Kunzwisisa Muitiro Wakafanira: Hwaro Hworuramisiro Yakarurama

Muitiro wakafanira inheyo yemitemo ipi neipi inotsvaka ruramisiro, kuenzana, uye mutemo. Pamavambo ayo, inoda kuti hurumende iremekedze maruramiro ose apamutemo akapiwa munhu mukuwirirana nomutemo. MuUnited States, muitiro wakafanira unovimbiswa zvakajeka neMitemo yeMitemo yeChibvumirano yeChibvumirano cheshanu neMitemo ye145 yeMitemo, inoshanda senzvero inodenha kushandiswa kwesimba kwamaune. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, vanhu vamwe navamwe vangagona kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina mukana upi noupi une revo wokunzwa kana kudenha zviito zvehurumende. Iyi nyaya inonzvera mugariro wakafanira wegadziriro inokodzera yeProgintsmsm - midzi yayo yenhau, basa rayo, denho dzinotarisana nenzanga dzazvinooneka, uye nei zvichiri madikanwa kururamisira.

Kufanoteverwa Kunoitwa Zvinhu: Kuvimbisa Zvinhu Zvakanaka

Zvinodiwa pakutevedzana zvinonangidzira ngwariro pa how yechiito chehurumende. Kunoda kuti nyika isati yatorera munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, inofanira kutevera miitiro inoruramisira neyakagadzwa. Zvinodiwa chaizvo zvinosiyana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, asi zvinhu zvakadzika midzi zvakanyatsogadziriswa. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

  • [[FOL:0] Thombo: Munhu anofanira kugamuchira ziviso yakakwana yechiito kana kuti pomero kwavari. Pasina ziviso, munhu haagoni kugadzirira dziviriro.
  • Kunzwa kunofanira kunzwika: Kutonga kwakarurama kunofanira kuitika panguva ine revo uye nomutoo une revo. Ikoku kunowanzonzi “maruramiro okunzwiwa.”
  • Mugadziri wechisarudzo asingasaruri: Dare kana kuti mutongi anofanira kuva asina revo, asina njodzi yomunhu oga kana kuti yemari mumuuyo.
  • Akarurama kupa ufakazi napamberi pezvapupu: Munhu anofanira kukwanisa kupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye zvapupu zvinopikisana.
  • Akarurama kuzano: Munhau dzoutsotsi, kodzero kumugweta inovimbiswa mubumbiro remitemo kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kuwana imwe ( Gideon v. Wainwright[, 1963). Munhau dzevagari vemo, kodzero yezano inoganhurirwa zvikuru asi inongova inotsoropodza nokuda kweruramisiro mumativi akawanda.

Iyi dziviriro dzemipimo hadzisi zvisarudzowo zvazvo. Vanovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinoitwa zvakavakirwa pamaidi nomutemo, kwete pafungidziro kana kuti tsvete. Nokuda kwokunzverwa kukuru kwezvinodikanwa zvakafanira zvemiitiro, ona Cornell Legal Information Institute.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzinokosha

Gadziriro yakafanira inonangana ne nechiito chehurumende. Kunyange kana hurumende ikatevera miitiro yakakwana, haigoni kudzongonyedza dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha. Iri bazi regadziriro yakafanira rinodzivirira kodzero idzo “dziri mumurangariro worusununguko rwakarairwa” – idzo dzakadzika midzi zvikuru munhau yenyika negamuchidzanwa zvokuti hadzigoni kubviswa pasina ruramiso inomanikidzira. Dare rapamusorosoro rakazivisa maruramiro anoverengeka pasi pomuitiro wekunzesai.

  • Kodzero yokuva woga nekodzero dzokuzvisarudzira: Izvi zvinosanganisira zvisarudzo pamusoro peroorano, kudzivirira pamuviri, kurera mwana, uye kurapa. Zviratidzo zveLandmark zvinosanganisira [Griswold v. Connecticut[[FLT] [1965] [[FLT]] uye [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[5]] Reev.[FLT] [[FLT] [12] [6] [3] [3]
  • Kodzero yokuroora: Dare rakaziva roorano sekodzero inokosha mu bergefell v. Hodges (2015], iyo yakatambanudzira roorano kuvakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo.
  • Kodzero kumubereki nokurera vana: Vabereki vane fariro huru yorusununguko mutarisiro, kororo, uye udzori zvavana vavo (Troxel v. Granville, 2000).
  • Kodzero yokufamba nokufamba norusununguko: Rusununguko rwokufamba nomumitsetse yehurumende rwakadzivirirwa mumuitiro wakafanira.

Muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri imwe yenharaunda dzinoitiranwa nharo zvikurusa dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo nemhaka yokuti inoda vatongi kutsanangura kuti ikodzeroi dzinokosha, basa iro rinobatanidza nenzira isingadzivisiki rutongeso runokosha. yez Project[ College of Law inogovera kupetwa kunowanika kwenhau dzakawanda dzeidzi.

Nhau Yomuitiro Wakafanira: Kubva paMagna Carta Kuenda kuBumbiro Remitemo

Murangariro womuitiro wakafanira une mavambo ekare asi unowana kuratidzirwa kwawo kwapakuvamba kwakakurumbira zvikurusa muna Claus 39 weMagna Carta (1215): “Hapana munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa maruramiro ake kana kuti zvinhu... kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Chikamu ichi chakasimbisa kuti mambo aisagona kuita nenzira yapamutemo; kunyange mambo akasungwa nomutemo. Mumazana amakore, vazivi vemitemo vechiNgezi vakadai saSir Edward Coke vakadudzira “mutemo wenyika” kubatanidza miitiro inokosha yakafanana nechiziviso, kunzwa, uye rutongeso rusina rusaruro.

Vagari vomuAmerica vakagara nhaka iyi tsika ndokuiisa muBumbiro reMitemo reChirungu. Gadziriro yeFindro, yakagamuchirwa muna 1791, inozivisa kuti hakuna munhu acha “nyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Pakutanga, ichi ganhuriro yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Pashure peHondo yeChivil, Iwendimende ye1458(68) yakatambanudza murairo mumwe chetewo kuhurumende: “kunyange Hurumende ipi neipi ichanyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Ikoku pane dzimwe nguva kunzi“ kuganhurirwa kwegadziriro yechibvumirano chehondo yehondo inorwisana nezvinotaurwa. [[FLT] [FLD:0]

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Gurusa rakabvisa revo yomuitiro wakafanira muzviuru zvenhau. Rakabva muvimbiso duku yemuitiro kudzidziso yakasimba inodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri kururama kwetsika nerusununguko ruduku rwekusarudza. Nhau yomuitiro wakafanira nokudaro inhau yokuwedzera ruramisiro – asiwo yenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rematare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kukosha Kwechirongwa Chakafanira Mukutsigira Ruramisiro

Kushanda kwakafanira kunoshanda mabasa akawanda anokosha mugadziriro yakarurama yemitemo:

  • Kutanga chiito chehurumende chakazvimirira: Kupfurikidza nokuda hurumende kutevera mitemo yakagadzwa ndokugovera ruramiso, muitiro wakafanira unoderedza ngozi yezvisarudzo zvakavakirwa paruvengo rweshanje kana kuti dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuisa kutora rutivi kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe: Vanhu vane banza rokutaura rutivi rwavo rwenhau. Ikoku kunoremekedza chiremera chomunhu uye kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo iri nani savaiti vechisarudzo vanonzwa maidi ose anokosha.
  • Kubvisa mutemo: Muitiro wakafanira unosimbisa kuti mutemo unoshanda zvakaenzana kumunhu ari wose, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Ndiyo rutivi rukuru rwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
  • Chivimbo chavanhu chinodzorwa: Vanhu pavanodavira kuti kutonga kwapamutemo kwakarurama, vane bviro huru yokuwirirana nezvisarudzo uye kuremekedza gadziriro yeruramisiro. Kunzwisisa kusaruramisira kunogona kukanganisa kuwirirana uye kuva pamutemo.
  • Kudzivirira udzvinyiriri hwevatongi: Muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira maruramiro anokosha kunyange apo voruzhinji vangada kuvaganhurira – somuenzaniso, kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka kana kuti chisarudzo chokubereka.

Mubasa, muitiro wakafanira unoshanda mumigariro isingaverengeki kupfuura matare outsotsi: kutonga kwehurumende (kwakadai sokutsunga kwekusakwanisa kweNzanga yeNdendeko yenzanga), kuranga kwechikoro, kutongwa kwedare, uye kakavadzano dzamuridzi weimba. Nheyo huru ndiimwe cheteyo: Hurumende isati yatora chimwe chinhu chinokosha, inofanira kupa munhu mukana wakanaka wokupindura.

Fundo Yenhau Yapanyika Inoratidzira Muitiro Wakafanira

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Iyi nhau yemifananidzo yakashandura nzira iyo mapurisa airangarira nayo kubvunzurudza dare rokuchengeta. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti dziviriro yeFindrefet paidzo dzinomanikidzirwa kuzviita. Idzo dzinoda kuziviswa nomutemo kuti dzizivise vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo vasati vabvunza mujeri. Iye zvino mhevedzo dze “Manda” - kururama kuti urambe unyerere, rudyi kumumiri wegweta, uye nyevero yokuti chinhu chipi nechipi chataurwa chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana navo – iratidziro yakananga yomuitiro wakafanira. Vanovimbisa kuti chisarudzo chinonyumwirwa kutaura chinoitwa nenzira yokuzvidira uye chinoziviswa. [[FLT:] [FLT]]

Wainwright (1963)

Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvumirana kubvumirana kuti Dare reSixth Amendment rakarurama kudarika dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha dzinoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neCurvement Clausse of the 1450th Amendment. Munhu wose anopomerwa mhosva huru ane kodzero yegweta, kunyange kana vasingagoni kuripa.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Munhau iyi inokosha pamuitiro wakafanira, Dare rakati kodzero yokuroora ikodzero huru, uye kuti vakaroorana vevatano imwe cheteyo havagoni kurambwa maruramiro iwayo. Kunyorera voruzhinji, Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akatsigira kuti roorano chinhu chinokosha kuchiremera nechiremera, uye kuti Dare rinodzivirira zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga pamusoro poukama hwepedyo. Chisarudzo ichi chinoratidza kuti muitiro muduku unoparira kuvamba kuziva mwero mutsva werusununguko.

Mubatanidzwa weMakore Ane Utano (wa1973) uye Dobbs (wainzi Women’s Health Organization) (2022)

Roe inoramba iri muenzaniso wakatanhamara womuitiro wakafanira mukuita: Dare rakawana kuti maruramiro okubvisa mimba akabatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokugumisa pamuviri. Zvisinei, muna 2022, Dare Gurusa rakatonga Roe mu Dobs[, akabata kuti maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri haana kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau yenyika kana kuti mumurangariro werusununguko rwakarairwa. Dare guru rinotonga [[FLT:] chisarudzo chikuru] chinomirira chinjo huru mumuitiro unodikanwa wapashure wejuriscive, kudzoka kwenhau yokubvisa mimba kumashoko. Iyi inosimbisa gakava guru retsika rokubvisa nokukwikwidzana.

Zvinetso Zvokuita Munguva Ino

Pasinei nokuti iko kunoitwa sei, mazuva ano zvinhu zvinonetsa zvikuru:

  • Masangano ehurumende anonzvera nokuunganidzwa kwemashoko: Anowedzera kuunganidza zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko omunhu oga, kazhinji kazhinji pasina utariri hwedare kana kuti ziviso yomunhu oga. Izvozvi zvinodenha nheyo yokuti chiito chehurumende chinofanira kuva chekujeka uye chinodzorwa negadziriro yakafanira. Kushandiswa kwemaarusaiti mukutonga kwoutsotsi uye kupfigwa kwapamberi pedare kunomutsawo itiro yakafanira pamusoro pezvakarurama nekodzero yokudenha zvisarudzo zvemotokari.
  • Miganhu yenzanga yezvemari: Chisakiso chokutonga kwakarurama chinorerutswa apo vakwirirwi vasingagoni kubhadhara magweta anokwaniriswa, nyanzvi, kana kuti vaongorori. Gadziriro dzevoruzhinji dzinoramba dzichipfuudzwa, kuchitungamirira kukuremerwa kwemhosva kukuru nedzvinyiriro yokupomera mhaka. Muzvinoitika zvehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji hapachina maruramiro okugadza zano, kusia mazaipira akaderera okushandisa kunzvera mashandiro akaoma.
  • vhiringidziko yehurumende nokuzvimirira kwokutonga: Vatongi vehurumende vane upenyu hunofadza, vatongi vehurumende vanowanzosarudzwa kana kuti kudzorwa nemiitiro inogona kuparira dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kutyisidzira kuzvimirira kwedare, zvakadai sezvikarakadzo zvedare zvinokasha kana kuti kutaura zviremera, zvinogona kushatisa kusasarura uko muitiro wakafanira unoda.
  • Kuchengetwa kwokuisa mubatanidzwa nomuitiro wakafanira: Vasiri vagari, kubatanidza vagari vemo vechigarire vapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokuitwa kwokupinda kunoitwa kusingapikirwa kwakazara kwematare outsotsi. Kuchengeteka pasina chisungo, kushaikwa kwezano rakagadzwa, uye miitiro yokubvisa yakarongwa yakashorwa sechinoputsa miitiro mikuru yakafanira.
  • Kuwanda kwedziviriro dzemipimo mumutemo wehurumende: Mamwe masangano akagamuchira miitiro yamasanga iyo inoganhurira kunzwa, kuwana, kana kuti maruramiro okupa ufakazi. Nepo kusanoita zvakanaka kuchikosha, kunofanira kuva kwakadzikama mukurwisana nokururamisira kwetsika.

Kupedza idzi denho kunoda kupfuurira kungwarira kunobva kumatare, matare omutemo, uye nzanga yavagari vemo. [[FLT: 0] American Bar Association’s Chitego of Civil Rights and Social Justice inoshanda padzimwe dzenhau idzi.

Muitiro Wakafanira Kupota Nyika: Murangariro Wakaenzana

Nheyo yegadziriro yakafanira haisati iri yechienzi kuUnited States. Mabumbiro ehurumende echidhimoni akawanda nemidziyo yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu zvinobatanidza dziviriro dzakafanana. Chikamu 6 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights chinovimbisa kutonga kwakarurama, kubatanidza maruramiro okutonga kwapachena mukati menguva ine mufungo, pamberi pedare rinozvimirira nerisingasaruri. International Convention on Civil and Politicism Rights (ICCPR) ine gadziriro dzokuedza nokudzikamisa dzakazara. Zvisinei, mwero wacho nokudzikamisa zvinosiyana zvikuru. Mune dzimwe nyika, kodzero dzakakodzera dzinodzorwa nguva dzose dzinopunzwa nokutongwa pachivande, kuchengetwa kworumano, kana kuti kushaikwa kwemiitiro yemitemo inotonga yapamutemo yakasununguka.

Nguva Yemberi Yegadziriro Yakafanira: Kuchinjira Kuchinjo

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira hauna kusiana. Sezvo fambiro mberi dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzinomuka: Ko munhu ane muitiro wakafanira wokutsanangura muitiro weatgoriths here maturusi anofanotaurwa anofanira kuva adzorwa nedziviriro dzetsika? Tinogona sei kuva nechokwadi chemitoo yakarurama mumadare anodokuva mapamutemo? Mhinduro dzichaumba nguva yemberi yeruramisiro. Panguva imwe cheteyo, gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pomuitiro wakafanira weapo neaporoti - rakadai sorudyi rwokupinda mutarisiro yokusimbisa kuva murume, maruramiro okubetsera kuzviuraya, kana kuti kurudyi kukuvara mhoteredzo yakachena - richapfuurira kuedza kududzira dare.

Kudzivirira mipimo iyi hakungodi dzidziso dzakasimba dzapamutemo bedzi asiwo vanhu vanonzwisisa uye vanoda zvakarurama. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, magweta, uye vagari vemo vose vane basa mukutsigira muitiro wakafanira uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Mugumo: Zvakakodzera Somutarisiri Weruramisiro

Muitiro wakafanira unopfuura zvikuru kuumbwa kwapamutemo. Imhiko yetsika nebumbiro remitemo kuti hurumende inofanira kubata munhu mumwe nomumwe noruremekedzo neruramisiro. Kuvambira paMagna Carta kusvikira kuU.S. Bumbiro reMitemo kumirairo yechiratidzo se Maranda uye uye [[FLT]] Obergefell [[], muitiro wakafanira wakavapo kudzivirira vanhu pasimba rinonyengera. Bva inoramba iri isingakwaniswi, nguva dzose nezvinoiswa mumitengo, dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye unyanzvi hutsva. Chinetsoro chinopfuurira ndechengeicho chokuva nechokwadi kuti munhu ari wose, pasinei zvapo nomugariro wake, anogona kuwana mashandiro ane rezvo uye kuti njodzi dzisingadzimwi nemhepo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kutsigira muitiro unotoko bedzi unoto kutsika pamutemo asi kutsika nzanga yenzanga yapachena.