyirira.
  • Girbadering[[FLT: 1]: miganhu yoruwa inogona kushandiswa kubetsera rimwe boka, kusekesa ruramisiro.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yegadziriro Dzavakuru

.B. . . . . . . . . . [[FFLT]] Sarudzo ya2019, Conservative Party yakawina 56% yezvigaro ne 436% yevhoti yakakurumbira, nepo Liberal Democrates yakavhota 11% yevhoti asi 1. 1,7% yezvigaro. [[FLT:] Canada[[FFT:3]] zvakafanana inosarudza Imba dzayo dzinopfuudzwa nomubato mukurusa weFPP; muna 2021, Riberal Par yaumbwa hurumende dukusa ne 33% yevhoti yakakurumbira. [FFFFFF]

Mufananidzo: Kuronga Kushanda Muchipfambi

Kumirira kwePropogamest (PR) kunobatanidza mhuri yegadziriro dzevhota dzakagadzirirwa kushandura nzvimbo yokuvhota kunogoverana zvikuru sezvinobvira. PR inoshandiswa neinenge hafu yenyika dzeOECD uye inozivikanwa zvikuru muEurope. Marudzi makuru anobatanidza PR yebato, yakavhengana yenhengo (MMP), uye purogiramu dzinotamiswa dzinotanhamiswa.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinoshandiswa Pazvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakuongorora

  • [[FOLT:0] Maruwa eMulti ari mitezo[[FLT: 1]: Kosita dzinowanzosarudza vamiriri vakawanda, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nendaza yebato kana kuti marobhoti akarongwa.
  • .Dzinoronga mipimo: Mitoo inowanzobatanidza yasara hurusa (g., Harequation) kana kuti avhareji yakakwirira zvikurusa (umh., d'Hondt, Sainte-Laguë). Imwe neimwe inobudisa mwero yakasiana-pfuukuru.
  • Chikumbaridzo kana kuti kwete chikumbaridzo chapamutemo: Dzimwe nyika dzinoisa chiverengero chidukusa chevhoti (kazhinji kazhinji 3-5%) kudzivisa kukamukana, nepo dzimwe dzisina mukova.
  • Kushandiswa kwamakwikwi ane mativi mazhinji: Mavoter anogona kusarudza pakati pamapati akawanda anomirira pfungwa dzakasiyana, kubva kumapati egirini kusvikira kumasangano eruwa.

Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzinogoverwa

  • Mumiriri akaoma: Kusanoumba pamutemo zvisarudzo zvegirazi muvhoti, kuchiparira mhatsa huru mumavara echirume, dzinza, uye mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzvero ne Inter-Parliary Union[ inoratidzira kuti masangano ePR anowanzosarudza vakadzi vakawanda kupfuura gadziriro huru.
  • Incictity: Mapoka maduku anomirira vanhu vashoma kana kuti fariro dzenzvimbo dzinogona kuwana zvigaro negadziriro yepesvedzero.
  • Kuvaka chizivano [[FLT: 1]: Hurumende dzinoumba chaizvoizvo kupfurikidza nebvumirano dzinofambidzana, dzichisimudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nebvumirano yakafara.
  • Futier yapambadza mavhoti[[FLT: 1]: Vavhoti vazhinjisa vanopa chitsama chokugara, vachideredza sundo yokuvhota nenzira yechienzi.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzinoparirwa

  • Masangano emitemo akatenderwa: Mapati akawanda anogona kuomesa kuumbwa kwehurumende, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira uye pane dzimwe nguva zvibvumirano zvisingatsigiki.
  • Kuzvidavirira kunoregwa: Vamiriri vangasava nomumiriri mumwe womunzvimbomo, uye hurumende dzakabatana dzinokuita kwakaoma kupa chikwereti kana kuti mhaka nokuda kwemiuyo.
  • Hurusarudzo nokuda kwamapati anonyanyisa[[FLT: 1]: Zvikumbaridzo zvinogona kubvumira mapato anorwisana negadziriro yokuronga kuwana nzvimbo dzeparamende, sezvinoonwa musarudzo dzeEurope yazvino.
  • zvamatongerwe enyika zvepakati-pakati: Vatsigiri vanowanzoonekwa kuvatungamiriri vomubato panzvimbo pezvikamu zvomunzvimbomo, izvo zvingaderedza basa rapamutemo.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yegadziriro Dzezvirongwa

Suwenten inoshandisa shanduro yakachinjwa yeSaint-Laguë mutoo worudzi. Mujaho 2022, mativi masere akawana zvigaro, uye hurumende yakaumbwa semubatanidzwa wepakati-divi rekutsigirana kubva kudivi reSweden. [[FLT:] German [[[FLT:]] inoshandisa chikamu chemitezo (MMP), apo chivhozhokeroro inoisa mabhiri maviri: mumwe wedaviti romunzvimbomo uye mumwe wemabato. Iyi inobatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo nemigumisiro yemitengo, kunyange zvazvo yakabudisa hurumende huru inogona kuita chiito. [FT] [FLD] [FF]

Kuongorora Kunoenzanisa: Kubatana, Kumiririra, uye Kubatanidzwa Mujeta

Miitiro inodzora uye inowirirana inoda kunzvera maitire avanoita mumipimo mikuru yedemocracy. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji anosarudza sekubvisa kutengeserana pakati pe kupfuudza [[FLT]] (hurumende dzakasanobatana, dzakatsiga) uye kupfuudzwa [ (mifananikiso mikuru yezvisarudzo zvakasiyana- siyana). Zvisinei, ufakazi huchangobva kukarakadza kuti mapurogiramu ePR anogona kuwana zvose zviri zviviri.

Kugadzikana kweHurumende Nokuomerera Kumitemo

Gadziriro dzamasangano dzinowanzorumbidzwa nokuda kwokuita hurumende dzakawanda dzinobatanidza imwe. Musiano, maPR anowanzoita gadziriro dzinobatanidza. Mubatanidzwa weUnited Kingdom wa2010-2015 pasi paDavid Cameron wakanga uri musiyano, kwete mutemo. Zvisinei, idzi dzikamo dzinogona kuuya pamutengo wetsika dzinochinja mutemo: hurumende imwe ingachinja mutemo mukuru pashure pesarudzo, inosekesa. Musiano, PR inogadzira hurumende dzebatanidzwa dzinofanira kuita muitiro, uyo unogona kuwedzera kupfuurira asi unotungamirirawo kutsika yemitemo. A 2018 anonzvera mu [[FLT: 0] Journal yePUP.Euconcom yePolitical Ecom haina kuwana musiyano mukuru wezveromari pakati pezviito zvemari pakati pePUARPRPFUS.

Kubatanidzwa Nokuchinja

Uchenjeri hwekokorodzano hunoratidza kuti gadziriro dzevavhoti dzinodzvinyirira muvhoti nemhaka yokuti mavhoti akawanda a "noiswa" mumaruwa akakotsekana. Mitengo inoenzanisa inobva ku InternationalHID yoUbatizimu hweDemocracy neElectoral Application [[FLT 1] inoratidzira kuti nyika dzine gadziriro dzePR dzine avhareji ye5 muzana yemavhoti akakwirira anodzorwa kupfuura nyika dzinobatanidzwa, kunyange pashure pokuvamba mitemo yokuvhota inomanikidzirwa. Zvisinei, kupfava kunogonawo kuwedzera: mumasangano makuru, costation bedzi anoda kusarudza madanwa adzoro, nepombi dzePR dzine zvikamu zvakazarukira, kunyanguvezvo, masangano anobvumira kuvhotera kutsigira mapoka akakodzera zvapachokwadi, kuderedza kuvhotawo.

Kutapura Mapoka Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Miitiro yavanamabhinya inoita kuti makwikwi maviri arambe aripo, sezvinoonekwa muUnited States neUnited Kingdom. Mutemo waDuverger ufanotaura kuti iyi pesvedzero yetsika, yakabatanidzwa nedzvinyiriro yendangariro pavavhoti navapi, idzvinyirira mativi echitatu. PR, mukupesana, inoita kuti gadziriro dzakawanda dzinogona kuratidzira kuwanda kwepfungwa dzakafara. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwemapati kunogona kuita kuti kukurukurirana kwebatanidzwa kuve kwakaoma uye pane dzimwe nguva kuve kwakanyanya kuva kuduku, sevagadziri vamadzimambo. MuIs Israel’s Kne et (a PR system ine chiteko chakaderera), masangano ePR ane chitejinga neabhuromendi dzemibatanidzwa dzakarevedza.

Mufananidzo Wenzvimbo Nezvinodikanwa Zvomunzvimbomo

Kumwe kutsoropodza kunopfuurira kwegadziriro dzePR ibatano isina kusimba pakati pavavhoti navamiriri vamwe navamwe. Miitiro yeMajoritarian inogovera mhare yomunzvimbomo yakajeka inogona kutsigira nhau dzoruwa. Mumiitiro yePR, zvikurukuru mhatsa dzemitsetse yakavharwa, vamiririri vanozvidavirira zvikurukuru munzvimbo neyorudzi kuutungamiriri hwemapati. Mitezo yakavhengana yakadai seMMP inoedza kudzikamisa izvi zvinhu kupfurikidza nokuchengeta mitezo yomunzvimbomo nepo ichiwedzera zvigaro zvakakwirira kuti isvike. Germany neNew Zealand dzinoratidzira kuti iyi yenzi inoumba zvose zviri zviviri kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo nemigumisiro inowirirana, kunyange zvazvo ichiwedzera kuoma kuvhotera nokuverenga.

Fundo Dzavanyati: Zvinoitika Zvinosiyanisa

United Kingdom: Textbook Estemistry

UK's FPP yakaita nhevedzano yezvigaro zvikuru zvepasi pasinei zvapo nokuderera kwevhoti inogoverana nokuda kwokuwina mabato. Muna 2019, Boris Johnson's Consorvatives akawana voruzhinji vakasununguka vane 43. 436% yevhoti, nepo Labour Party 32% yakagoverana zvigaro 202 bedzi. Riberal Democrats, ine 11.5%, yakawana zvigaro 11 chete. Muuyo uyu wakapfuudzira runhare rwakareba nokuda kwokuchinja kwavana, kunyange zvazvo wakanongedzera kushandura muitiro (kubatanidza madenderedzwa a 2011 paVotete inotsiva) kusvikira zvinokundikana. Vatsoropotesi vanoramba kuti FPNters syn sy - systects, vanodzivisa kudzorwa, uye vanodzorwa mumashitsirotsi vazhinji vanodzorwa.

Sweden: Kumirira uye Kutonga Kwougandanga

Riksdag yeSweden inosarudzwa kupfurikidza nomutoo wakagadziridzwa weSante-Laguë nechikumbaridzo cha 4%. Gadziriro yakapfuudzwa nguva dzose asi inoshanda hurumende. Pakati pa2010 na 2022, hapana mutezo mumwe wakawina inopfuura 30% yevhoti, bva Sweden yakachengeta mitemo yenzanga yakatsiga, mamiriro ezvemari akasimba, uye kukura kukuru kwezvemari. Kukura kwedivi reSweden rekunze nerevo. Democrats mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya kwakaoma kuvaka mubatanidzwa, kuchitungamirira kuboka repakati rezvokutsigira paparamende pepuliti. Vatsigiriki vePR vanopikisa kuti kukura Sweden mukukura nokupfuurira kwemitengo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

New Zealand: Nhau Yechinjo Inobudirira

New Zealand yakatsiva transmisten FPP yayo neMP muna 1996 pashure pamakumi amakore okunzwa kwakaipa. Chinjo yakatungamirira kukuwedzera kwapakarepo munhamba yebato muParamende, kubva pavaviri kusvikira kuvashanu muchisarudzo chokutanga. Vatsoropodzi vakatya kusagadzikana, asi New Zealand yave yakawana kugutsikana kwapachena kwakananga nehurumende shomanene. Māori mufananidzo wakavandudzwa zvikuru, neMāori vasatortestis namano ezvikwata zviduku Māori kuti vave nechiyero chesimba. New Zealandectoral Commission yakawana kuti kugutsikana kwavose nedemocracy kwakawedzera chifo chechinjo. Chinonge chiri chinoitika chokuti chinjo inosarudzwa, nepo pazvinooma mune zvezvamatongerwe enyika, inogona kubudirira apo tsika yekare inorangarirwa seyakashata zvikuru.

Migumisiro Yemitemo Nemigumisiro Yokutonga

Gadziriro dzegadziriro yezvisarudzo dzinogona kutungamirira kumiitiro kwete bedzi asi mitoowo. Mitemo yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yakakomba: kutarisira utano kumwe, mipimo yedzidzo yapakati, uye gadziriro dzakasimba dzegarikano zvinogona kukurumidza kupfuvura netsigiro huru. Zvisinei, inogonawo kutungamirira kumiitiro apo simba rinochinja. Hurumende dzePR, nehurumende dzadzo dzakabatana, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoparira miraudzo yapamwe, yakavakirwa payamuro yapamhizha. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzeScandinavia (dzinoshandisa PR) dzakavaka wirira nyika dzegarikano dzakavakwa nadzo kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano, nepotezo zveUnited States's Kingdom's hoveywo yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yogaro yave yachinja migariro dzivirirono yavanhu. Kunyange zvazvo mamiriro ezvinhu akasimba zvikuru akasangana nezvinotoko nezvinotoko.

Kupedzisa: Kusarudza Simba Rakarurama Rendima Yako

Hapana gadziriro yevhota yakakwana. Chisarudzo pakati pemireza yezvamatongerwe enyika neyapakati chinotsamira patsika dzenyika yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo kwamapoka, rwisano dzenhau, uye zvokutanga zvedemocracy. Gadziriro dzamakuru dzinopa kupfava, kutsunga, uye kuzvidavirira kukuru kwomunzvimbomo asi dzinoisa mungozi kuduku-duku uye dzinoparira miuyo yakamosha. Gadziriro dzechiPropomende dzinopa ratidziro yakarurama, yetsika, uye chivako asi dzingarega dzikamo yehurumende nokuzvidavirira kwakajeka.

Nenzira inowedzera, mademokrase ari kuedza nemiitiro yakavhengana yakadai seMMP (Germany, New Zealand, Lesotho) kana kuti kubatanidza STV mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji (Ireland, Malta) kutora simba remativi ose ari maviri. Chinokosha kuronga gadziriro yetsika nezvinokosha izvo nzanga inoda zvikurusa: dzikamo, mumiririri, kana kuti kuzvidavirira. Vadzidzisi vanodzidzisa kuenzanisa zvamatongerwe enyika, chidzidzo chinokosha zvikurusa ndechokuti masangano akasarudzwa haasati ari asingatori rutivi: anoumba rudzi rumene rwemakwikwikwidzano yedemo yedemocracy nemiuyo yokudzora. Kunzwisisa aya mabhizimisi anopa vagari vemone vebhizimisi simba rokuita nenzira inotsoropodza zvikarakadzo zvechinjo uye kutsigira gadziriro dzinobatira nzanga dzavo zvakanakisisa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Internationaloperal Institute for Democracy and Electoral help database yegadziriro yegadziriro yevhota, Extratalial Reformation Society' [[[FLT:] , uye mabasa edzidzo akadai se[FLT]][FLT]] . Programmes: A Conftivection [ naAD