Chimiro chehurumende dzehurumende muUnited States chakagadzirirwa kuratidzira gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yakaumbwa neBumbiro reMitemo. Uku kufanana kunobvumira gadziriro inowirirana mumitezo yakasiana- siyana yehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa maruramiro avo nemitoro pasinei zvapo nehurumende. Kwakabva munheyo yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Kwakaumbwa simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzeruwa rinoshanda nemitemo yavo vamene, mitemo, uye masangano apo zvichiri kushanda mukati mevhungwe renyika. Munyaya ino, tichanzvera kuti hurumende dzinoratidzira sei gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende, inonangidzira pamapamatatu ehurumende: mukuru mukuru mukuru, chirevo, chibvumirano, uye kunzvera ganhuriro dzehurumende dzinochengeta. Tichanzverawo magariro enhau, marudzi, marudzi ehurumende pakati pehurumende neanoshanda pakati pehurumende.

Fandesheni Dzenhau: Nei Nyika Dzichitevedzera Hurumende

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States vakawana zvikuru ruzivo rwekudzorwa kwehurumende uye kukundikana kweZvikamu zveConfederation. Vakatsvaka gadziriro umo hurumende dzehurumende dzingachengeta utongi hune revo asi dzichishanda muhurumende yakabatana. Tenth Amendment yakajeka masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu, kusimbisa pfungwa yokuti hurumende dziri masangano ezvigaro zvadzo mukati memapuraneti adzo. Kuvimbisa kuva nechokwadi chekubatana nokurovedzana, mapurani emitemo yehurumende akaitwa pashure pechinjo uye mukati memaruwa dzinotevera pamutemo dzakagamuchira zvikuru chimiro chimwe chetecho chemijati sehurumende. Iyi purogiramu iyi haina kusimukiriswa, yakadzivisa kuteranywa kwesimba, uye yakabvumira vagari vemo kuti vabatane nemitemo yakasiyana - siyana ichishandisa mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Nhasi, mubumbiro remitemo rinotonga, uye mabazu ose anoumba masangano anotonga anodiwa nehurumende.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Gavhuna saMutungamiriri Mukuru

Bazu ravakuru vakuru pamwero wenyika rine mutoro wokushandisa nokuisa mitemo, yakafanana nebazu ravakuru vakuru rehurumende rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine gavhuna wayo imene anobatira somusoro webazu guru, achitarisira madhipatimendi akasiana - siana namasangano. Basa ragavhuna ndezvose zviri zviviri zvezvamatongerwe enyika neroudzori, rinovaraira kuronga bhajeti, kugadza vakuru vakuru vakuru, uye kugadza mirairo.

Simba RaGavhuna Nemabasa Ake

Apo Purezidhendi anoraira hurumende, gavhuna anotungamirira michina yehurumende. Masimba anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza:

  • [ Kudzosa mitemo yehurumende: Gavhuna anova nechokwadi chokuti mirau yapamutemo inoitwa nokutendeka, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemirairidzo kuchengetedzo yomutemo namasangano anodzora.
  • Simba: SaPurezidhendi, magavhuna anogona kuisa mutemo. Nyika zhinji dzinopa muganhu wechinhu chezvikamu zvinodzorwa, zvichibvumira gavhuna kurova zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinoshandiswa, (a) simba purezidhendi haana pamwero womubatanidzwa.
  • Chiremera chokugadza: Vatongi vanogadza vakuru vamasangano ehurumende, mapuranga, uye zvirongwa, uye munyika dzakawanda, vatongi. Uku kugadzwa kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa nesimbiso yemitemo.
  • Dhirowa: Gavhuna anowanzopa chikarakadzo chemari yegore negore kudare remitemo, achipesvedzera nzira iyo mari yehurumende inogoverwa nayo.
  • Commander-mota: Gavhuna anoraira Hurumende National Guard (isina kuiswa udzori) uye anogona kuidana nokuda kwekurumidziro.
  • [[FOL:0] Magavhuna nenyasha: Magavhuna mazhinjisa ane simba rokupa kanganwiro, zvinyorwa, uye mirau, yakafanana nechiremera chaPurezidhendi.

Vamwe Vakuru vakuru Nezvemasangano

Mapazu makuru ehurumende anowanzobatanidza vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa nenzira yakazvimirira vakadai sagavhuna, gweta guru, munyori wehurumende, muchengeti wemari, uye munzveri. Uku kukamukana kwesimba rehurumende (kufanana nomufananidzo wehurumende umo Purezidhendi naPrezidhendi Mutungamiriri weHurumende vanosarudzwa bedzi murudzi.Anoratidza nzvero yamaune pachiremera chegubernator. Somuenzaniso, muTexas, gavhuna anogoverana simba negweta mukuru mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa uye mutengi. Masangano ehurumende, akadai semadhipatipatimendi edzidzo, utano, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo, madhipatipatikadhi yekambani ehurumende. Garverital Association yeUnited States inogovera zvinhu paGenegatesaretagent.

Nhevedzo Dzavane Vatungamiriri Nesimba Rekurumidziro

Gavhuna vanowanzoshandisa zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru kutungamirira mabasa ehurumende, zvikurukuru munguva dzengozi. Nepo mirairo yaPurezidhendi mukuru yakaganhurirwa nomutemo wehurumende, mirairo yehurumende inogona kutaura nhau dzakananga dzakadai sedavidzo yengwavaira, njodzi dzoutano dzavanhu vose (mutoo, COVID-19), uye chinjo dzinodzoka. Ukuru hwemirairo iyi inosiana nebumbiro remitemo, asi ichishandiswa chine simba nokuda kwechiito chimwe chete.

Bazu Romutemo: Nyika Savashandi Vehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Bazu remitemo pamwero wenyika rine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Mitemo mizhinjisa ine chibvumirano chemitemo chebhimeral, chakafanana neUnited States Congress, chine makamuri maviri: Imba yavamiriri neDare. Zvisinei, Nebraska inomira yoga neuncameral, isiri startarian commission(a kutsauka kukuru kubva kumuenzaniso wehurumende. Hurumende dzinopa mitemo inosiana zvikuru muurefu hwerusando, uye muripo, asi mibato yadzo inowirirana.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwakwo

Mumaruwa eBidamaral, imba yakaderera (yakawanda inonzi Imba yaVamiririri, Assembly, kana kuti House of Vamiririri) inowanzova nemitezo mizhinji inomirira maruwa maduku, nepo imba yapamusoro (yokuchamhembe) ine mitezo mishomanene inomirira maruwa makuru. Iyi giramu yeImba neDare. Somuenzaniso, California ine mitezo yeGungano 80 ne 40 Senators. Alaska, kune rumwe rutivi, ine nzvimbo duku dzine 40 nedare redare. Mitemo iripo mune dzimwe nyika (g. California, Michigan) asi kwete dzimwe, dzinoparira misiano mukuita chibvumirano.

Mabasa Emitemo yeHurumende

Masangano ehurumende anoita mabasa makuru anoverengeka anozivisa Congress:

  • [ Kugadzira murairo: Kuhwina, kuitisana nharo, uye kuvhota pamitero inova mitemo yenyika. Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vangasuma zviuru zvezvikwereti parusando rumwe.
  • tract:[ Chirongwa chomutemo chinohwirudzura ndokusimbisa bhajeti yagavhuna, kazhinji kazhinji achibatanidzwa mukurukurirano huru pamusoro pezvokuisa mari pakutanga.
  • Kushanda: Matare ane mhosho dzokunzvera masangano ehurumende namapurogiramu, kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira.
  • [[FOLT:0] Mumiriri weChibvumirano: Mitemo inotsigira zvinodikanwa zvemaruwa avo, itiro hanya dzokutonga nedzenzanga.
  • Kuisa divi: Makore gumi ari ose, masangano emitemo anodzosazve dare remitemo namaruwa ehurumende akavakirwa pamitemo yenhamba, muitiro unowanzova mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Chaizvo Mumitemo yeHurumende

Kusafanana nemwero wehurumende, nyika dzakawanda dzinobvumira vagari vemo kudarika chirongwa chemitemo yomutemo kupfurikidza nokutanga nokupa mitero. Ichi chishandiso chakananga chedemocracy(avhota kubva kuBumbiro reMitemo yeU.(zvikwaramende) kuti vasarudze mitemo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Maruwa makumi maviri namatanhatu ane nhano dzokutanga kana kuti gadziriro dzakakurumbira. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeCalifornia yokugadza zvinhu yakaita mitemo yetsika pamitero, ruramisiro yeutsotsi, uye chengeteko youtano. Dare reNational Regiblicturestion of State Registrations inotevedzera iyi miitiro nemitemo.

Zvirongwa Zvemitemo Nezvounyanzvi

Masangano ehurumende anosangana munguva yakazara (profession) kana kuti zvikamu zvenguva imwe. Mibatanidzwa yakadai seNew York, California, uye Pennsylvania ine marusando egore ose, nepo mamwe akadai seWyoming neMontana anosangana mwedzi mishomanene bedzi. Masangano eMitemo anobhadhara mibhadharo yakakwirira zvikuru ndokushandisa vashandi vakawanda, zvichitungamirira kumasimba akasiana mukugadzira mitemo. Dare reU.S. idivi remitemo renguva yakazara; misiano yenyika inoenzanisira kuchinjika kwehurumende.

Bazu Rokutonga: Matare Ehurumende Nedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Bazu redare rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti ruramisiro inoitirwa. Kufanana nedare rehurumende, matare ehurumende ane dare rinobatanidza matare okutonga, matare ehurumende, uye dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Zvisinei, masangano edare ehurumende akakura zvikuru kwazvo.

Dare reHurumende

  • Matare echikuru: Mwero wokutanga apo ufakazi hunopiwa uye vatongi vamaune. Iwaya angava matare makuru anodzora (mutoo. matare makuru) kana kuti matare ehurumende akaganhurirwa (mutoo., kanisi, motokari, zvitedzo zviduku).
  • Dare reApapireta: Hurumende dzinenge 40 dzine matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare rokutonga vasati vasvika dare rakakwirira zvikurusa. Idzi dzinoratidzira matare enhu ehurumende echibvumirano ezvikumbiro.
  • State Court: Dare rokupedzisira ramabanza enhau dzomutemo wehurumende. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neTexas neOklahoma, dzine matare akaparadzana emhosva dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi.

Kusarudzwa Kwavatongi Vehurumende

Nepo vatongi vehurumende vachigadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vatongi vehurumende vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana-- siyana inoratidzira uzivi: statisan (g., Alabama, Texas), vsanheni[ (g., Wisconsin, Washington), [[FLT:]] jastit jast (Massouri Plan, inoshandiswa mumite, uye [FLT] mubatanidzwa kana kuti mutengirio.[FLT] [FLT] [FL:7]] (g.g., Virginia, South America). Uku ndiko kubvumira kutongwa nokutonga, kubvumira nokutonga.

Simba uye Zvinorehwa Neshanduro yeHurumende

Dare rehurumende rinotsanangura mabumbiro emitemo, ayo kazhinji kazhinji anogovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, matare makurusa ehurumende akatonga patsimbadzo yedzidzo, roorano yevatano imwe cheteyo (pamberi peObergefell), uye maruramiro okuva woga. Anogonawo kuzivisa mitemo yenyika isiri inowirirana nebumbiro remitemo, kunyange kana yaizova inoshanda pasi pomutemo wehurumende. National Center for State Courts

Makemikari Nedzikamo Pakati Pemapazu

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rine masimba chaiwo nemabasa, richigadzira macheki nezviyero zvinoratidzira muenzaniso wehurumende.

  • Gavhuna anogona kuisa mutemo, asi mutemi wedare anogona kukurira iyi vhato nevoruzhinji vakakwana (vanowanzova vane matatu maviri mukamuri rimwe nerimwe). Mudzimwe nyika, voruzhinjiwo zvavo vanodikanwa nokuda kwekudzora kwakati.
  • Mune dzimwe nyika, sangano redare rinotonga rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwagavhuna, kusanganisira vatongi uye vakuru vemadhipatimendi.
  • Dare remitemo rinogona kudzora mitemo isina wirirano, ichinzvera simba ravose vari vaviri mapazu avakuru vakuru neanotonga. Hurumende ine chirevo chokupedzisira pamibvunzo yehurumende.
  • Musangano wehurumende unogona kubvisa gavhuna, mutevedzeri wagavhuna, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru.
  • Bazu ravakuru vangadana marusando chaiwo emitemo, asi mubati wehurumende anodzora mitemo yake amene uye angaramba kutsiva.

Asi kuenzana kwacho kunosiyana - siyana munyika dzose. Somuenzaniso, mamwe magavhuna ane simba rakasimba rokudzora, asi mamwe ane simba rishoma rokugadza.

Misiyano Nemuenzaniso WeFederal

Nepo hurumende dzehurumende dzichiratidzira chimiro chehurumende, misiano mikuru iripo:

  • ChiUnicameralist: chigaro chimwe chemitemo cheNebraska chirevo chikuru kubva muchibhiamerari.
  • Mutungamiriri wehurumende: Nyika dzakawanda dzinosarudza vakuru vakuru vakawanda vari voga, mukusafanana nedare rehurumende rakagadzwa naPurezidhendi.
  • Kutanga utongi hwoumwari: Kutanga, metaendums, uye yeuka sarudzo dzinosimbisa vagari vemo kupfuura kushanda kwomubatanidzwa.
  • Sarudzo dzehurumende: Masangano mazhinjisa anosarudza, achiparira dzvinyiriro dzakasiana - siana dzokuzvidavirira kupfuura vatongi vomubatanidzwa vakagadzwa.
  • Miganhu yenhambo: Gavhuna ganhuriro dzeshoko (mashoko maviri munyika dzakawanda) neganhuriro dzeshoko remitemo dziripo, nepo Purezidhendi achiganhurirwa kumirano miviri neCongress asina ganhuriro dzenhambo.

Kushanda Kwehurumende Nehurumende Dzinotonga Nedzehurumende

Kunzwisisa zvivako zvehurumende yehurumende hakuna kukwana pasina kunzvera ukama hwazvo nehurumende yehurumende. Bhishopi yeU.S. inogadza uchangamire huviri umo hurumende imwe neimwe ine masimba adzokei uye akabatana. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinodzora kutengeserana kwehurumende, kutungamirira sarudzo, uye dzidzo, nepo hurumende yehurumende inobata mirau yokumwe, kutengeserana kwehurumende, uye mauto. Zvisinei, nzvimbo dzinoiswa mativi maviri dzakafanana semiraudzo yemhoteredzo, tarisiro yezveutano, uye kodzero dzavagari vemo (h) kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kukubatira pamwe chete kana kuti kurwisana.

Chiziviso chamatongerwo echimurenga chinovimbisa mutemo wehurumende unokurira apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, asi hurumende dzinochengeta udzori hune revo. Bumbiro remitemo U.S. rimene, kupfurikidza neTenth Amendment, ganhuriro dzehurumende. Hurumende dzinotorawo rutivi mugadziriro dzehurumende kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvehurumende zvinopa muteshi nebatira pamwe, tsika inozivikanwa se “hurumende inodzosesati.”

Kusiyana - siyana Pakati Penyika: Chiono Chinoshamisa

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yavose, hurumende imwe neimwe inoshanda nebumbiro remitemo rayo imene (iyo inorefu neyakakwana (Alabisima ine magadzirirwo anopfuura 900), mimwe profession (Vermont iri imwe yemitanharo). Simba reGubernator rinovambira padzino dzakasimba (New York, Maryland) kukuva dzakaneta (Texas, apo gavhuna mukuru mukuru nedare rinotonga zvinodzora zvikuru). Magariro emitemo anosiparatis anosiana: chigaro cheCalifornia chiri pakati penyanzvi hurusa, nepo zvivako zvedare zvakanyurukira , zvimwe matare akabatana. Uku kupesana kunobvumira kutaura kuti zvishande se “masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuongorora mitoo inogamuchirwa norudzi rwakakurumbira zvikuru.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo Nokutora Rutivi

Hurumende dzinosvika zvikuru kuvagari vemo kupfuura hurumende yehurumende. Voter revorop musarudzo dzehurumende kazhinji kazhinji yakaderera, asi tapuro yacho yakananga: vaiti vemitemo voruwa vanomirira maruwa maduku, uye misangano yavose yavose. Vagari vanogona kupinda marusando emitemo, kupupurira pakunzwa, uye kuonana navamiririri vavo zviri nyore. Hurumende dzakawanda dzinewo mitemo yehurumende inoda kuva pachena mukuita dare rehurumende. Kunzwisisa mapazu ehurumende anopa simba vagari vemo simba kuti vatsigire nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo, kubva pakutsigira mapurisa kugadziridza.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzehurumende dzinoratidzira sei chimiro chehurumende yehurumende kunokosha bedzi nokuda kwokuziva mativi akaoma ehurumende yeAmerica. Nyika imwe neimwe inoshanda nebumbiro rayo remitemo rakasiyana nemamwe, bva chirongwa chaikoicho(mapazu matatu akaenzana, kunzvera nokuparadzana, uye kuparadzanisa kwamasimba) zvinoramba zviripo munyika. Uku kufanana hakurevi kupfuudza kudzora bedzi asi kunopawo simba vagari vemo kuti vabatane nehurumende yavo pamwero yakasiyana - siyana. Kupfurikidza nokufunda nheyo dzehurumende, chibvumirano, uye mapazi okutonga, tinowana nzwisiso munheyo dzinoumba gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica yose. Samabhurobhurobhuro enyika ehurumende dzinopfuurira kuumba, kuratidzira zvinodikanwa nezvinokosha zvavagari vemo vakasiana - siyana apo vanonamatira kugadziriro yenguva yamakore maviri yakatsungirira kugadzirwa.