Chitanga: Sangano reIndia Rinoona Nezvezvinhu

India inoshanda somubatanidzwa wehurumende pasi peBumbiro reMitemo rayo, umo ukama pakati pehurumende huru nehurumende dzehurumende hwakaoma kunzwisisa uye hune simba. Uhu ukama hunorondedzerwa nokupesana kwakajeka kwemasimba, asiwo nemitemo inodzorwa, kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye rondedzero dzedare. Kunzwisisa ukama ihwohwu hunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti India inodzora sei chiverengero chayo chikuru uye chakasiana-siyana, inodzora zviwanikwa, uye rwisano. Chimiro chehurumende hachichinji; chinovamba kupfurikidza nezviito zvemitemo, tsinhiranoumba pamutemo, uye mamiriro enyika anochinja.

Chisakiso cheBumbiro reMitemo reCentre-State Relations

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende ine ganhuriro yakasimba. Zvikamu 245 kusvikira ku 255 zvinoratidzira ukama hwemitemo, nepo Zvikamu 256 kusvikira ku 263 zvinofukidza ukama hwokutonga, uye Zvikamu 264 kusvikira ku 293. Nhamba nhatu huru pasi pe Semiteolet zvinorondedzera masimba ewiro: Chikamu cheUnion, Chikamu cheHurumende, uye Chiverengero cheConsuduary. Mukuwedzera, masimba anogoverwa kuParamende yeUnion (FUT.96:1).

U.N.Union, Ndaza yeHurumende, uye Ruwara Rwebatanidzwa

[[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[[[FLT.[[N.5] NHURO] NHURI YOKUVA] NOKUVARANGANA, asi pashure pe 42, asi pashure pekugadziridzanganiso, masango, inobatanidza nhevedzano, mapurisa, utano, uye hurumende. [[FLT: 4.] .[FLT] .[5] Hurumende dzinobvumira zvose zviri zviviri Union nehurumende kuita mitemo, masango, masango, uye kudzorwa kwomutemo pakati pebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yeUni Union, (Unic.)

Simba Rokudzorera

Nhau ipi neipi isina kurongwa murudungwe rupi norupi rwemiitiro mitatu, yakadai sechakavanzika chekombiyuta, kuvimbwa kwemashoko, kana kuti ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchiri kubuda, inova pasi pesimba reSangano reSangano reSangano reHurumende.Izvi zvinopa hurumende yepakati simba rokudzika mirayiridzo panhau itsva dzingasava dzakafungwa panguva yokunyorwa kweBumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziriro inowanzova nguva yegakava apo hurumende dzinotaura kuti nzvimbo dzichangobva kudzorwa nenzira yakarurama ndedzadzodzidzo dziri pasi peChikamu cheHurumende.

Ukama Hwoutarisiri Nehunodzora

Masimba anotungamirira eUnion nehurumende anowirirana. Chikamu 256 chinoda kuti nyika dziwirirane nemitemo yeUnion, uye Union inogona kupa nhungamiro kuti ive nechokwadi chokuteerera. Chikamu 257 chinopa chiremera chiUnion kupa mirayiridzo kuti chive nechokwadi chokuti masimba avo anotungamirira haadzongonyedzi kushandiswa kwamasimba makuru eUnion. Gavhuna, akagadzwa naPurezidhendi (mubasa, Union Council of Ministers), anobatira somusoro wehurumende asi anoita sechisungo chinokosha pakati peCent nehurumende. Simba raGwara raMakurukota rokuchengeta chiratidzo cheSangano pasi peChikamu 200 chishandiso chikuru chetarisiro.

Ukama Hwemari: Fiscal Thoume-yeHondo

Ukama hwemari pakati peCentre nehurumende hunodzorwa neMitemo 268 kusvikira ku 293. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera kukamukana kwakajeka kwemitero: mimwe mitero inounganidzwa neUnion (sezvirevo, mutero wesangano, mitero yetsika, mitero yemari, kunze kwemari yokurima), nepo mimwe inounganidzwa nehurumende (chibve. mari inounganidzirwa munyika, basa rezviteshi, kuva renyika panhu). Zvisinei, Centre inounganidza mwero mukuru wemari inobhadharwa uye inoparadzira mugove kumaruwa.

Basa Remari

Chikamu 280 chinoraira kutangwa kwe Commission yeIndiya makore mashanu oga oga kurumbidza kuparadzirwa kwemitero yemambure pakati peUnion nehurumende. Rumbidzo dzeDzidzo dzeDzimba dzemari dzinokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta chiyero chemari. yapanyuko yeMari yeMari yeIndiya inogovera udzame hwezvakapfuura nemabasa azvino uno. Komiti ye15 yeDzimbidzo yemari (2021-2026) yakarumbidza kubvisa 41% yedekit remitero yepakati penyika, kuderedzwa kubva pa42% kubva pakusikwa kweUnion of Jammus.

Mabhuku Nemabasa (GST)

Kutanga kwe GST muna 2017] yakanga iri purojekedzo yenhau yakarongedzerwa kugadzira musika wakabatana wenyika. GST igadziriro yemitero miviri: Central GST (CGST) neHurumende GST (SGST) inosarudzwa panguva ino pamigove yehurumende, nepo yakava manyuko eGST (IGGST) inoshanda kumigove yehurumende. Dare reGST, rakaumbwa neSangano reMari yeMari yeMari yeZvoruzhinji uye reHurumende, rinosarudza pamwero, mitsaraniso, kusinwa. Nepo GST yavandudza kutera mitero neshatasiro yebhizimisi, yavewo manyuko pakati pemaPrefeceti, zvikurukuru pamusoro pemitemubhadharo. [FFFON]

Grants-in-Aid

Kunze kwemutero wedevornginjo, Centre inogovera mari yokutaura pasi peChikamu 275 (mari inotambirwa navadzidzisi) uye muzvimwe zvirongwa (muchirevo, Commission inotsigirwa pakati se Ayushman Bharat[ uye [FLT]P]M-KISTAN). Komiti yeDzipi yeDzipi yeDzipi yeSanzi inorumbidzawo kupa mitumbi yomunzvimbomo (pachayats neManisiact) pasi peChikamu 243-I ne243-Y. Izvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinopiwa nezvinonzikwanwa nemhosva, zvinotungamirira kunharo pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvehurumende.

Michina Yokushandisa Kushandira Pamwe uye Kusarudza Kurwisana

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro Remitemo richipa miganhu yakajeka, kushandira pamwe kunokosha kuti pave nokudzora.India ine masangano akawanda uye nzvimbo dzokushandira pamwe kuti ibatsire kushandira pamwe kwehurumende.

Dare reChikamu cheChikamu cheUngano

Chikamu 263 chinobvumira Purezidhendi kutanga Dare reFOLT-State kunzvera nokukurukura nhau dzefariro yavose. Dare rakasikwa muna 1990 pasi pougaro hweSangano reMutungamiriri weSangano uye rinobatanidza Vakuru vakuru vakuru, vaPutuzi veUnion Union, uye vatarisiri vendima dzemubatanidzwa. Rinobatira senzvimbo yekurukurirano paukama hweCentreal, kutsinhiranisa miraukoro, uye chisarudzo chenharo.

NITI Aayog

Muna 2015, Niti Aayog yakatsiva Dare rokuronga kuti ritsive universitistism nokuronga pasi. Sakafanana neDare rokuronga, rakaronga mari yokutaura, Niti Aayog rinoita sedanga, rinokurudzira kupindira kwemasangano enyika pakuumba. Rinoronga misangano neVatungamiriri vehurumende, rinogadzirira magwaro okuona, uye zvirongwa zvemichina inofambisa zvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo Niti Ayogog yavandudza kuvimbisana, kazhinji kazhinji kacho anotsoropodza kuti zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nechenge zvichiripo zvichiri kukwidza mamiriro ezvinhu okumusoro.

Basa raGavhuna uye Chikamu 356

Gavhuna, somusoro webumbiro-mitemo rehurumende, anogona kurumbidza mutemo wePurent (FLT 356)] (Mazita 356) kana hurumende isingagoni kushanda mukuwirirana negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziriro yakamutsa nharo uye kazhinji kazhinji kushatiswa kubvisa hurumende dzinotungamirirwa namasangano anoshora. Bommai [1994]) yaisa ganhuriro dzakaganhuriro dzakasimba pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kweChikamu 356, ichitaura kuti gutsikano yaPrezidhende inofanira kuvakirwa pamitengwa yemitengo uye kuti chiziviso chehurumende chinogona kuhwirudzurwa. Sarkaria Com (1988) uye Pch0 Commis (20) yakarumbidza kuvandudza chikamu 35 neChikamu chaManhuro 356).

Nzvimbo Huru Dzerwisano

Kukakavadzana uku kunowanzoratidza kusiyana mune zvematongerwe enyika, makwikwi okushandisa zvinhu, uye kutsanangura mitemo yehurumende zvakasiyana - siyana.

Kunyanyokwidziridza Mutemo naBill Reservation

Hurumende dzinopa mitemo panhau dziri muRutonde rweHurumende, asi Gavhuna anogona kuchengeta zvikwereti zvakati kuti kuti zvirangarirwe naPurezidhendi. Kana mutemo wehurumende ukaita mutemo mukuru paNhevedzo yeNhevedzo kana kuti kana ukatapura masimba eUnion, hurumende huru inogona kukudzivisa nenzira inobudirira. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakapfuudza zvikwereti zvinodzora kubhejera paIndaneti, chinwiwa chinodhakisa, kana kuti nzvimbo, kuti bedzi kuti Gavhuna azvidzore, zvichitungamirira kurwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mvura Yerwizi Inokakavadzana

Mvura inhau yehurumende (FLT II, Sumo 17), asi Union inogona kumira pamvura yorwizi iri pakati penyika pasi peChikamu 262. Inopesana pamusoro pokugoverana kwemvura dzenzizi Cavery, , [[FLT]][FLT]][FLD]][FY][FLT]][3]][FY]K [3]], [[frect [ft] Maad pakati pezvipote, uye pakati petemenditi yeCent. Ceauved Disputbunal neDare guru raveidzwa netwotongedzero, [[FLT]] [FLT]] `FFG. [5]

Mutemo Nomutemo: Mauto Anokosha Mukutonga kweHurumende

Nhevedzo yavose namapurisa idzodzo dzinodzorwa nehurumende. Zvisinei, Centre inogona kuvhura mauto akashongedzerwa nechepakati amapurisa (KAPF) seCRPF) muhurumende pakukumbira kwehurumende kana kuti payayo pachayo pachayo apo chengeteko yomukati inotyisidzirwa. Madokero anowanzoramba kuiswa pamauto makuru, achiaona seanoputsa udzoro hwavo. Kurwisana kwacho kwakakomba zvikurukuru muhurumende kana kuti kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kwakadai seJammu naKashmir, Manipur, uye West Bengal.

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) uye Kubvuma

CBI, inoshanda pasi peDelhi Special Police Accordingment Act, 1946, inogona kunzvera nhau mukati mehurumende bedzi nebvumirano yehurumende pasi peChikamu 6 cheChibvumirano. Mitemo inoverengeka yakadai seWest Bengal, Maharashtra, uye Chhattisgarh yakadzima kubvuma kwavo kwavo vose, ichiganhurira mano eCBI okunzvera nhau pasina murairo wedare. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pomugariro wamasangano makuru okunzvera.

Kuderera Kwemakomoni

Demigato( kukwevazve Lok Sabha nesangano rehurumende zvakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo(inhau inokakavadzana. Constitution inoramba kuderedzwa kutozosvikira pashure pe 2026 Census. Nyika dzokuMadokero, dzine kukura zvishoma namagwaro emhuri ari nani, dzinotya kurasikirwa nezvigaro zveparamende kunyika dzokuchamhembe. Iyi nhau yazova kurukurirano huru yeruwa, nehurumende dzinoraira kuti mufananidzo upfuurire kuve wakavakirwa pa1971 Census kana kuti kuti kuoma kuwedzeredzere. Chimiro cheCentre panhau iyi chichatapura zvikuru zvamatongerwe enyika.

Mhindumupindu Kumubatanidzwa Nemasangano Anoshandira Pamwe

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, India akatama kubva mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yemurayiro neyokudzora kuti iende kumuenzaniso unobatira pamwe zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo kusawirirana kuchine.

Kushandira Pamwe Mushandirapamwe Muitiro

.[FLT] .[FLT]] muenzaniso mukuru wesangano rehurumende rinobatira pamwe, umo zvisarudzo zvinoitwa ne 75% (NFREAT vhota imwe-tatu] , zvinoreva pamwe chete kuva nemativi maviri matatu). Mamwe magumo akafanana [ Chiremera cheNational Disaster Dation Guage (NDMA) uye [[FFLT:4] Chiverengero choutano rwourudzi chinobatanidza kuronga nokutsigirana. [FL:] Rumwe rudzi, RFFLT] uye R [FFLT] chirongwa [FF:]

Kukwikwidzana Mubatanidzwa

NITI Ayayog inotsigira makwikwi ehurumende nehurumende dzakakwirira pautano, dzidzo, kupfavirira kwokuita bhizimisi, kutanga, uye kufambira mberi kunosimba. Tuttlent Eding Exchange Index uye School Education Security Index [ inokurudzira mikana yokukwikwikwidza nokuda kwezvinzvimbo zvakakwirira nezvipo zvinotsigirwa. Nepo ikoku kwakanyandura chinjo, vatsoropo dzinotaura kuti inokanganisa mamiriro ezvinhu ane urombo uye anofuratira kusabatana kwezvivako.

Mazano eCentral Agency neHurumende Autonomy

Zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa pakati pepakati (CSS) zvinopa nhevedzano yechikamu chinokosha chemari yehurumende. Marusai akafanana ne Mid Day Chirairo, PAwas Yoja, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] , shashh Borat Mission[[[FLT]], uye [[FLT:]] rekoral Livelication Mis Mission [ yakagadza zvitengidzo zvinofanira kutevera, kusiya kamuri duku nokuda kwokuchinja kwomunzvimbomo. [FLT:] [FLT] Komiti yemarication [FFFFLT]] yakaedza kuwedzera kudzora kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemitero inodzosera mutengo pakati pezvibvumirano.

Basa Rokutonga Munharaunda Nenharaunda

Dare rapamusoro reIndia rinoshanda somuvambi wenhau dzokupedzisira dzekakavadzano pakati peChivimberi nehurumende. Chikamu 131 chinoisa udzori hwapakuvamba paDare rapamusoro nokuda kwekakavadzano dzakadaro. Nhau dzinozivikanwa dzinobatanidza State of West Bengal vs Union yeIndia (1963)[FL]] [[FLT]]] pakupambwa kwamasimba emitemo, uye [[FLT:].R.BMAI mhaka [1994]] iyo yakadzora kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kweChikamu 356. Dare rinodudzirawo kukura kweChirongwa cheConmocration uye nzvimbo chamasimba. Zviitiko zvazvinosarira kufanana [FT] CT]

Zvibvumirano Zvoruwa Nenzvimbo Yokugara

Kusiyana - siyana kweIndia kunoda kuchinjika kwehurumende. Kugadzirwa kwenyika itsva . .Telalani muna 2014, uye Jehorkand, Chhattisgarh, Uttarankhand, uye nzvimbo nhatu itsva dzokubatanidza muna 2019 (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh) kunobvisa mhinduro yeCentre kuzvinangwa zvenharaunda. Zvisinei, kuraira kuva noruwa kunobva kumaruwa akadai seVidarbhaha, Saurashtra, Bodoland, uye Gorkhaland kunoramba kusina kugadziriswa. Centre yeBare isati yatanga kubvumira nyika uye kugovera gadziriro chaidzo.

Mugariro Chaiwo Wechikamu

Munhau, nharaunda ine makomo, kudzokera shure kwenzanga, kana kuti nzvimbo inogamuchirwa nzvimbo yeboka chairo kubva kuBhunga rokuronga, kubatanidza yamuro yakakwirira zvikuru nemitero. Komishoni ye 14 yeMari yePrime yakabvisa musiyano nemutero wakawedzerwa, asi nyika dzakawanda dzakadai seAndhradesh naBihar dzinopfuurira kukumbira zvipanguriro zvemari chaiyo. Kukurukurirana pamusoro penzvimbo chaiyo ndiwo musoro unodzokororwazve mukurukurirano dzomusiti weCentreal-State.

Zviitiko Zvenguva Yapfuura Nemaonero Enguva Yemberi

Nhau dzapashure dzakadai se Mitemo yemagariro (2021) yakatungamirira kurwisana kukuru pakati peChivindi nehurumende dzePunjab, Haryana, nedzimwe. Kudzorwa kwemitemo kwakaratidza ganhuriro dzechiremera chikuru apo hurumende namasangano enzanga zvinodzokera shure. DAP [[FLT:]COVID-19] yakaedzawo ukama hwenyika: chisarudzo cheCentreement (March 2020) pasi peSangano rePrement Acts rePrecipment pamasimba makuru outano hwavanhu, zvichitungamirira kurwisano dzinoda batira pamwe chete asi zvinoratidzirwawo.

Punchhi Commission inorumbidza (2010) ((10) kubatanidza kuita kuti Gavhuna asasarura zvikuru, kuganhurira kushandiswa kwoMutemo waPurezidhendi, uye kugadza mutoo wegadziro yegadziro remvura (*) yangoitwa bedzi. Kuwedzera kwekubudirira kwave kuchioneka pasi pehurumende dzakasiana- siyana, asi masangano akawedzera zvikuru kusimbisa nzvimbo yavo yezvirongwa zvemitemo kupfurikidza namaturuko echikuva neatongi.

Sezvo India inofambira mberi kugore rayo rechi 100 rezvimiriro, ukama hwepakati nepakati hwechipiri sezvingabvira huchava nechokuita namatemo matatu: shascum (akawanda anosunungura mari mipiro yapamhete), kujekeswa kwemajeri [[[[FLT:]] kusimbiswa [[[FLT]] kujeka] [kuna masangano] [[FLT]] kugadziridza kujeka] (kuwedzera kujeka [magadzirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika] [[[[[FLT]]] kudzika , uye kusimbisa Dare renguva dzose GST, uye kuvandudza Punch Com'ssionsionty sy Com] kugona kuvandudza ukama hwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kutsigira chinzwana nechinzwano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Asika mamiriro anotsamira mamiriro ezvinhu ose echipotina neapotinawo chiono.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi vanodzidza nzanga yeIndia, manyuko makuru akafanana ne Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia nemishumo inobva PRS Legislative Research[ inokosha mukunzwisisa simba reinjiniya. Kudzikama pakati penzvimbo yakasimba nehurumende kunoramba kuri rutivi runorondedzera rwendo rweIndia.